Visualization of fibroblast activation using 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT after pulmonary vein isolation with pulsed field compared with cryoballoon ablation.

BACKGROUND: Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) is a novel ablation modality for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablating myocardium by electroporation without tissue-heating. With its different mechanism of tissue ablation, it is assumed that lesion creation is divergent to thermal energy sources. 68Ga-fibroblast-activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET/CT targets FAP-alpha expressed by activated fibroblasts. We aimed to assess 68Ga-FAPI uptake in pulmonary veins as surrogate for ablation damage after PFA and cryoballoon ablation (CBA). METHODS: 26 patients (15 PFA, 11 CBA) underwent 68Ga-FAPI-PET/CT after ablation. Standardized uptake values (SUV) and fibroblast-activation volumes of localized tracer uptake were assessed. RESULTS: Patient characteristics were comparable between groups. In PFA, focal FAPI uptake was only observed in 3/15 (20%) patients, whereas in the CBA cohort, 10/11 (90.9%) patients showed atrial visual uptake. We observed lower values of SUVmax (2.85 ± 0.56 vs 4.71 ± 2.06, P = 0.025) and FAV (1.13 ± 0.84 cm3 vs 3.91 ± 2.74 cm3, P = 0.014) along with a trend towards lower SUVpeak and SUVmean in PFA vs CBA patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: Tissue response with respect to fibroblast activation seems to be less pronounced in PFA compared to established thermal ablation systems. This functional assessment might contribute to a better understanding of lesion formation in thermal and PFA ablation potentially contributing to better safety outcomes.

Spen deficiency interferes with Connexin 43 expression and leads to heart failure in zebrafish.

Genome-wide association studies identified Spen as a putative modifier of cardiac function, however, the precise function of Spen in the cardiovascular system is not known yet. Here, we analyzed for the first time the in vivo role of Spen in zebrafish and found that targeted Spen inactivation led to progressive impairment of cardiac function in the zebrafish embryo. In addition to diminished cardiac contractile force, Spen-deficient zebrafish embryos developed bradycardia, atrioventricular block and heart chamber fibrillation. Assessment of cardiac-specific transcriptional profiles identified Connexin 43 (Cx43), a cardiac gap junction protein and crucial regulator of cardiomyocyte-to-cardiomyocyte communication, to be significantly diminished in Spen-deficient zebrafish embryos. Similar to the situation in Spen-deficient embryos, Morpholino-mediated knockdown of cx43 in zebrafish resulted in cardiac contractile dysfunction, bradycardia, atrioventricular block and fibrillation of the cardiac chambers. Furthermore, ectopic overexpression of cx43 in Spen deficient embryos led to the reconstitution of cardiac contractile function and suppression of cardiac arrhythmia. Additionally, sensitizing experiments by simultaneously injecting sub-phenotypic concentrations of spen- and cx43-Morpholinos into zebrafish embryos resulted in pathological supra-additive effects. In summary, our findings highlight a crucial role of Spen in controlling cx43 expression and demonstrate the Spen-Cx43 axis to be a vital regulatory cascade that is indispensable for proper heart function in vivo.

Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in HFpEF patients-A propensity-score-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are both common conditions associated with high morbidity and mortality, especially if they coexist. Catheter ablation (CA) for AF has been shown recently to induce reverse remodeling and improve symptoms in HFpEF patients. The aim of this study was to compare outcomes of AF patients with HFpEF, who either underwent CA for AF or received medical therapy only. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included all AF patients with HFpEF according to current guidelines treated at our hospital between 2013 and 2018. Out of 6614 AF patients, we identified 127 with confirmed HFpEF. After applying propensity score matching to balance patient groups, 43 patients treated by CA and 43 patients receiving medical treatment were compared. Patients in the CA group underwent a mean of 1.5 ± 0.8 ablation procedures. Arrhythmia recurrence occurred significantly less frequently in the CA group (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.25-0.87; p = .016). The primary endpoint, a composite of heart failure hospitalization and death, was reduced significantly by CA compared to medical therapy (HR: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.13-0.67; p = .003). This was driven by a decrease in heart failure hospitalization. Clinical and echocardiographic parameters of HFpEF improved significantly only after CA. Remarkably, reassessment of diagnostic HFpEF criteria at the end of follow-up demonstrated HFpEF resolution in 15 out of 43 patients (35%) treated by CA and only 4 out of 43 patients (9%) treated medically (p = .008). CONCLUSION: Catheter ablation for AF in HFpEF patients in comparison to medical therapy decreases heart failure hospitalization, heart failure symptoms, and improves diastolic function. AF ablation should be considered in patients with HFpEF and concomitant AF.

Impact of extent of coronary artery disease and percutaneous revascularization assessed by the SYNTAX score on outcomes following transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD) assessed by the SYNTAX score (SS) and periprocedural percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). BACKGROUND: Due to controversial data regarding the effect of CAD on outcomes after TAVR, proper revascularization strategies remain a matter of debate. METHODS: 553 patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing TAVR were included in this study. SS was calculated for each patient at baseline and after PCI. Primary outcome was one-year all-cause mortality. RESULTS: 60.2% of patients (N = 333) exhibited CAD with a mean SS of 10.8 ± 8.8. Of those, 120 patients (36.0%) received periprocedural PCI. In the treatment group, mean SS was decreased from 14.9 ± 9.1 to 6.3 ± 6.7. Patients with concomitant CAD suffered more frequently from myocardial infarction (MI) post TAVR compared to those without CAD (2.1% vs. 0.0%; P < 0.01). In the CAD cohort, MI rates were comparable between patients with and without PCI (2.2% vs. 2.5%; P = 0.71). Regarding SS, patients with a residual SS < 8 showed significant lower rates of one-year mortality (9.0% vs. 18.2%; P = 0.016) and MACCE (16.5% vs. 32.2%; P = 0.001). Besides left bundle brunch, predictors for an increased one-year mortality were a residual SS ≥ 8 in the CAD group (OR = 3.17; P = 0.011) and a EuroSCORE ≥ 4% in the entire study population (OR = 2.18; P = 0.017). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a residual SS-guided revascularization strategy may improve prognosis after TAVR in patients with concomitant CAD. PCI aiming for a residual SS < 8 was associated with improved one-year clinical outcomes.

Safety of conscious sedation in electroanatomical mapping procedures and cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation.

Immobilization of patients during electrophysiological procedures, to avoid complications by patients' unexpected bodily motion, is achieved by moderate to deep conscious sedation using benzodiazepines and propofol for sedation and opioids for analgesia. Our aim was to compare respiratory and hemodynamic safety endpoints of cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) and electroanatomical mapping (EAM) procedures. Included patients underwent either cryoballoon PVI or EAM procedures. Sedation monitoring included non-invasive blood pressure measurements, transcutaneous oxygen saturation (tSpO2) and transcutaneous carbon-dioxide (tpCO2) measurements. We enrolled 125 consecutive patients, 67 patients underwent cryoballoon atrial fibrillation ablation and 58 patients had an EAM and radiofrequency ablation procedure. Mean procedure duration of EAM procedures was significantly longer (p < 0.001) and propofol doses as well as morphine equivalent doses of administered opioids were significantly higher in EAM patients compared to cryoballoon patients (p < 0.001). Cryoballoon patients display higher tpCO2 levels compared to EAM patients at 30 min (cryoballoon: 51.1 ± 7.0 mmHg vs. EAM: 48.6 ± 6.2 mmHg, p = 0.009) and at 60 min (cryoballoon: 51.4 ± 7.3 mmHg vs. EAM: 48.9 ± 6.6 mmHg, p = 0.07) procedure duration. Mean arterial pressure was significantly higher after 60 min (cryoballoon: 84.7 ± 16.7 mmHg vs. EAM: 76.7 ± 13.3 mmHg, p = 0.017) in cryoballoon PVI compared to EAM procedures. Regarding respiratory and hemodynamic safety endpoints, no significant difference was detected regarding hypercapnia, hypoxia and episodes of hypotension. Despite longer procedure duration and deeper sedation requirement, conscious sedation in EAM procedures appears to be as safe as conscious sedation in cryoballoon ablation procedures regarding hemodynamic and respiratory safety endpoints.

Restoration of sinus rhythm by pulmonary vein isolation improves heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in atrial fibrillation patients.

AIMS: Atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients suffering from heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is associated with increased symptoms and higher morbidity and mortality. Effective treatment strategies for this patient population have not yet been established. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analysed clinical outcomes and echocardiographic parameters of patients with AF and HFpEF who underwent pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Out of 374 PVI patients, we identified 35 patients suffering from concomitant HFpEF. Freedom from atrial tachyarrhythmia (AT) after 1 year was 80%. Heart failure symptoms assessed by New York Heart Association class significantly improved from 2.7 ± 0.7 to 1.7 ± 0.9 (P < 0.001). We observed regression of diastolic dysfunction by echocardiography 12 months after the index procedure. Moreover, 15 patients (42.9%) experienced complete resolution of HFpEF after a single ablation procedure. Multivariate logistic regression revealed absence of AT recurrence as an independent predictor of recovery from HFpEF (hazard ratio 11.37, 95% confidence interval 1.70-75.84, P = 0.009). Furthermore, resolution of HFpEF by achieving freedom from AT recurrence by PVI, including multiple procedures, led to a significant reduction of hospitalizations. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that restoration of sinus rhythm by PVI in HFpEF patients with concomitant AF induces reverse remodelling, improvement of symptoms, resolution of HFpEF and subsequently decrease of hospitalizations. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm our results.

[Severe Metformin-Associated Lactic Acidosis in a 67-Year-Old Patient]. / Schwere Metformin-assoziierte Laktatazidose bei einem 67-jährigen Patienten.

Metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA) is a difficult to diagnose and potentially life-threatening disease. We report a rare case of severe MALA treated at our hospital's intensive care unit. Suspected diagnosis of MALA and quick initiation of an adequate therapy containing renal replacement therapy led to successful management of this complicated MALA-case.

Novel spiral mapping catheter facilitates observation of the time-to-pulmonary vein isolation during cryoballoon ablation.

Observation of the time-to-pulmonary vein isolation (TTI) by a spiral mapping catheter has emerged as a valuable procedural parameter in cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). The 1st generation spiral mapping catheter (Achieve, SMC1) has been available as an 8-polar catheter with a distal loop diameter of 15 or 20 mm. The novel spiral mapping catheter (Achieve Advance, SMC2) was designed as a true guidewire and is available, in addition to the sizes of the SMC1, as a 10-polar mapping catheter with a distal loop diameter of 25 mm. Whether these novel features of SMC2 influence procedural characteristics of Cryo-PVI in comparison to SMC1 has not been reported. In this prospective cohort study 158 patients (age 65.1 ± 12.4 years, female 39%, paroxysmal AF 60%) undergoing PVI with the 2nd generation cryoballoon were included. SMC1 was used in 57 patients (36%), whereas 101 patients (64%) underwent Cryo-PVI with the SMC2. All PVs (623/623, 100%) were isolated successfully. Mean procedure duration was 72.0 ± 18.9 min in the SMC1 group and 74.4 ± 19.1 min in the SMC2 group (p = 0.432). Mean fluoroscopy time was also not different between both study groups (SMC1 15.7 ± 6.6 min, SMC2 15.7 ± 7.3 min, p = 0.593). TTI was observed in 68.6% of pulmonary veins in the SMC1 group, whereas TTI observation rate was 82.6% in the SMC2 group (p < 0.001). Number of freezes (5.5 ± 1.5 vs. 6.5 ± 1.9; p = 0.001) and total freeze duration (14.1 ± 4.5 vs. 17.6 ± 5.6; p < 0.001) were increased in the SMC2 group. SMC2 significantly increases TTI observation rate during Cryo-PVI. Procedure duration and fluoroscopy time are similar and number of freezes and total freeze duration are increased compared to PVI with SMC1 due to decreased stability and maneuverability of SMC2.

Efficacy and safety of pulsed field ablation compared to cryoballoon ablation in the treatment of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis.

Aims: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) represents the gold standard in the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) and the use of single-shot techniques, such as cryoballoon ablation (CBA) and pulsed field ablation (PFA) using a pentaspline catheter, has gained prominence. Recent studies hypothesize that PFA might be superior to CBA, although procedural efficacy and safety data are inconsistent. A meta-analysis was conducted to compare both energy sources for the treatment of AF. Methods and results: A structured systematic database search and meta-analysis were performed on studies investigating outcomes, periprocedural complications, and/or procedural parameters of AF patients treated by either CBA or PFA. Eleven studies reporting data from 3805 patients were included. Pulmonary vein isolation by PFA was associated with a significantly lower recurrence of atrial fibrillation/atrial tachycardia [odds ratio (OR) = 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.54-0.98, I2 = 20%] and fewer periprocedural complications (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.40-0.96, I2 = 6%) compared to CBA. The lower complication rate following PFA was mainly driven by fewer phrenic nerve injuries (OR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.08-0.43, I2 = 0%). However, there were more cases of cardiac tamponades after PFA (OR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.01-6.49, I2 = 0%). Additionally, using PFA for PVI was associated with shorter total procedure times [mean difference (MD) = -9.68, 95% CI = -14.92 to -4.43 min, I2 = 92%] and lower radiation exposure (MD = -148.07, 95% CI = -276.50 to -19.64 µGy·mI2 = 7%). Conclusion: Our results suggest that PFA for PVI, compared to CBA, enables shorter procedure times with lower arrhythmia recurrence and a reduced risk of periprocedural complications. Randomized controlled trials need to confirm our findings.

Pulsed field ablation and cryoballoon ablation for pulmonary vein isolation: insights on efficacy, safety and cardiac function.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has become the cornerstone treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). While in cryoablation cell damage is caused by thermal effects, lately, pulsed field ablation (PFA) has been established as a novel non-thermal tissue-specific ablation modality for PVI. However, data comparing outcomes of patients undergoing either PFA or cryoballoon ablation (CBA) for primary PVI are sparse. METHODS: Consecutive patients with AF undergoing PVI by either CBA or PFA were included in the analysis. The primary outcome was the time to AF/AT recurrence. For secondary outcomes, clinical and periprocedural parameters were compared. RESULTS: In total, outcomes of 141 AF patients treated by PFA (94 patients) or CBA (47 patients) were compared. After 365 days, 70% of patients in the PFA group and 61% of patients in the CBA group were free from AF/AT (HR 1.35, 95% CI 0.60-3.00; p = 0.470). No deaths occurred. While symptoms alleviated in both groups, only after PFA, we observed significant improvement of left atrial volume index (PFA group baseline: 40 [31;62] ml/m2, PFA group follow-up: 35 [29;49] ml/m2; p = 0.015), NT-pro BNP levels (PFA group baseline: 1106 ± 2479 pg/ml, PFA group follow-up: 1033 ± 1742 pg/ml; p = 0.048), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (PFA group baseline: 55 [48;60] %, PFA group follow-up: 58 [54;63] %; p = 0.006). PVI by PFA was the only independent predictor of LVEF improvement. CONCLUSION: In our study, we show that CBA and PFA for PVI are of similar efficacy when it comes to AF recurrence. However, our findings suggest that PFA rather than CBA might induce left atrial reverse remodeling thereby contributing to left ventricular systolic function.

Predictors of worse outcome after postponing non-emergency cardiac interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: Deferral of non-emergency cardiac procedures is associated with increased early emergency cardiovascular hospitalisation. This study aimed to identify predictors of worse clinical outcome after deferral of non-emergency cardiovascular interventions. METHODS: This observational case-control study included consecutive patients whose non-emergency cardiac intervention has been postponed during COVID-19-related lockdown between 19 March and 30 April 2020 (n=193). Cox regression was performed to identify predictors of the combined 1-year end point emergency cardiovascular hospitalisation and death. All patients undergoing non-emergency interventions in the corresponding time period 2019 served as control group (n=216). RESULTS: The combined end point of death and emergency cardiovascular hospitalisation occurred in 70 (36.3%) of 193 patients with a postponed cardiovascular intervention. The planned intervention was deferred by a median of 23 (19-36) days. Arterial hypertension (HR 2.27; 95% CI 1.00 to 5.12; p=0.049), chronic kidney disease (HR 1.89; 95% CI 1.03 to 3.49; p=0.041) as well as severe valvular heart disease (HR 3.08; 95% CI 1.68 to 5.64; p<0.001) were independent predictors of death or emergency hospitalisation. Kaplan-Maier estimators of the combined end point were 31% in patients with arterial hypertension, 56% in patients with severe valvular heart disease and 77% with both risk factors (HR 12.4, 95% CI 3.8 to 40.7; p<0.001) and only 9% in patients without these risk factors (log rank p<0.001). N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) cut-point of ≥1109 pg/mL best predicts the occurrence of primary end point event in deferred patients (area under the curve 0.71; p<0.001; sensitivity 63.8%, specificity 69.4%). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that patients with either arterial hypertension, chronic kidney or severe valvular heart disease are at very high risk for emergency hospitalisation and increased mortality in case of postponed cardiac interventions even in supposed stable clinical status. Risk seems to be even higher in patients suffering from a combination of these conditions. If the ongoing or future pandemics force hospitals again to postpone cardiac interventions, the biomarker NT-proBNP is an applicable parameter for outpatient monitoring to identify those at risk for adverse cardiovascular events.

Impact of Radial Access on Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts.

PURPOSE: We investigated the impact of radial access on contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in patients with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) undergoing cardiac catheterization. METHODS: This retrospective monocenter study included 527 CABG patients undergoing cardiac catheterization via radial (58.1%, N = 306) or femoral access (41.9%, N = 221). Primary outcome measure was CI-AKI defined in accordance with the KDIGO criteria. Independent predictors for CI-AKI were assessed. 1-year mortality was assessed depending on the occurrence of CI-AKI. RESULTS: In total, 99 CABG patients (18.8%) developed CI-AKI within 48 h after cardiac catheterization. Compared to patients without CI-AKI, amount of contrast media used (203.1 ± 102.6 ml vs. 204.2 ± 98.2 ml; P = 0.892) as well as procedural times (87.9 ± 44.8 vs. 79.8 ± 37.0; P = 0.190) were similarly. Regarding vascular access, there was no significant difference in the incidence of CI-AKI between radial and femoral approach (19.0% vs. 18.6%; p = 0.907). However, poor left ventricular ejection fraction (odds ratio [OR] = 1.72, P = 0.026), chronic kidney disease (OR = 2.30, P = 0.001) and acute coronary syndrome (OR = 1.64, P = 0.043) were independent predictors for CI-AKI. The occurrence of CI-AKI was significantly associated with an increased 1-year mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.52, P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: With 18.8%, CI-AKI is a frequent complication in CABG patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Radial access did not decrease the risk when compared to the femoral approach.

Vascular Access-Site Choice and Outcomes in Patients With Previous Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Undergoing Coronary Catheterization in a High-Volume Transradial Center.

BACKGROUND: Transradial access for coronary angiography was observed to be superior to femoral access. Nevertheless, femoral artery access is still frequently used, especially in challenging subgroups with high procedural complexity, like patients with previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). PURPOSE: We analyzed access-site choice and outcomes of CABG patients undergoing coronary catheterization in different clinical settings. METHODS: A total of 1206 consecutive CABG patients undergoing coronary angiography and intervention were included in this study. Procedural and clinical outcomes were compared between transradial and transfemoral access. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of access-site choice. RESULTS: Coronary catheterization was performed via radial access in 753 patients (63.1%) and via femoral access in 442 patients (36.9%). During the study period, femoral artery utilization dropped from 55.2% to a minimum of 28.2% per year (P<.01). Short stature (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; P<.01), peripheral artery disease (OR, 1.42; P=.04), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (OR, 4.17; P<.001), ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (OR, 2.56; P=.01), and coexisting left and right internal mammary artery (LIMA/RIMA) bypass grafts (OR, 2.67; P<.001) were independently associated with femoral access-site choice. Study outcomes including access-site complications (4.3% vs 1.6%; P<.01) as well as short- and long-term mortality (30-day mortality: 6.8% vs 2.0%; hazard ratio, 3.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.84-6.70; P<.001) were more likely to occur with femoral access. Length of stay was shorter in the radial cohort (3.7 ± 5.1 days vs 5.3 ± 7.2 days; P<.001). CONCLUSION: Radial access appears to be favorable even in complex CABG patients. Although radial access was set as the standard vascular approach, femoral access was chosen in one-third of all patients. Independent predictors for femoral access were short stature, peripheral artery disease, acute settings like CPR and STEMI, as well as coexisting LIMA and RIMA grafts.

Deferral of Non-Emergency Cardiovascular Interventions Triggers Increased Cardiac Emergency Admissions-Analysis of the COVID-19 Related Lockdown.

BACKGROUND: Data on the relation between non-emergency and emergency cardiac admission rates during the COVID-19 lockdown and post-lockdown period are sparse. METHODS: Consecutive cardiac patients admitted to our tertiary heart center between 1 January and 30 June 2020 were included. The observation period of 6 months was analyzed in total and divided into three defined time periods: the pre-lockdown (1 January-19 March), lockdown (20 March-19 April), and post-lockdown (20 April-30 June) period. These were compared to the reference periods 2019 and 2022 using daily admission rates and incidence rate ratios (IRR). RESULTS: Over the observation period from 1 January to 30 June, cardiac admissions (including non-emergency and emergency) were comparable between 2019, 2020, and 2022 (n = 2889, n = 2952, n = 2956; p = 0.845). However, when compared to the reference period 2019, non-emergency admissions decreased in 2020 (1364 vs. 1663; p = 0.02), while emergency admissions significantly increased (1588 vs. 1226; p < 0.001). Further analysis of the lockdown period revealed that non-emergency admissions dropped by 82% (IRR 0.18; 95%-CI 0.14-0.24; p < 0.001) and 42% fewer invasive cardiac interventions were performed (p < 0.001), whereas the post-lockdown period showed a 52% increase of emergency admissions (IRR 1.47; 95%-CI 1.31-1.65; p < 0.001) compared to 2019. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate a drastic surge of emergency cardiac admissions post-COVID-19 related lockdown suggesting that patients who did not keep their non-emergency appointment had to be admitted as an emergency later on.

Deferral of non-emergency cardiac procedures is associated with increased early emergency cardiovascular hospitalizations.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, in anticipation of a demand surge for high-care hospital beds, many hospitals postponed non-emergency interventions of cardiac patients. AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the outcomes of cardiac patients whose non-emergency interventions had been deferred during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Patients whose non-emergency cardiac intervention had been cancelled between March 19th and April 30th, 2020 were included (study group). All patients were considered as deferrable according to current recommendations. Patients' outcomes after 12 months were compared to a seasonal control group who underwent non-emergency interventions in 2019 as scheduled. The primary endpoint was a composite of emergency cardiovascular hospitalization and death. Secondary endpoints were levels of symptoms and cardiac biomarkers. RESULTS: Outcomes of 193 consecutive patients in the study group were assessed and compared to 216 controls. The primary endpoint occurred significantly more often in the study group (HR 2.42, 95%CI 1.63-3.61, p < 0.001). This was driven by an increase in hospitalizations. Subgroup analyses showed that especially patients with a deferred transcatheter heart valve intervention experienced early emergency hospitalization (HR 9.55, 95%CI 3.70-24.62, p < 0.001). These findings were accompanied by more pronounced symptoms and higher biomarker levels. CONCLUSIONS: Deferral of non-emergency cardiac interventions to meet the higher demand for hospital beds during the COVID-19 crisis is associated with early emergency cardiovascular hospitalizations. Patients suffering from valvular heart disease especially constitute a vulnerable group. Consequently, our results suggest that current recommendations on the management of cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic need revision.

The Effect of the Lockdown on Patients With Myocardial Infarction During the COVID-19 Pandemic­A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The phenomenon of declining numbers of patients presenting with myocardial infarction was reported from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic onward. It was thought that measures introduced to stem the pandemic, such as the lockdown, contributed to this development. However, the data on hospital admissions, delay times, and mortality are not consistent. METHODS: Our systematic literature review and meta-analysis embraced studies reporting the number of hospital admissions of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and/or non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) during lockdown episodes. We also collected data on patient- and system-related delay times and on mortality. RESULTS: Data from 27 studies on a total of 81 163 patients were included in our meta-analysis. We found that the number of hospital admissions of patients with myocardial infarction was significantly lower during the lockdown than before the pandemic (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.516 [0.403; 0.660], I2 = 98%). This was true both for patients with STEMI (IRR = 0.620 [0.514; 0.746], I2 = 96%) and for patients with NSTEMI (IRR = 0.454 [0.354; 0.584], I2 = 96%). However, we found no significant difference in the time from hospital admission to cardiac catheterization, or in mortality, in relation to the time from symptom onset to first medical contact. CONCLUSION: In this study, we have shown that the lockdown due to COVID-19 was associated with a marked decline in the number of hospital admissions of patients with myocardial infarction. As no significant effect on delay times or mortality was observed, it seems that timely medical care continued to be delivered.

Impact of re-definition of paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation in the 2012 and 2016 European Society of Cardiology atrial fibrillation guidelines on outcomes after pulmonary vein isolation.

PURPOSE: In the 2016 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation (AF), the definition of AF type has been modified compared with the 2010 guidelines and its 2012 focused update. We compared the difference of single procedure outcomes using the definitions before and after 2016 on a cohort of patients with AF undergoing AF ablation. METHODS: Consecutive AF ablation patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF were retrospectively reclassified applying the 2010, 2012, and 2016 ESC definitions on AF type. RESULTS: We included a total of 628 patients. Applying the 2010 ESC AF guidelines definition, 68% of patients were paroxysmal while according to the 2016 ESC AF guidelines, the proportion increased to 87%. Applying the 2010 ESC guidelines definition, recurrence rates of paroxysmal and persistent AF patients differ significantly (log-rank p < 0.001). Applying the 2012 focused update and the 2016 ESC AF guidelines, recurrence rates do not differ significantly. In a cox regression model applying the 2010 guidelines, persistent AF is the only independent predictor of AF recurrence in our cohort. However, when applying the 2016 guidelines, persistent AF is no longer a predictor of AF recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The revised definition of AF types in the 2016 ESC AF guidelines leads to a marked shift from persistent to paroxysmal AF. It appears that the old definition provided a better separator to predict rhythm outcome after AF ablation.

Outcomes of Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Admitted During COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Germany - Results of a Single Center Prospective Cohort Study.

Objective: Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare professionals reported declining numbers of patients admitted with ST-segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) associated with increased in-hospital morbidity and mortality. However, the effect of lockdown on outcomes of STEMI patients admitted during the COVID-19 crisis has not been prospectively evaluated. Methods: A prospective, observational study on STEMI patients admitted to our tertiary care center during the COVID-19 pandemic was conducted. Outcomes of patients admitted during lockdown were compared to those patients admitted before and after pandemic-related lockdown. Results: A total of 147 patients were enrolled in our study, including 57 patients in the pre-lockdown group (November 1, 2019 to March 20, 2020), 16 patients in the lockdown group (March 21 to April 19, 2020), and 74 patients in the post-lockdown group (April 20 to September 30, 2020). Patients admitted during lockdown had significantly longer time to first medical contact, longer door-to-needle-time, higher serum troponin T levels, worse left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and higher need for circulatory support. After a median follow-up of 142 days, survival was significantly worse in STEMI patients of the lockdown group (log-rank: p = 0.0035). Conclusions: This is the first prospective study on outcomes of STEMI patients admitted during public lockdown amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results suggest that lockdown might deteriorate outcomes of STEMI patients. Public health strategies to constrain spread of COVID-19, such as lockdown, have to be accompanied by distinct public instructions to ensure timely medical care in acute diseases such as STEMI.

Continuous transcutaneous carbon-dioxide monitoring to avoid hypercapnia in complex catheter ablations under conscious sedation.

BACKGROUND: Ablation of complex cardiac arrhythmias requires an immobilized patient. For a successful and safe intervention and for patient comfort, this can be achieved by conscious sedation. Administered sedatives and analgesics have respiratory depressant side effects and require close monitoring. We investigated the feasibility and accuracy of additional, continuous transcutaneous carbon-dioxide partial pressure (tpCO2) measurement during conscious sedation in complex electrophysiological catheter ablation procedures. METHOD: We evaluated the accuracy and additional value of continuous tpCO2 detection by application of a Severinghaus electrode in comparison to arterial and venous blood gas analyses. RESULTS: We included 110 patients in this prospective observational study. Arterial pCO2 (paCO2) and tpCO2 showed good correlation throughout the procedures (r = 0.60-0.87, p < 0.005). Venous pCO2 (pvCO2) were also well correlated to transcutaneous values (r = 0.65-0.85, p < 0.0001). Analyses of the difference of pvCO2 and tpCO2 measurements showed a tolerance within <10 mmHg in up to 96-98% of patients. Hypercapnia (pCO2 < 70 mmHg) was detected more likely and earlier by continuous tpCO2 monitoring compared to half-hourly pvCO2 measurements. CONCLUSION: Continuous tpCO2 monitoring is feasible and precise with good correlation to arterial and venous blood gas carbon-dioxide analysis during complex catheter ablations under conscious sedation and may contribute to additional safety.

Long COVID: Distinction between Organ Damage and Deconditioning.

(1) Background: Long COVID syndrome refers to long-term sequelae of the novel viral disease, which occur even in patients with initially mild disease courses. However, there is still little evidence of the actual organic consequences and their frequency, and there is no standardized workup to diagnose long COVID syndrome yet. In this study, we aim to determine the efficiency of a stepwise diagnostic approach for reconvalescent COVID-19 patients with cardiopulmonary symptoms. (2) Methods: The diagnostic workup for long COVID syndrome included three steps. In the first step, the focus was on broad applicability (e.g., blood tests and body plethysmography). In the second step, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and cardiac MRI (CMR) were used. The third step was tailored to the individual needs of each patient. The observation period lasted from 22 February to 14 May 2021. (3) Results: We examined 231 patients in our long COVID unit (mean [SD] age, 47.8 [14.9], 132 [57.1%] women). Acute illness occurred a mean (SD) of 121 (77) days previously. Suspicious findings in the first visit were seen in 80 (34.6%) patients, prompting further diagnostics. Thirty-six patients were further examined with CPET and CMR. Of those, 16 (44.4%) had pathological findings. The rest had functional complaints without organ damage ("functional long COVID"). Cardiopulmonary sequelae were found in asymptomatic as well as severe courses of the initial COVID-19 disease. (4) Conclusions: A structured diagnostic pathway for the diagnosis of long COVID syndrome is practicable and rational in terms of resource allocation. With this approach, manifest organ damage can be accurately and comprehensively diagnosed and distinguished from functional complaints.