RESUMO
AIM OF THE STUDY: On the available reports to assess the possibility of the infection with pyloric Helicobacter (H.pylori) from external sources--via contaminated food and water. BASIC CONCEPTS: H. pylori was established to be unable to multiply in dairy and other products, but under favorable conditions, can survive in the limited time. There are obtained epidemiological data about the feedback between the prevalence of H. pylori infection in the region and the availability of safe water. There was recorded ability of bacteria to survive for a short time in water in bacillary virulent form. In different water sources in different countries there was found H. pylori coccal form. CONCLUSION: H. pylori ability to survive in the commonly used product supports the hypothesis that contaminated food (tank-human) may serve as a conductor of infection. The literature data testify to the possibility and importance of the waterway for H. pylori infection transmission that changes the approaches to prophylaxis and the prevention of associated with it diseases.
Assuntos
Infecções por Helicobacter , Helicobacter pylori/isolamento & purificação , Microbiologia da Água , Saúde Global , Infecções por Helicobacter/epidemiologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/microbiologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/transmissão , Humanos , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
There were investigated morphofunctional indices of liver and kidney in male outbred rats in the dynamics of the 6-months consumption of water after its noncontact activation. There were studied 4 experimental groups of animals consumed waters named as "Anolyte" and in dependence on the activation time, 3 types of catholyte water ("Catholyte--5", "Catholyte--25", "Catholyte--40"). Moscow tap water settled for a week served as control. "Anolyte" water was found to increase in the kidney the number of hypertrophied gromeruli only in 6 months, while the consumption of "Catholyte--25" water and especially, "Catholyte--40" in 1 and 6 months caused the damage of liver and kidney, and for the index of alteration of renal glomeruli after 6 months of water consumption there was revealed the dependence on the activation time of "Catalytes".
Assuntos
Ingestão de Líquidos/fisiologia , Técnicas Eletroquímicas/métodos , Rim/citologia , Fígado/citologia , Purificação da Água/métodos , Animais , Proliferação de Células , Seguimentos , Rim/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The purpose of review: analysis of the available in the literature data about the possible kinds and pathways of transmission of pyloric Helicobacter infection from person to person. Knowledge of these data is necessary for its prevention. Subjects--available literature, mainly English-language articles. There were separated two modes of transmission of Helicobacter pylori: vertical--the spread of infection from older to younger and horizontal--by contact between persons outside of the family. Basis statements. There is abundant evidence confirming the gastro-oral, oral-oral and fecal-oral transmission of H. pylori. To prevent the transmission of infection from person to person and the development of related diseases an essential measure is elibiotics.
Assuntos
Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Helicobacter , Higiene , Infecções por Helicobacter/epidemiologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/transmissão , Humanos , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Criterion of the epidemic safety of drinking water is the absence of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Currently, water quality control is performed in terms of the index of total coliform bacteria (TCB). TCB index oriented to the labile lactose sign has not sufficient relevance in the determination of the degree of the epidemic danger in the water use in relation to Salmonella and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. The frequency of detection of GCB in standard quality of drinking water as well as the application of the methodology for the assessment of the microbial risk of the occurrence of bacterial intestinal infections with the use of integral index--GCB, provide the most reliable prediction of risk in the occurrence of water-caused intestinal infections and more objectively reflect the epidemiological importance of drinking water in their distribution among the population. Proceeding from the data obtained, it is advisable to carry out the quality control of drinking water with the use of the broader indicator index GCB- detected from basic signs of the Enterobacteriaceae family--glucose fermentation and oxidase test and oxidase test.
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/prevenção & controle , Água Potável/microbiologia , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Microbiologia da Água/normas , Qualidade da Água/normas , Abastecimento de Água/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Água Doce/microbiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Federação Russa/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Chronic 6-month experiment was carried out in rats, which received drinking water with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), diameter of 15-40 nm, length ≥ 2 mkm) or activated charcoal (AC, diameter of 10-100 mkm), blood samples of the animals were used for assessment of biochemical markers. Both coal compounds induced the appearance of signs of oxidative stress 2 weeks after the beginning of the experiment and alteration of serum markers of liver and renal damage, as well as changes of cortisol and protein serum concentrations later Thus, despite of known high (asbest-like) inhalation toxicity of carbon nanotubes in comparison with other carbon allotrops (fullerenes and black carbon), we have found similar effects of MWCNTs and carbon microparticles in orally treated rats.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Carvão Vegetal/toxicidade , Nanotubos de Carbono/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Administração Oral , Animais , Água Potável/química , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Ratos , Testes de Toxicidade CrônicaRESUMO
The review deals with current issues of genetic toxicology and aims to develop this science at the contemporary stage. We study general approaches to assessing the genotoxic and mutagenic activity of environmental factors; to constructing a regulatory system of chemical compounds that considers the mutagenic effect in Russia and abroad; and to determining modem methods for assessing the organ specificity of mutagens, alternative methods of genetic toxicology, the mutagenic action of various factors in the survey of population, and the abilities of toxicogenomics to identify the mutagenic properties of the environment.
Assuntos
Dano ao DNA/genética , Genética , Mutagênicos/toxicidade , Toxicogenética , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Federação RussaRESUMO
Contemporary factors that affect the health of the population have been analyzed. There was shown the growing activity of chemical pollution of the environment. Therefore, in order to prevent the growth of negative health and environment consequences caused by increased levels of exposure to chemicals preventive potential for solutions of this complex problem and all strenuous efforts to assist possibly of the sound management of the chemicals should be enhanced. Problematic issues of harmonization of the Russian normative and guidance documents have been actualized. Perspective directions of science development in the field of human ecology and environmental health are suggested.
Assuntos
Ecologia/métodos , Saúde Ambiental , Poluição Ambiental/prevenção & controle , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Humanos , Federação RussaRESUMO
Chemical and analytical monitoring of the quality of environment is based on the accounting of the trace amount of substances. Considering the multicomponent composition of the environment and running processes of transformation of substances in it, in determination of the danger of the exposure to the chemical pollution of environment on population health there is necessary evaluation based on the simultaneous account of complex of substances really contained in the environment and supplying from different sources. Therefore, in the analytical monitoring of the quality and safety of the environment there is a necessary conversion from the orientation, based on the investigation of specific target substances, to estimation of real complex of compounds.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Monitoramento Ambiental/legislação & jurisprudência , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Poluentes Ambientais/classificação , Recuperação e Remediação Ambiental/métodos , Regulamentação Governamental , Humanos , Concentração Máxima PermitidaRESUMO
The prevalence and severity of manifestations of non-allergic hypersensitivity to chemical environmental factors pose the question about the need to study the mechanisms of its formation in population. It should be borne in mind that, in the absence of immunological mechanisms of formation of the mentioned state, the term "chemical sensitization" must be replaced by the term "non-allergic hypersensitivity." The investigation of this problem should permit to reduce the risk of formation of different types of hypersensitivity in population.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Hipersensibilidade/etiologia , Histamina/imunologia , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade/imunologia , Imunoglobulina E/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina E/imunologia , Leucotrienos/imunologia , Mastócitos/imunologia , Tetraspanina 30/imunologiaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Numerous studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a leading etiologic factor in the development of chronic atrophic gastritis, one gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer. Effective prevention of gastroduodenal pathology requires the right information about its prevalence in the population and risk factors. The most reliable information can be obtained during medical examination of the able-bodied population, which provides in-depth clinical examination of contingents with the identification of asymptomatic pathology, detection of risk groups, the substantiation ofprophylactic measures and tracking their efficacy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the clinical examination of the manufacturing contingents there was performed a study of the presence of infection Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in 2414 people aged 19 to 74 years. For more details on the presence of gastroduodenal pathology 991 people were examined with the use of clinical methods and interviews. The aggregation of information presented in the form of estimates for its geocoding and mapping has been made. Cluster analysis was performed. RESULTS: H. pylori infection was diagnosed in 2,182 people accounting for 90.4% out of 2414 examined cases. Infections occurred equally in males--91.7% and females--89.6%. The risk of development of gastroduodenal pathology in individuals infected with H. pylori is 4.4 times greater than the risk in seronegative individuals (95%, confidence interval 1.9-6.4). Cluster analysis revealed a statistically significant clusters for the strata with a prevalence of 100% (X2 = 45.5204) and below 50% of infection rate (X2 = 7.36). It is in prospect to analyze in more detail the data relating to these areas in order to identify the factors contributing to the different degree of infection rate of residents, including the assessment of drinking water.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Diagnóstico do Sistema Digestório , Infecções por Helicobacter/epidemiologia , Helicobacter pylori/isolamento & purificação , Indústrias , Saúde Ocupacional , População Urbana , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Infecções por Helicobacter/diagnóstico , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Moscou/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Displaying a variety of scientific areas studying the influence of the environment on human health, the state and modern issues of assessment of environmental quality, hygienic standardization of chemical and biological contamination, methodical support of sanitarian and health monitoring and risk assessment of pollution, environmental health, the need for improvement and harmonization with the international instruments of the legal and methodological framework for the protection of the human environment, of the development of a modern management system of her quality based on epidemiological methods for simulation, risk analysis, assessment of economic damage to the environment and health of the population, forming a new branch of medicine--medicine of environment.
Assuntos
Ecologia/tendências , Saúde Ambiental , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluição Ambiental/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Higiene , Federação RussaRESUMO
The domestic and also foreign indices applied for control over the safety of chemical disinfecting of water are considered. The data confirming need of extension of the list of legislatively approved indices are provided of water, efficiency and safety indicators, harmful impurity, transformation products. On the basis of the performed analysis of literature data and own investigations the following indices for inclusion in the processed. Sanitary standards and rules on drinking water are suggested: the total content of THM, the total content of haloacetic acids, the total maintenance of up to AHC index (adsorbed halogen-containing organic compounds) in water chlorination; chlorite- and chlorate ions in application of dioxide of chlorine; control over efficiency of water disinfection up to the steadiest microorganisms depending on an applied method. Introduction of settlement about necessity of control over the content of dangerous monomers and impurities in a commodity products in application of polymeric reagents and means of water disinfection is proved.
Assuntos
Desinfecção , Trialometanos/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Purificação da Água/métodos , Qualidade da Água/normas , Desinfecção/métodos , Desinfecção/normas , Federação Russa , Trialometanos/normas , Microbiologia da Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/normas , Purificação da Água/normas , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
For the present time it became apparent that Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is present in the surface water groundwater wells, in the water from water distribution system. WHO classifies Hp to a group of emerging pathogens for epidemiological surveillance of diseases associated with water. The study, of various aspects of the permeation of Hp into the body of water requires an integrated approach including microbiological, hygienic and epidemiological components. Microbiological research component includes the study of Hp in a water medium at the stages of water preparation, distribution over nettworks and in end users, sanitary hygienic component--hygienic assessment of sources of water supply. The survey of organized cohorts, regularly undergoing periodic health examinations can be one of epidemiological approaches. Using a scanning method and graphical data binding to an electronic map of the studied area with account for residing of examined patients will permit to identify areas and microsections with the highest rates of infection and their conjugation with the character of water using and condition of water supply network
Assuntos
Água Potável/microbiologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/epidemiologia , Helicobacter pylori/isolamento & purificação , Higiene , Abastecimento de Água/normas , Animais , Saúde Global , Infecções por Helicobacter/microbiologia , Humanos , PrevalênciaRESUMO
In the paper the results of a comparative evaluation of the Russian and the standard, recommended by US EPA, factors of population exposure in seven areas of different federal districts of Russia are presented. Concerning the adult population differences reach 3.5 times, for children (1-6 years) - 4.2 times. An example of the effect of regional differences and standard factors on levels of exposure and risk is considered. Promising areas for further research on regional factors to improve the accuracy and reliability of the forecast assessments of the risks to public health have been identified.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/análise , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Ambiental/normas , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Humanos , Lactente , Projetos de Pesquisa , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Federação Russa , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In the article results of researches of influence of food supplement allocated of a guelder-rose (Viburnum sargentii Koehne) on structural and physiological characteristics of erythrocytes are presented to blood of the doctors-surgeons who are exposed during of the working day to complex stressful influence (psychologic-emotional, chemical, intensity of labour process, etc). It is shown that preventive application a polyphenolic complex from a guelder-rose promoted restoration of average volume and diameter of erythrocytes, normalization of a parity of quantitative structure of neutral lipids and phospholipids, to preservation of permeability of membranes. The food supplement allocated of a guelder-rose can be used in a treatment and prophylactic feed.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Flavonoides/administração & dosagem , Frutas/química , Fenóis/administração & dosagem , Estresse Psicológico/sangue , Estresse Psicológico/dietoterapia , Viburnum/química , Adulto , Tamanho Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritrócitos/patologia , Feminino , Flavonoides/química , Cirurgia Geral , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenóis/química , Polifenóis , Estresse Psicológico/patologiaRESUMO
Genetic studies in environmental hygiene have been conducted in Russia since approximately 1965 and chiefly represented by those performed at the A. N. Sysin Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environment Hygiene in three areas: evaluation of the mutagenic activity of individual chemical compounds; identification of the summary mutagenic activity of chemical pollutants in the environmental objects; and that of mutagenic factors during examination of a population. At present, a system harmonized with international approaches has been elaborated to evaluate the genetic safety of various environmental factors; a methodology has been developed to evaluate the organ specificity of enotoxic activity of chemical compounds; a highly informative karyological analysis of different cells and tissues has been put into practice. The Institute has initiated wide investigations to assess individual genetic predisposition or resistance of human beings to environmental factors and to the development of pathological conditions, multifactorial diseases. Problems of genetic studies in hygiene are defined and prospects for further development outlined.
Assuntos
Saúde Ambiental/normas , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Higiene/normas , Mutagênicos/toxicidade , Animais , Saúde Ambiental/tendências , Humanos , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Federação RussaRESUMO
The paper gives Professor V. A. Arnoldov's brief bibliographic data pertaining to the development of sanitation and zemstvo medicine in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, and the Saratov Province. It shows V. A. Arnoldov's scientific and pedagogical potential in the development of preventive medicine in Russia.
Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica/história , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Educação Médica/história , Higiene/história , Faculdades de Medicina/história , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/história , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/organização & administração , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Higiene/educação , Rússia (pré-1917) , Ensino/história , U.R.S.S.RESUMO
There is opinion in the literature as to that liver trematode infections, such as opisthorchiasis, clonorchiasis, fascioliasis, and metorchiasis, can induce cancer of the liver pancreas, intestine - this all is clinically observed. The authors were the first in world practice to show the development of a hepatic blastomatous process in animals (albino rats, cats) with opisthorchiasis in 13%; cancer developed in 28 and 56% with the use of a hepatotropic carcinogen and combined (opisthorchiasis + a carcinogen) exposure, respectively. Throughout his life, a human being can easily catch these trematodes that have carcinogenic activity and these diseases concurrent with household and food carcinogens can give rise to tumors in the liver pancreas and intestine. Timely diagnosis and specific anthelmintic therapy are necessary to prevent parasitic cancer.
Assuntos
Cocarcinogênese , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/parasitologia , Fígado/parasitologia , Opistorquíase/complicações , Ração Animal , Animais , Testes de Carcinogenicidade , Gatos , Peixes/parasitologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/etiologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/patologia , Opistorquíase/parasitologia , Opisthorchis/isolamento & purificação , Opisthorchis/patogenicidade , Ratos , p-Dimetilaminoazobenzeno/toxicidadeRESUMO
The paper deals with the scientific-and-methodic problems in the study, assessment, and regulation of biological factors in various environmental objects. It describes the main lines and results of basic and applied studies of the impact of biological (bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal) environmental contaminations on the population's health. The methodological aspects in the regulation of biological contamination standards (direct sanitary indicators) for various environments (water, air, soil, habitats) and the scientific-and-methodic issues of prophylactic actions are considered to assure human epidemic safety.
Assuntos
Saúde Ambiental , Poluição Ambiental/prevenção & controle , Higiene/normas , Medição de Risco , Sociedades Científicas , Fatores Biológicos , HumanosRESUMO
The current globalization tendencies give rise to serious human health risks associated with the problems in providing the safety of water resources, with their intense microbiological contamination due to sewage disposal, with the loss of capacity of water ecosystems for self-repair. To guarantee access to safe drinking water and basic sanitary services is considered to be one of the most priority tasks of the international community, which are embodied in the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development approved by the United Nations Organization.