EPA/DHA and linseed oil have different effects on liver and adipose tissue in rats fed with a high-fat diet.

The incidence of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders has increased worldwide. Clinical and experimental research has shown that the consumption of ω-3 FAs can be beneficial to metabolism in several ways, as they can act on metabolic pathways. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of treatment with linseed oil, a vegetable oil rich in alpha-linolenic acid, and EPA and DHA in different proportions (3:1 EPA:DHA, and 1:3 EPA:DHA), on the metabolic disorders induced by a high-fat diet (20 % lipids) in rats for 2 weeks, after 18 weeks of consumption of a high-fat diet. In 18 weeks, the high-fat diet increased blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride concentration in the liver and adipose tissue, and impaired insulin sensibility without interfering in the weight of the animals. All treatments were effective in reducing the deposition of hepatic type III collagen, the proportion of ω-6/ω-3 in the liver and WAT (white adipose tissue), the proportion of area/number of adipocytes, and the gene expression of the ACC, FAS, and CPT1 enzymes. In addition, treatment with EPA and DHA reduced blood glucose, serum TNF-α concentration, amount of liver fat, degree of microsteatosis and type I collagen deposition in the liver, deposition of type I and III collagen in TA, gene expression of the transcription factor SREBP-1c, and increased hepatic binucleation. EPA in major proportion was more effective in reducing the area of adipocytes, hepatic triglyceride concentration, PPAR-α expression, and WAT fat weight. DHA in a major proportion reduced the concentration of MCP1 in WAT. LO treatment did not have any isolated effects. We concluded that EPA and DHA were more effective in treating metabolic damage than treatment with LO, leading to a more favorable metabolic profile.

Taurine treatment decreases inflammation and oxidative stress in lungs of adult mice exposed to cigarette smoke.

Taurine is the major free amino acid found in mammalian cells and is known to be an antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing agent. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of taurine on oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the lungs of mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Fifty male C57BL/6 mice were divided into 5 groups: control group (CG), vehicle group (VG), taurine group (TG), cigarette smoke group (CSG), and cigarette smoke + taurine group (CSTG). For five consecutive days, CSG and CSTG were exposed to 4 cigarettes 3 times a day. Taurine administration was able to reduce total leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in CSTG compared to CSG. There was an increase in antioxidant superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in CSG compared to that in CG and TG, and a decrease in CSTG compared to CSG. There was an increase in the concentration of TNF and IL-17 in CSG and CSTG compared to CG and TG. There was an increase in the concentration of IL-22 in CSG compared to CG and TG, and a decrease in CSTG compared to CSG. The administration of taurine has been shown to reduce the inflammation and oxidative stress induced by short-term exposure to cigarette smoke.

The ß-blocker carvedilol and the benznidazole modulate the cardiac immune response in the acute infection induced by Colombian strain of the Trypanosoma cruzi.

BACKGROUND The infection led by Trypanosoma cruzi persists in mammalian tissues causing an inflammatory imbalance. Carvedilol (Cv), a non-selective beta blocker drug indicated to treat heart failure and antihypertensive has shown to promote antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties which might improve the inflammation induced by T. cruzi. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the role of Cv on the inflammatory response of C57BL/6 mice acutely infected with the Colombian strain of T. cruzi. METHODS Animals were infected with the Colombian strain of T. cruzi and treated with Cv (25 mg/kg/day), benznidazole (Bz) (100 mg/kg/day) or their combination. On the 28th day of infection and 23 days of treatment, the euthanasia occurred, and the heart preserved for histopathological, oxidative stress (SOD, catalase, TBARs, carbonylated proteins) and plasma (CCL2, CCL5, TNF, IL-10) analyses. Parasitaemia and survival were assessed along the infection. FINDINGS Cv decreased TBARs, but increased the mortality rate, the parasitaemia and the levels of CCL2, CCL5, catalase and the inflammatory infiltrate in the cardiac tissue. Bz led the reduction of the inflammatory infiltrate and circulating levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in the infected mice. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Cv, in this experimental model using the Colombian strain of T. cruzi, caused damage to the host.

Short-term flaxseed oil, rich in omega 3, protects mice against metabolic damage caused by high-fat diet, but not inflammation.

It is known that long-term high-fat diet (HF) feeding drastically affects the adipose tissue, contributing to metabolic disorders. Recently, short-term HF consumption was shown to affect different neuronal signaling pathways. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the inflammatory effects of a short-term HF and whether a diet containing omega-3 fatty acid fats from flaxseed oil (FS) has protective effects. Mice were divided into three groups for 3 d, according to their diets: Control group (CT), HF, or FS for 3 d. Lipid profiles were assessed through mass spectrometry and inflammatory markers by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. After short-term HF, mice increased food intake, body weight, adiposity, and fasting glucose. Increased mRNA content of Ccl2 and Tnf was demonstrated in the HF compared to CT in mesenteric adipose tissue. In the liver, TNFα protein was higher in the HF group than in CT, followed by a decreased polyunsaturated fatty acids tissue incorporation in HF. On the other hand, the consumption of FS reduced food intake and fasting glucose, as well as increased omega-3 fatty acid incorporation in MAT and the liver. However, short-term FS was insufficient to control the early inflammation triggered by HF in MAT and the liver. These data demonstrated that a 3-d HF diet is enough to damage glucose homeostasis and trigger inflammation. In contrast, short-term FS protects against increased food intake and fasting glucose but not inflammation in mice.

Acute Outcomes of Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Inhalation in a Murine Model.

Cigarette smoking throughout life causes serious health issues in the lungs. The electronic cigarette (E-Cig) use increased, since it was first introduced in the world. This research work compared the short-term exposure consequences to e-cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke in male mice. Forty-five C57BL/6 mice were randomized into control (C) in an ambient air exposition cigarette smoke (CS) and aerosol electronic cigarette (EC), both were exposed to 120 puffs, 3 times/day during five days. Then, in the experimental protocol, the euthanized mice had their tissues removed for analysis. Our study showed that CS and EC resulted in higher cell influx into the airways, and an increase in macrophage counts in CS (209.25 ± 7.41) and EC (220.32 ± 8.15) when compared to C (108.40 ± 4.49) (p < 0.0001). The CS (1.92 ± 0.23) displayed a higher pulmonary lipid peroxidation as opposed to C (0.93 ± 0.06) and EC (1.23 ± 0.17) (p < 0.05). The EC (282.30 ± 25.68) and CS (368.50 ± 38.05) promoted increased levels of interleukin 17 when compared to C (177.20 ± 10.49) (p < 0.05). The EC developed shifts in lung histoarchitecture, characterized by a higher volume density in the alveolar air space (60.21; 55.00-65.83) related to C (51.25; 18.75-68.75) and CS (50.26; 43.75-62.08) (p =0.002). The EC (185.6 ± 9.01) presented a higher respiratory rate related to CS (133.6 ± 10.2) (p < 0.002). Therefore, our findings demonstrated that the short-term exposure to e-cig promoted more acute inflammation comparing to cigarette smoke in the ventilatory parameters of the animals.

Exogenous surfactant prevents hyperoxia-induced lung injury in adult mice.

BACKGROUND: In addition to the risk of developing ventilator-induced lung injury, patients with ARDS are at risk of developing hyperoxic injury due the supra-physiological oxygen supplementation clinically required to reverse hypoxemia. Alterations of endogenous surfactant system participate in the pulmonary dysfunction observed in ARDS. Administration of exogenous surfactant could have protective effects during hyperoxia. METHODS: Male BALB/c mice (8-10 weeks), a strain highly sensitive to hyperoxia, received the exogenous surfactant-containing protein SP-B and SP-C by intranasal instillation 12 h before starting 24 h of exposure to hyperoxia in an inhalation chamber and were compared to mice receiving hyperoxia alone and to controls subjected to normoxia. RESULTS: Compared to the hyperoxia group, the administration of exogenous surfactant was able to reduce lung inflammation through a reduction in the influx of neutrophils and inflammatory biomarkers such as TNF, IL-17, and HMGB1 expression. The antioxidant activity prevented oxidative damage by reducing lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation and increasing superoxide dismutase activity when compared to the hyperoxia group. CONCLUSION: Our results offer new perspectives on the effects and the mechanism of exogenous surfactant in protecting the airway and lungs, in oxygen-rich lung microenvironment, against oxidative damage and aggravation of acute inflammation induced by hyperoxia.

The exposure to formaldehyde causes renal dysfunction, inflammation and redox imbalance in rats.

Twenty-eight Fischer male rats were divided into four groups: control group (CG), exposed to the ambient air, and groups exposed to formaldehyde (FA) at concentrations of 1% (FA1%), 5% (FA5%) and 10% (FA10%). Kidney function was assessed by dosage of uric acid, creatinine and urea. Morphometry was performed on the thickness of the lumen of Bowman's capsule and diameter of the lumen of the renal tubules. We evaluated the redox imbalance through the catalase and superoxide dismutase activity as well as oxidative damage by lipid peroxidation. Inflammatory chemokines CCL2, CCL3 and CCL5 were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays. There was an increase in the concentration of urea in FA10% compared with CG and FA1%. The levels of creatinine, renal lumen and lipid peroxidation increased in all FA-treated groups compared with CG. The concentration of uric acid in FA10% was lower compared with all other groups. There was an increase in the space of Bowman's capsule in FA5% and FA10% compared with CG and FA1%. However, the superoxide dismutase activity was higher in FA5% compared with other groups while CCL5 was higher in FA1% compared with CG. The exposure to formaldehyde in a short period of time leads to changes in the kidney function, inflammation and morphology, as well as promoted the increase of superoxide dismutase activity and oxidative damage.

The administration of a high refined carbohydrate diet promoted an increase in pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress in mice exposed to cigarette smoke.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a high refined carbohydrate diet and pulmonary inflammatory response in C57BL/6 mice exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). Twenty-four male mice were divided into four groups: control group (CG), which received a standard diet; cigarette smoke group (CSG), which was exposed to CS; a high refined carbohydrate diet group (RG), which received a high refined carbohydrate diet; and a high refined carbohydrates diet and cigarette smoke group (RCSG), which received a high refined carbohydrate diet and was exposed to CS. The animals were monitored for food intake and body weight gain for 12 weeks. After this period, the CSG and RCSG were exposed to CS for five consecutive days. At the end of the experimental protocol, all animals were euthanized for subsequent analyses. There was an increase of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of CSG compared to CG and RCSG compared to CG, CSG, and RG. In addition, in the BALF, there was an increase of tumor necrosis factor alpha in RCSG compared to CG, CSG, and RG; interferon gamma increase in RCSG compared to the CSG; and increase in interleukin-10 in RCSG compared to CG and RG. Lipid peroxidation increased in RCSG compared to CG, CSG, and RG. Furthermore, the oxidation of proteins increased in CSG compared to CG. The analysis of oxidative stress showed an increase in superoxide dismutase in RCSG compared to CG, CSG, and RG and an increase in the catalase activity in RCSG compared with CG. In addition, there was a decrease in the glutathione reduced/glutathione total ratio of CSG, RG, and RCSG compared to CG. Therefore, the administration of a high refined carbohydrate diet promoted an increase in pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress in mice exposed to CS.

The B-blocker carvedilol and the benznidazole modulate the cardiac immune response in the acute infection induced by Colombian strain of the Trypanosoma cruzi

BACKGROUND The infection led by Trypanosoma cruzi persists in mammalian tissues causing an inflammatory imbalance. Carvedilol (Cv), a non-selective beta blocker drug indicated to treat heart failure and antihypertensive has shown to promote antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties which might improve the inflammation induced by T. cruzi. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the role of Cv on the inflammatory response of C57BL/6 mice acutely infected with the Colombian strain of T. cruzi. METHODS Animals were infected with the Colombian strain of T. cruzi and treated with Cv (25 mg/kg/day), benznidazole (Bz) (100 mg/kg/day) or their combination. On the 28th day of infection and 23 days of treatment, the euthanasia occurred, and the heart preserved for histopathological, oxidative stress (SOD, catalase, TBARs, carbonylated proteins) and plasma (CCL2, CCL5, TNF, IL-10) analyses. Parasitaemia and survival were assessed along the infection. FINDINGS Cv decreased TBARs, but increased the mortality rate, the parasitaemia and the levels of CCL2, CCL5, catalase and the inflammatory infiltrate in the cardiac tissue. Bz led the reduction of the inflammatory infiltrate and circulating levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in the infected mice. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Cv, in this experimental model using the Colombian strain of T. cruzi, caused damage to the host.

Associação entre medidas antropométricas, de composição corporal, bioquímicas e de consumo alimentar em indivíduos com excesso de peso / Association between anthropometric and biochemical measures, body composition and food intake in overweight individuals / Asociación de medidas antropométricas, composición corporal, bioquimicas y de consumo alimentario en individuoscon exceso de peso

Avaliar a associação entre medidas antropométricas, de composição corporal, bioquímicas e de consumo alimentar em indivíduos com excesso de peso. Métodos: Estudodo tipo transversal, com amostra de conveniência composta por 31 indivíduos, com idade entre 19 e 59 anos. Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas, bioquímicas e análise da composição da dieta. Após, foi calculado o índice de qualidade da dieta (IQD). Na análise estatística, o teste deShapiro-Wilk verificou a distribuição das variáveis, Wilcoxon-Mann- Whitney-U as diferenças entre as variáveis e correlação de Spearman/Pearson rastreou a associação entre os valores. Foi adotado um p com 5% de probabilidade.Resultados: A análise da composição da dieta permitiu observar uma média de consumo acima das Dietary Reference Intakes para carboidrato (323,31±33,11g), proteína (80,15±29,84g), lipídeo(77,42±31,87g) e sódio (2896,99±1119,05mg). Os valores para o IQD variaram entre 2 e 12 pontos, apresentando valor médio de 6,5±2,2. Foram encontradas correlações entre IQD e prega cutânea suprailíaca, colesterol total, e LDL-c (mg/dL), dentre outras. Conclusão:A amostra estudada apresentou um perfil de ingestão alimentar composto por alimentos ricos em carboidratos, lipídeos e sódio. A elevada média da pontuação do IQD (dieta pobre) refletea importância de medidas de intervenção visando à melhoria do padrão alimentar desses indivíduos...

To evaluate the association between the anthropometric and biochemical measures, body composition and food intake in overweight individuals.Methods: Cross- sectional study with a convenience sample of 31 individuals, aged between 19 and 59 years. Anthropometric and biochemical variables were assessed and diet composition was analyzed. The diet quality index (DQI) was then calculated. In the statistical analysis, theShapiro-Wilk test checked the distribution of variables, the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney-U checked the differences between them and Spearman/Pearson correlation tracked the association between the values. It was adopted p with 5% of probability.Results: The diet composition analysis showed an average intake above the Dietary Reference Intakes forcarbohydrate (323.31±33.11g), protein (80.15±29.84g), lipid (77.42±31.87g) and sodium(2,896.99±1,119.05mg). The DQI values varied between 2 and 12 points, with mean value of 6.5 ± 2.2. Correlations were found between DQI and the suprailiac skinfold, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL), among others. Conclusion: The sample showed a food intake profile comprising food rich in carbohydrates, lipids and sodium. The high average score of DQI (poor diet) reflects the importance of intervention measures aiming to improve the food pattern of these individuals...

Evaluar la asociación de medidas antropométricas,composición corporal, bioquímicas y consumo alimentarioen individuos con exceso de peso.Métodos: Estudio del tipotrasversal, con muestra de conveniencia constituida de 31 individuos con edad entre los 19 y 59 años. Fueron realizadas evaluaciones antropométricas, bioquímicas y el análisis de la composición de la dieta. Después, fue calculado el índice de calidad de dieta (ICD). En el análisis estadístico, la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk verificó la distribución de las variables, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney-U las diferencias entre las variables y la correlación de Spearman/Pearson rastreó la asociación entre los valores. Fue adoptado un p con el 5% de probabilidad. Resultados: El análisisde la composición de la dieta permitió observar una media de consumo por encima de las Dietary Reference Intakes para carboidrato (323,31±33,11g), proteína (80,15±29,84g), lipidio(77,42±31,87g) y sodio (2896,99±1119,05mg). Los valores para el IQD variaron entre 2 y 12 puntos, presentando valor medio de6,5±2,2. Fueron encontradas correlaciones entre el IQD y pliegacutánea suprailiaca, colesterol total, y LDL-c (mg/dL), entre otras.Conclusión: La muestra estudiada presentó un perfil de ingestaalimentaria constituido por alimentos ricos en carbohidratos, lípidos y sodio. La elevada media de la puntuación del IQD (dieta pobre) refleja la importancia de medidas de intervención con elobjetivo de mejorar el patrón alimentario de esos individuos...