Almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) DA Webb] Processing Residual Hull as a New Source of Bioactive Compounds: Phytochemical Composition, Radical Scavenging and Antimicrobial Activities of Extracts from Italian Cultivars ('Tuono', 'Pizzuta', 'Romana').

In this study we developed a new extract, by the use of conventional solid-solvent extraction and a food-grade hydroalcoholic solvent, rich in phenolic and triterpenoid components from almon hull to be employed as functional ingredient in food, pharma and cosmetic sectors. Two autochthonous Sicilian cultivars ('Pizzuta' and 'Romana') and an Apulian modern cultivar ('Tuono') have been tested for the production of the extract. Results showed that the two Sicilian varieties, and in particular the 'Romana' one, present the best characteristics to obtain extracts rich in triterpenoids and hydroxycinnamic acids, useful for the production of nutraceutical supplements. About triterpenoids, the performance of the hydroalcoholic extraction process allowed to never go below 46% of recovery for 'Pizzuta' samples, with significantly higher percentages of recovery for 'Tuono' and 'Romana' extracts (62.61% and 73.13%, respectively) while hydroxycinnamic acids were recovered at higher recovery rate (84%, 89% and 88% for 'Pizzuta', 'Romana' and 'Tuono' extracts, respectively). Invitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities exerted by the extracts showed promising results with P. aeruginosa being the most affected strain, inhibited up to the 1/8 dilution with 'Romana' extract. All the three tested extracts exerted an antimicrobial action up to 1/4 dilutions but 'Romana' and 'Pizzuta' extracts always showed the greatest efficacy.

Distribution, Antioxidant Capacity, Bioavailability and Biological Properties of Anthocyanin Pigments in Blood Oranges and Other Citrus Species.

Anthocyanins are natural pigments that give a red, purple, and blue color to many plant, flower, fruit, and vegetable species. Their presence within the genus Citrus was first reported in 1916, and it is well-known that the red color of the flesh and rind of blood (red or pigmented) oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) is due to the presence of anthocyanins. They are also present in the young shoots, flowers, and peel of lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.), citron (Citrus medica L.), and other citrus species. Since then, the scientific community has expressed increasing interest in studying their profile and distribution, with many published studies focused on the quali-quantitative pattern in the different vegetative tissues belonging to the genus Citrus. Moreover, with the discovery of their relevant antioxidant activity, owing to their ability to capture free radicals, much research has been performed in the last two decades on their radical scavenging power, in vitro and in vivo biological properties, and anticarcinogenic capacity, also focusing attention on their bioavailability for humans. The present work is intended as a comprehensive review of the advances in scientific research on anthocyanin pigments naturally occurring within the genus Citrus, including their natural distribution, antioxidant capacity, bioavailability, and biological value and properties. The scientific evidence herein reported can be used to further increase the knowledge of this class of compounds and represents a valuable and comprehensive contribution to promoting anthocyanin-rich citrus fruit consumption as a healthy dietary habit.

Multielemental, Nutritional, and Proteomic Characterization of Different Lupinus spp. Genotypes: A Source of Nutrients for Dietary Use.

Among grain pulses, lupins have recently gained considerable interest for a number of attractive nutritional attributes relating to their high protein and dietary fiber and negligible starch contents. The seeds of Lupinus albus (cv. Multitalia and Luxor, and the Modica ecotype); L. luteus (cv. Dukat, Mister, and Taper); and L. angustifolius (cv. Sonet) analyzed in this study were deposited within the germplasm collection of the Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops of Acireale and were sowed in East Sicily in 2013/14. The collected seeds were analyzed for their multielemental micro- and macronutrient profiles, resulting in a wide variability between genotypes. Lupin seed flour samples were subjected to a defatting process using supercritical CO2, with oil yields dependent on the species and genotype. We determined the fatty acid profile and tocopherol content of the lupin oil samples, finding that the total saturated fatty acid quantities of different samples were very close, and the total tocopherol content was about 1500.00 µg/g FW. The proteomic analysis of the defatted lupin seed flours showed substantial equivalence between the cultivars of the same species of Lupinus albus and L. luteus. Moreover, the L. angustifolius proteome map showed the presence of additional spots in comparison to L. albus, corresponding to α-conglutins. Lupin, in addition to being a good source of mineral elements, also contributes vitamin E and, thanks to the very high content of gamma-tocopherols, demonstrates powerful antioxidant activity.

Microbial Application to Improve Olive Mill Wastewater Phenolic Extracts.

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) contains valuable and interesting bioactive compounds, among which is hydroxytyrosol, which is characterized by a remarkable antioxidant activity. Due to the health claims related to olive polyphenols, the aim of this study was to obtain an extract from OMW with an increased level of hydroxytyrosol by means of microbial enzymatic activity. For this purpose, four commercial adsorbent resins were selected and tested. The beta-glucosidase and esterase activity of strains of Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also investigated and compared to those of a commercial enzyme and an Aspergillus niger strain. The W. anomalus strain showed the best enzymatic performances. The SP207 resin showed the best efficiency in selective recovery of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, and total phenols. The bioconversion test of the OMW extract was assessed by using both culture broths and pellets of the tested strains. The results demonstrated that the pellets of W. anomalus and L. plantarum were the most effective in hydroxytyrosol increasing in phenolic extract. The interesting results suggest the possibility to study new formulations of OMW phenolic extracts with multifunctional microorganisms.

A Standardized Extract Prepared from Red Orange and Lemon Wastes Blocks High-Fat Diet-Induced Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia in Mice.

Citrus fruits are a rich source of high-value bioactive compounds and their consumption has been associated with beneficial effects on human health. Red (blood) oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) are particularly rich in anthocyanins (95% of which are represented by cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-6″-malonyl-glucoside), flavanones (hesperidin, narirutin, and didymin), and hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic acid, coumaric acid, sinapic, and ferulic acid). Lemon fruit (Citrus limon) is also rich in flavanones (eriocitrin, hesperidin, and diosmin) and other polyphenols. All of these compounds are believed to play a very important role as dietary antioxidants due to their ability to scavenge free radicals. A standardized powder extract, red orange and lemon extract (RLE), was obtained by properly mixing anthocyanins and other polyphenols recovered from red orange processing waste with eriocitrin and other flavanones recovered from lemon peel by a patented extraction process. RLE was used for in vivo assays aimed at testing a potential beneficial effect on glucose and lipid metabolism. In vivo experiments performed on male CD1 mice fed with a high-fat diet showed that an 8-week treatment with RLE was able to induce a significant reduction in glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels in the blood, with positive effects on regulation of hyperglycemia and lipid metabolism, thus suggesting a potential use of this new phytoextract for nutraceutical purposes.

Bioactive Compounds from Lemon (Citrus limon) Extract Overcome TNF-α-Induced Insulin Resistance in Cultured Adipocytes.

The consumption of plant-based food is important for health promotion, especially regarding the prevention and management of chronic diseases such as diabetes. We investigated the effects of a lemon extract (LE), containing ≥20.0% total flavanones and ≥1.0% total hydroxycinnamic acids, on insulin signaling in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with TNF-α, which was used to mimic in vitro the insulin resistance condition that characterizes diabetes mellitus. Our results showed LE increased PPARγ, GLUT4 and DGAT-1 levels, demonstrating the potential of this lemon extract in the management of insulin resistance conditions associated with TNF-α pathway activation. LE treatment further decreased the release of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and restored triglyceride synthesis, which is the main feature of a healthy adipocyte.

A red orange and lemon by-products extract rich in anthocyanins inhibits the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

The major cause of end-stage renal disease is the diabetic nephropathy. Oxidative stress contributes to the development of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study we have evaluated the effect of a diet with a new standardized of red orange and lemon extract (RLE) rich in anthocyanins (ANT) in the progression of the kidney disease on Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Oxidative stress and renal function were analyzed. In diabetic rats, the RLE restored the blood glucose levels, body weight, and normalized the reactive oxygen species (ROS) total pathways. The kidney inflammation, in diabetic rats, has not shown significant change, showing that the oxidative stress rather than to inflammatory processes is a triggering factor in the renal complication associated with T2DM. Therefore, the administration of the RLE prevents this complication and this effect could be related to the inhibition of ROS production.

Evaluation of a Pomegranate Peel Extract as an Alternative Means to Control Olive Anthracnose.

Olive anthracnose is caused by different species of Colletotrichum spp. and may be regarded as the most damaging disease of olive fruit worldwide, greatly affecting quality and quantity of the productions. A pomegranate peel extract (PGE) proved very effective in controlling the disease. The extract had a strong in vitro fungicidal activity against Colletotrichum acutatum sensu stricto, was very effective in both preventive and curative trials with artificially inoculated fruit, and induced resistance in treated olive tissues. In field trials, PGE was significantly more effective than copper, which is traditionally used to control the disease. The highest level of protection was achieved by applying the extract in the early ascending phase of the disease outbreaks because natural rots were completely inhibited with PGE at 12 g/liter and were reduced by 98.6 and by 93.0% on plants treated with PGE at 6 and 3 g/liter, respectively. Two treatments carried out 30 and 15 days before the expected epidemic outbreak reduced the incidence of the disease by 77.6, 57.0, and 51.8%, depending on the PGE concentration. The analysis of epiphytic populations showed a strong antimicrobial activity of PGE, which sharply reduced both fungal and bacterial populations. Because PGE was obtained from a natural matrix using safe chemicals and did not have any apparent phytotoxic effect on treated olive fruit, it may be regarded as a safe and effective natural antifungal preparation to control olive anthracnose and improve olive productions.

Anthocyanins in different Citrus species: an UHPLC-PDA-ESI/MSn -assisted qualitative and quantitative investigation.

BACKGROUND: Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments belonging to the flavonoid family. They are typically present in the flesh and peel in the blood orange cultivars. Although blood orange young shoots and flowers are not anthocyanin-colored, lemon, citron, rangpur lime, and Meyer lemon young shoots and flowers exhibit marked pigmentation as a result of anthocyanins, demonstrating that anthocyanin biosynthesis in the Citrus genus is both tissue- and genotype-dependent. The present study aimed to examine the qualitative and quantitative anthocyanin profile of fruit and other tissues from different Citrus species. RESULTS: The presence of anthocyanin-pigmented stigmas in the young flowers of a blood orange tree (cv. 'Moro') was characterized and reported for the first time. The dominant pigments in blood orange fruits were cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-(6''-malonyl-glucoside), whereas different patterns were observed in the young shoots, flowers and peel tissues of different Citrus species. CONCLUSION: The present study is the first to report differentially expressed anthocyanin pigmentation patterns in different organs from several species of the genus Citrus. The results obtained could also represent a starting point for further investigations that aim to better understand which regulatory genes are involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the fruits, shoots and floral tissues of different Citrus species. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Screening of the anthocyanin profile and in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibition by anthocyanin-containing extracts of fruits, vegetables, legumes and cereals.

BACKGROUND: The phytotherapic treatment of overweight and/or moderate obesity is growing widely, thus there is a great interest towards the phenolic compounds of fruits and vegetables which may inhibit pancreatic lipase enzyme. In this study, we report the chemical composition and in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of 13 freeze-dried anthocyanin-containing extracts of different Mediterranean plants: fruits (blood orange, pomegranate, blackberry, mulberry and sumac), citrus by-products (blood orange peel), citrus vegetative tissues (young lemon shoots); vegetables (red cabbage and violet cauliflower), legume seeds (black bean), cereals (black rice), and cereal processing by-products (black rice hull). Total phenols and anthocyanins were determined. Individual anthocyanins were identified by UHPLC-PDA-ESI/MSn . RESULTS: Results revealed a wide variation in the distribution of anthocyanin compounds. Blood orange and pomegranate juice extracts had the highest total anthocyanin content and exhibited the strongest inhibition of pancreatic lipase in vitro. CONCLUSION: Inhibitory activity was positively correlated with anthocyanin content. In appropriate formulations, anthocyanin-containing extracts could find a use as anti-obesity agents. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Chemical Characterization of Different Sumac and Pomegranate Extracts Effective against Botrytis cinerea Rots.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel and sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fruit and leaf extracts were chemically characterized and their ability to inhibit table grape (cv. Italia) rots caused by Botrytis cinerea was evaluated on artificially inoculated berries. Different extraction methods were applied and extracts were characterized through Ultra Fast High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Photodiode array detector and Electrospray ionization Mass spectrometer (UPLC-PDA-ESI/MSn) for their phenol and anthocyanin contents. The concentrated pomegranate peel extract (PGE-C) was the richest in phenols (66.97 g gallic acid equivalents/kg) while the concentrated sumac extract from fruits (SUF-C) showed the highest anthocyanin amount (171.96 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents/kg). Both phenolic and anthocyanin profile of pomegranate and sumac extracts were quite different: pomegranate extract was rich in cyanidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside and ellagic acid derivatives, while sumac extract was characterized by 7-methyl-cyanidin 3-galactoside and gallic acid derivatives. The concentrated extracts from both pomegranate peel and sumac leaves significantly reduced the development of Botrytis rots. In particular, the extract from pomegranate peel completely inhibited the pathogen at different intervals of time (0, 12, and 24 h) between treatment and pathogen inoculation on fruits maintained at 22-24 °C and high relative humidity (RH). This extract may represent a valuable alternative to control postharvest fungal rots in view of its high efficacy because of the low cost of pomegranate peel, which is a waste product of processing factories.

Four-week ingestion of blood orange juice results in measurable anthocyanin urinary levels but does not affect cellular markers related to cardiovascular risk: a randomized cross-over study in healthy volunteers.

PURPOSE: Blood orange juice (OJ) is an important source of anthocyanins (ACN). The latter molecules are endowed with antioxidant activity and might thus modulate different cell function. Our aim was to investigate ACN absorption following a 1-month daily supplementation of blood OJ and their potential effects on cell markers of platelet and leukocyte activation and interaction. METHODS: Eighteen healthy subjects (10 men and 8 women) were supplemented for 4 weeks with 1 L/day of either blood OJ or blond OJ (that contains no ACN), following a cross-over design. Blood samples were obtained from fasting participants both at baseline and after each week of treatment to measure plasma ACN concentration. At the same time-intervals, 24-h urinary excretion of these molecules was also measured. At the beginning and the end of each 4-week intervention period, platelet and leukocyte markers and mixed cell conjugates were assessed both in basal condition and upon in vitro collagen/ADP activation. RESULTS: After 1 week supplementation with blood OJ, 24-h urinary excretion of ACN reached average levels of 11.47 ± 5.63 nmol that significantly differed from baseline and remained substantially unchanged until the end of treatment. No plasma accumulation of ACN following blood OJ supplementation was observed. Cellular markers were not significantly affected by either OJ after 4-week supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Following supplementation of healthy volunteers with 1 L/day of blood OJ for 4 weeks, the ACN plasma levels reached were insufficient to significantly modify cell markers of platelet and leukocyte activation and interaction.

Prebiotic effects of citrus pectic oligosaccharides.

Citrus peel wastes, one of the major by-products of the agri-food industry, are a source of value-added compounds. In this work, a commercial pectin (PEC1) and one obtained by direct extraction from citrus fibre (PEC2), were hydrolysed and ultrafiltered at different cut-off (100, 50 and 30 kDa) and then tested in broth with four different probiotic strains: Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. paracasei. In addition, the probiotic strains selected for their growth rate with the fractions of the two pectins were tested for tolerance to different pH values and bile salts. This study demonstrated that POS2 (product from the enzymatic hydrolysis by PEC2) showed greater prebiotic activity than POS1 (product from the enzymatic hydrolysis by PEC1). The results confirmed that citrus pectic oligosaccharides could be used as emerging prebiotics with improved properties due to their antimicrobial and modulating-microbiota ability.

Physico-chemical and multielemental traits of anaerobic digestate from Mediterranean agro-industrial wastes and assessment as fertiliser for citrus nurseries.

Previous researches have demonstrated the bioenergetic potential of agri-food Mediterranean wastes showing that anaerobic co-digestion is a valuable solution for Mediterranean areas. This implies a great interest for anaerobic digestates use in agriculture to replace fertilizers. The present study aimed at: i) producing knowledge on continuous anaerobic co-digestion of feedstock mixture composed by different Mediterranean agri-food wastes in terms of multielemental characterization and ii) assessing the agronomic value of industrial anaerobic digestate (AD) based on the potential as fertiliser in nursery condition for the citrus seedlings. Results have demonstrated that agro-industrial biomasses have great potentiality to be converted by anaerobic digestion in biofertilizer to be used in citrus nurseries as sustainable alternative to mineral fertilisers. Multielemental traits of the tested AD were valuable in terms of nutritional supply for the growth and development of the plant. AD was useful to replace the mineral fertilizers in terms of total N content (10.81 ± 0.32 %TS) and organic matter (43.32 ± 0.80 %TS). The seedlings nutritive status showed that no need for supplemental of nutrients was requested. Volkamer lemon highly benefited from the administration of liquid digestate, increasing the total chlorophyll level (2.97 ± 0.31 mg g-1 FW) presumably due to the higher ammonium content of the AD (59 ± 0.08 %TKN). Besides providing useful tools for citrus nurseries for conceiving new sustainable fertilization strategies, this study is a starting point for further in-depth works on physiological status and traits of citrus plants fertilized by using agro-industrial anaerobic digestate.

Evaluation of lipid and cholesterol-lowering effect of bioflavonoids from bergamot extract.

Several natural products have been reported to be involved in the suppression of adipogenesis. In this study, we reveal that a bergamot extract (BE) decreased the accumulation of intracellular lipids in murine pre-adipocytes 3T3-L1 cells during adipogenic differentiation. Both the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity and the differentiation and proliferation of adipocytes could be used as a strategy for the treatment and prevention of obesity. The results of this study show a reduction of HMG-CoA activity and of lipid droplet accumulation in the presence of the BE, suggesting the potential of BE as an anti-adipogenic agent to lower the content of cholesterol and body fat and prevent a gain in body weight. Moreover, BE as the result of high percentages of flavonoid compounds such as neoriocitrin, naringin and neohesperidin, the main flavonoids contained in BE, led to significant inhibition of DPPH free radical, demonstrating a strong radical scavenging activity.

A new standardized phytoextract from red orange and lemon wastes (red orange and lemon extract) reduces basophil degranulation and activation.

Citrus fruits are rich sources of bioactive compounds and their consumption is associated to health-promoting effects. Citrus processing wastes contain bioflavonoids and other high added value compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiallergic properties of a new phytoextract obtained by citrus wastes and peels. Blood orange and lemon processing wastes were used to produce a Red orange and Lemon Extract (RLE). Blood samples from 30 allergic donors were collected and used to evaluate the basophil activation (CD203c) and degranulation (CD63) by stimulation trough allergen with and without the RLE. Reduced basophil expression of CD203c and CD63 were observed in RLE + Allergen treated samples, with -20.21% of CD203c expression (p < 0.0001) and -54.11% of CD63 expression (p < 0.0001), compared to Allergen treated samples. The RLE evidenced a good antiallergic activity, mainly acting on basophils degranulation, and therefore reducing the key event of pro-inflammatory mediators release after allergic stimuli.

In vitro effects of bioflavonoids rich lemon extract on pre-adipocyte differentiation.

Lemon fruit is a source of bioactive compounds, which has many beneficial effects on health. Obesity is characterized by over-accumulation of adipose tissue as a result of increased adipocyte size and number. Adipogenesis is mediated and assisted by various transcription factors that induce lipid-metabolizing enzymes followed by an increase of perilipin expression and lipid droplets generation. Here, we evaluate the effect of lemon extract (LE) as radical scavenger and the consequent regulation of adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation. 3T3-L1 murine pre-adipocytes were differentiated and treated with different LE concentrations. The high percentages of flavonoid contained in LE led to a significant inhibition of DPPH radical and reactive oxygen species, demonstrating a strong radical scavenger activity. Treatment of 3T3-cells with LE showed a significant decrease of perilipin expression, subsequently confirmed by the reduction of lipid droplet accumulation, resulting from Oil Red O Staining and by the downregulation of PPARγ and DGAT-1mRNA.

Antiinflammatory effects of a red orange extract in human keratinocytes treated with interferon-gamma and histamine.

Red oranges are an important component of the so-called Mediterranean diet and they have been used by traditional medicine for their health protective properties, particularly to heal sore throat and cough, suggesting an interesting antiinflammatory activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antiinflammatory activity of a red orange (Citrus sinensis varieties: Moro, Tarocco, Sanguinello) complex (ROC), characterized by high levels of anthocyanins, flavanones, hydroxycinnamic acids and ascorbic acid, on the human keratinocyte line NCTC 2544 exposed to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and histamine. The expression of immunomodulatory membrane molecules such as inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) by Western blot analysis, and the release of chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) through ELISA kits, were determined. ICAM-1 modulates the permanence and activation of T lymphocytes in the epidermis. MCP-1 is a specific chemoattractant for monocytes and dendritic cells. IL-8 is important for the recruitment of both neutrophils and T lymphocytes. Addition of ROC at different concentrations together with IFN-gamma and histamine induced a dose-dependent inhibition of ICAM-1 expression and MCP-1 and IL-8 release. ROC shows interesting antiinflammatory properties in human keratinocyte cells NCTC 2544. This natural complex could have a topical employment and mitigate the consequences of some skin pathologies.

Change in taste-altering non-volatile components of blood and common orange fruit during cold storage.

Cold storage may cause changes in the volatile and non-volatile components of orange fruit, in association with the decrement of the characteristic fruit flavour and sensory acceptability. The aim of this work was to evaluate the changes of some non-volatile taste-altering components (total and individual sugars, acids, anthocyanins, putrescine and limonin) that may affect the organoleptic perception of cold-stored orange fruit. Three blood orange varieties ('Tarocco TDV', 'Tarocco Gallo', and 'Moro') and a common variety ('Washington navel') were stored at 6 ± 1 °C and 90-95% Relative Humidity (RH) for 60 d. Chemical and sensory assessments were performed during fruit storage at 15 d intervals. During storage, no dramatic change of the physicochemical parameters was recorded and the ascorbic acid content remained almost unchanged in all varieties. As expected, total anthocyanins significantly increased during storage. Limonin significantly decreased in all varieties. A consistent and significant increase in putrescine occurred during storage in the fruit of the pigmented varieties, not recorded in the common orange variety. Putrescine behaviour showed direct correlation with the accumulation of off-flavour in cold-stored 'Moro' and 'T. TDV' fruit, showing a clear influence of its relative concentration on the sensory perception of fruit. Finally, principal component analysis showed that the complete quality profile of the four investigated varieties represented clear differentiation without overlapping clusters. Our results suggest that the arise of a negative sensory perception in cold stored blood orange fruit might be linked to their accumulation of putrescine.

Development of Durum Wheat Breads Low in Sodium Using a Natural Low-Sodium Sea Salt.

Durum wheat is widespread in the Mediterranean area, mainly in southern Italy, where traditional durum wheat breadmaking is consolidated. Bread is often prepared by adding a lot of salt to the dough. However, evidence suggests that excessive salt in a diet is a disease risk factor. The aim of this work is to study the effect of a natural low-sodium sea salt (Saltwell®) on bread-quality parameters and shelf-life. Bread samples were prepared using different levels of traditional sea salt and Saltwell®. The loaves were packaged in modified atmosphere conditions (MAPs) and monitored over 90 days of storage. No significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found in specific volumes and bread yield between the breads and over storage times, regardless of the type and quantity of salt used. Textural data, however, showed some significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) between the breads and storage times. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is considered, nowadays, as an emerging ubiquitous processing contaminant; bread with the lowest level of Saltwell® had the lowest HMF content, and during storage, a decrease content was highlighted. Sensory data showed that the loaves had a similar rating (p ≤ 0.05) and differed only in salt content before storage. This study has found that durum wheat bread can make a nutritional claim of being "low in sodium" and "very low in sodium".