One-year healthcare costs after robotic-assisted and laparoscopic partial and radical nephrectomy: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the wide-spread adoption of robotic-assisted surgery (RAS), the cost-benefit implications for partial (PN) and radical nephrectomy (RN) versus laparoscopic surgery (Lap) is not well established. We sought to examine the trend of adoption and 1-year healthcare expenditure of PN and RN, and compare 1-year expenditures of RAS versus Lap for PN and RN. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cohort study used the MerativeTM MarketScan® Databases between 2013 and 2020. A total of 5,353 patients with kidney cancer undergoing PN (2,980, 55.7%) or RN (2,373, 44.3%). We compared open-conversion, length of stay (LOS), index expenditure, 1-year healthcare expenditure and utilization, and missed work-days between RAS and Lap for PN and RN. RESULTS: Adoption of PN increased overtime (47.0% to 55.8%), mainly driven by robotic PN increase. Among PN, RAS had lower open-conversion, shorter LOS and lower index expenditure than Lap. Among RN, RAS had shorter LOS, and similar open-conversion and index expenditures. During 1-year post-discharge, RAS had lower hospital outpatient visits (IRR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.85, 0.99, p = 0.029) and office-based visits (IRR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.86, 0.96, p = 0.002) for PN, translating to a 1-day less (95% CI = 0.25, 1.75, p = 0.008) missed from work for RAS. Following RN, RAS had lower 1-year readmission than Lap (O.R = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.55, 0.94, p = 0.018). RAS and Lap had comparable 1-year post-discharge expenditures for both PN (mean difference, MD = -$475, 95% CI = -$4362, $3412, p = 0.810) and RN (MD = -$4,204, 95% CI = -$13,837, $5430, p = 0.404). CONCLUSION: At index surgery, RAS was associated with shorter LOS for both PN and RN, and lower open-conversion and expenditures for PN. RAS and Lap had comparable 1-year total expenditures, despite lower healthcare visits for RAS.

Minimizing transrectal prostate biopsy-related infections; A prospective randomized trial of povidone-iodine intrarectal cleaning versus formalin needle disinfection.

INTRODUCTION: Transrectal prostate biopsies are associated with post biopsy infection and sepsis. We compared the efficacy of povidone-iodine rectal disinfection versus formalin needle disinfection in preventing post biopsy infection among patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. METHODS: Patients scheduled to undergo ultrasound-guided transrectal prostate biopsy (n = 621) over 20 months were randomized into 2 groups to receive either povidone-iodine intrarectal disinfection or formalin disinfection of needle after each core. These were compared to assess which methodology better prevented postprocedure infection. Statistical analysis were used to identify independent factors promoting infections. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety-eight patients from povidone-iodine intrarectal disinfection were compared with 300 from formalin needle disinfection group. Formalin needle disinfection was associated with significantly more infections (P = 0.02). Escherichia coli was the dominant pathogen, with >50% of cases being quinolone resistant. Type of disinfection (P = 0.002), BMI (P = 0.001), chronic prostatitis (P = 0.002), and diabetes mellitus (P = 0.01) were independent predictors of infections. BMI at 28.95 kg/m2 provided the best predictive cut-off point for infections, irrespective of method of disinfection. Area under the curve for all these parameters together was 0.91. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that along with oral cephalosporin prophylaxis, povidone-iodine intrarectal disinfection is a superior to formalin needle disinfection alone in preventing post biopsy infection. Patients with BMI >28.95 kg/m2 should be considered at a higher risk for infections.

A novel intraoperative physician-assigned grading score to predict postoperative return of potency at 1 year after robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy.

INTRODUCTION: We examined a novel method of grading nerve sparing in robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy to better predict the potency outcomes of patients at 1-year after surgery. This grading (scale) was based on the surgeon's criteria of intraoperative findings during completion of nerve sparing. This grading was then analyzed statistically to validate its association with potency outcomes. METHODS: We devised a study module based on measurable visual cues intraoperatively where the surgeon risk stratified the surgery into four grades depending on the completeness of nerve sparing, keeping in mind the known parameters influencing potency outcomes. A novel grading scale was then proposed and used in this study for the same. We prospectively collected data and retrospectively analyzed 425 patients undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) at a high-volume center by a single surgeon. RESULTS: At 1 year of follow-up, it was found that age, laterality of nerve preservation, weight of prostate, and the surgeon-assigned grading were all statistically significant independent predictors of return of potency in terms of satisfactory penetrative intercourse >50% of times and Sexual Health Inventory for Men ≥17. However, prostate-specific antigen was found not to be a predictor of the same. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative physician-assigned grading was found to be the single most significant predictor of the return of potency at 1-year post-RALP.

Effect of prescription medications on erectile dysfunction.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects about 50% of men in the USA and is primarily attributed to physiological (organic) and psychological causes. However, a substantial portion of men suffer from ED due to iatrogenic causes. Common medications such as antihypertensives, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antacids may cause ED. Physicians should be aware of the various prescription medications that may cause ED to properly screen and counsel patients on an issue that many may feel too uncomfortable to discuss. In this review, we discuss the physiology, data and alternative therapies for the ED caused by medications.

A multi-institutional update on surgical outcomes after penile silicone sleeve implantation.

Background: The increasing popularity of the silicone sleeve penile implant has been accompanied by concerns over potential risks and adverse events. Objectives: To provide multi-institutional data on safety outcomes in patients undergoing silicone sleeve penile implant surgery across high-volume implant surgeons. In addition, we discuss preventative techniques to minimize postoperative complications and the management of these events. Design and methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of men undergoing penile silicone sleeve implants between November 2020 and November 2022 with four surgeons, each from a separate institution. Perioperative and postoperative adverse events, including unsatisfactory cosmetic outcomes requiring revision, were determined by physician follow-up. Flaccid penile length and girth were measured preoperatively and postoperatively. Results: A total of 299 male patients underwent silicone sleeve implant surgery, with an average age of 42.5 ± 10.5 years and an average body mass index of 28.5 ± 4.0. The patient cohort exhibited minimal comorbidities, with 5% having hyperlipidemia, 2% being smokers, 2% having cardiovascular disease, and 1% having diabetes. Patients experienced an average increase of 4.1 ± 1.5 cm in their flaccid penile length (a 50% increase) and an average increase of 3.4 ± 1.5 cm in their flaccid girth (a 37% increase) (p < 0.01). Complication rates included new-onset postoperative erectile dysfunction (0%), infection (1.3%), seroma (2.0%), and erosion (5.0%). The average follow-up time was 11.6 months. Notably, our rates of infection and seroma were lower than those reported in a previous single-center review, while erosion rates were higher. Conclusion: This is the largest study to characterize the safety of the penile silicone sleeve implant across multiple institutions. In men who desire cosmetic size augmentation, silicone sleeve implant surgery is associated with significantly increased flaccid penile length and girth. Complications are mainly cosmetic and may be corrected; however, patients should be appropriately counseled on the risk of erosion, which appears to be higher than previously reported.

Outcomes for penile silicone sleeve surgery This is the largest study to characterize the safety of the penile silicone sleeve implant across multiple institutions. In men who desire cosmetic penile size improvement, the silicone sleeve implant surgery is associated with significantly increased flaccid penile length and girth. Complications are mainly cosmetic and may be corrected, however, patients should be appropriately counseled on the risk of erosion, which appears to be higher than previously reported.

Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy in PIRADS 5 Lesions Without Prior Biopsy: Is Biopsy Really Necessary in This Cohort?

Introduction: Conventionally, confirmation of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) (Gleason grade group ≥ 2) involves an initial multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) followed by biopsy. Prostate biopsy incurs inherent risks of infection, bleeding, patient discomfort, and a 6-week delay before robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP). We explored the feasibility of immediate RALP in men with PIRADS 5 lesions without preceding biopsy. Methodology: After obtaining institutional review board approval, a prospective analysis was conducted on 235 patients with PIRADS 5 lesions on mpMRI from December 2018 to February 2023. Patients were divided into 2 groups as follows: Group NoBiopsy (biopsy not done before RALP, cases, n = 118) and Group YesBiopsy (biopsy done before RALP, controls, n = 117). Baseline preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative parameters were analyzed. Functional outcomes were monitored at 1, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-months follow-up post-RALP. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and STATA. Results: Ninety-five percent of cases and 87.17% controls had csPCa on final pathology post-RALP. Multivariable analysis did not find significant association between biopsy status and csPCa. Abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE), family history, preoperative PSA, and MRI lesion volume predicted csPCa. Significant differences were observed in console time (NoBiopsy vs. YesBiopsy, 60 ± 10 vs. 70 ± 9 minutes, p < 0.001) and estimated blood loss (80 ± 20 vs. 100 ± 30 mL, p < 0.01) between groups. At 6 months post-RALP, 96% of men in Group NoBiopsy were continent, compared with 88% of men in Group YesBiopsy (p < 0.04). All men in the study cohort were continent (0 pads) at 12 months post-RALP. Ninety-eight percent of cases and 92% of controls at 9 months and 12 months, respectively, were able to have penetrative sex with or without PDE-5 inhibitors post-RALP. Conclusion: RALP without antecedent prostate biopsy in men with PIRADS 5 lesions demonstrated substantial csPCa detection rates and superior functional outcomes, warranting further validation.

Prostate cancer incidence and mortality in men exposed to α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists.

BACKGROUND: α1-Adrenergic receptor antagonists are commonly used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia. Preclinical studies suggest that they induce cell death and inhibit tumor growth. This study evaluated the risk of prostate cancer death in men using α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists. METHODS: A population-based cohort study in Stockholm, Sweden (January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2019) included 451 779 men with a prostate-specific antigen test result. Study entry was 1 year after the first prostate-specific antigen test. Men were considered exposed at their second filled prescription. The primary outcome was prostate cancer mortality. Secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality and prostate cancer incidence. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all outcomes. Inverse-probability weighting with marginal structural models accounted for time-dependent confounders. RESULTS: Of 351 297 men in the final cohort, 39 856 (11.3%) were exposed to α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists. Median (interquartile range) follow-up for prostate cancer mortality was 8.9 (5.1-10.9) years; median (interquartile range) exposure time to α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists was 4.4 (2.0-7.6) years. There was no evidence of an association between α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist use and prostate cancer mortality, all-cause mortality, or high-grade prostate cancer. α1-Adrenergic receptor antagonist use was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (HR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.17) and low-grade prostate cancer (HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.11 to 1.33). Men whose prostate cancer was treated with α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists underwent more frequent prostate-specific antigen testing. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show no significant association between α1-adrenergic receptor adrenoceptor antagonist exposure and prostate cancer mortality or high-grade prostate cancer. Although the preclinical evidence indicates a potential chemopreventive effect, this study's findings do not support it.

Comparison of lateral flank approach and low anterior access for single port (SP) retroperitoneal partial nephrectomy: an analysis from the single port advanced research consortium (SPARC).

Single Port (SP) robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) can be performed via retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approach. We aim to compare outcomes of two commonly described incisions for retroperitoneal SP RPN: lateral flank approach (LFA) and low anterior access (LAA). We performed a retrospective study of patients who underwent SP retroperitoneal RPN from 2018 to 2023 as part of a large multi-institute collaboration (SPARC). Baseline demographic, clinical, tumor-specific characteristics, and perioperative outcomes were compared using χ2, t test, Fisher exact test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Multivariable analyses were conducted using robust and logistic regressions. A total of 70 patients underwent SP retroperitoneal RPN, with 44 undergoing LAA. Overall, there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups. The LAA group exhibited significantly lower median RENAL scores (8 vs. 5, p < 0.001) and more varied tumor locations (p = 0.002). In the bivariate analysis, there were no statistically significant differences in ischemia time, estimated blood loss, or complication rates between the groups. However, the LAA group had longer operative times (101 vs. 134 min, p < 0.001), but was more likely to undergo a same-day discharge (p < 0.001). When controlling for other variables, LAA was associated with shorter ischemia time (p = 0.005), but there was no significant difference in operative time (p = 0.348) and length of stay (p = 0.122). Both LFA and LAA are acceptable approaches for SP retroperitoneal RPN with comparable perioperative outcomes. This early data suggests the LAA is more versatile for varying tumor locations; however, larger cohort studies are needed to ascertain whether there is an overall difference in patient recovery.

The impact of single-port robotic surgery: a survey among urology residents and fellows in the United States.

Our aim was to investigate the perception and future expectations of Single-Port (SP) surgery among urology trainees in the United States. A 34-item online survey was distributed to urological residency and fellowship programs across the US, covering demographic profiles, SP training opportunities, perceived educational impact, and future perspectives. Descriptive analysis and multivariable linear regression were used to assess predictors of SP adoption. 201 surveys were completed (28.6% completion rate). Among institutions with an SP platform, about 50% have used it regularly for over 2 years, though often in less than 50% of procedures. While robotic simulators are commonly available, only 17% offer both multi-port and SP simulators, and structured pre-clinical SP training is limited. Approximately 30% of respondents expressed concerns over limited hands-on experience and a steeper learning curve with SP. Around 40% felt that their robotic surgery exposure was negatively impacted by SP's introduction. SP surgery's benefits are seen mostly in the immediate post-operative period and a significant number of respondents foresee a major role for SP in urology. However, proficiency in SP surgery is not seen as crucial for career advancement or job opportunities. Academic job aspirations, SP platform availability, and SP surgery workload are predictors of future SP implementation. Trainees increasingly recognize the clinical benefits of SP procedures but express concerns about the potential negative impact on hands-on experience. Training programs should more systematically integrate SP technology into curricula. There is a correlation between training in high-volume SP centers and future SP adoption.

A comparison of sex-specific immune signatures in Gulf War illness and chronic fatigue syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Though potentially linked to the basic physiology of stress response we still have no clear understanding of Gulf War Illness (GWI), a debilitating condition presenting complex immune, endocrine and neurological symptoms. Here we compared male (n = 20) and female (n = 10) veterans with GWI separately against their healthy counterparts (n = 21 male, n = 9 female) as well as subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome/ myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) (n = 12 male, n = 10 female). METHODS: Subjects were assessed using a Graded eXercise Test (GXT) with blood drawn prior to exercise, at peak effort (VO2 max) and 4-hours post exercise. Using chemiluminescent imaging we measured the concentrations of IL-1a, 1b, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 (p70), 13, 15, 17 and 23, IFNγ, TNFα and TNFß in plasma samples from each phase of exercise. Linear classification models were constructed using stepwise variable selection to identify cytokine co-expression patterns characteristic of each subject group. RESULTS: Classification accuracies in excess of 80% were obtained using between 2 and 5 cytokine markers. Common to both GWI and CFS, IL-10 and IL-23 expression contributed in an illness and time-dependent manner, accompanied in male subjects by NK and Th1 markers IL-12, IL-15, IL-2 and IFNγ. In female GWI and CFS subjects IL-10 was again identified as a delineator but this time in the context of IL-17 and Th2 markers IL-4 and IL-5. Exercise response also differed between sexes: male GWI subjects presented characteristic cytokine signatures at rest but not at peak effort whereas the opposite was true for female subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Though individual markers varied, results collectively supported involvement of the IL-23/Th17/IL-17 axis in the delineation of GWI and CFS in a sex-specific way.

Robot assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with maximal urethral length preservation technique preserves penile length.

Penile shortening is a recognized but neglected side effect of prostate cancer treatment. In this study we explore the effect of maximal urethral length preservation (MULP) technique on penile length preservation after robot assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP). In an IRB approved study, we prospectively evaluated the stretched flaccid penile length (SFPL) pre and post RALP in subjects with a diagnosis of prostate cancer. The multiparametric MRI (MP-MRI) was utilized for surgical planning if available preoperatively. Repeated measures t-test, linear regression and 2-way ANOVA analyses were performed. A total of 35 subjects underwent RALP. Mean age was 65.8 yr (SD: 5.9), preoperative SFPL was 15.57 cm (SD: 1.66) and postoperative SFPL was 15.41 cm (SD: 1.61) p = 0.68. No change in the postoperative SFPL was recorded among 27 subjects (77.1%) while 5 subjects (14.3%) had 0.5 cm shortening, and 3 subjects (8.6%) had 1 cm shortening. Pathologic stage, preoperative MP-MRI and body mass index (BMI) were significant predictors of postoperative SFPL on linear regression analysis, p = 0.001. Among 26 subjects with pathologic stage 2 disease, no statistical difference was seen in repeated measures t-test between pre and postoperative SFPL, 15.36 vs 15.3 cm, p = 0.08. All subjects were continent by 6 months postoperatively, with no complications. We demonstrate that incorporating MULP technique and preoperative MP-MRI preserves SFPL in subjects undergoing a RALP.

Assessing ChatGPT's ability to answer questions pertaining to erectile dysfunction: can our patients trust it?

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a disorder that can cause distress and shame for men suffering from it. Men with ED will often turn to online support and chat groups to ask intimate questions about their health. ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence (AI)-based software that has been trained to engage in conversation with human input. We sought to assess the accuracy, readability, and reproducibility of ChatGPT's responses to frequently asked questions regarding the diagnosis, management, and care of patients with ED. Questions pertaining to ED were derived from clinic encounters with patients as well as online chat forums. These were entered into the free ChatGPT version 3.5 during the month of August 2023. Questions were asked on two separate days from unique accounts and computers to prevent the software from memorizing responses linked to a specific user. A total of 35 questions were asked. Outcomes measured were accuracy using grading from board certified urologists, readability with the Gunning Fog Index, and reproducibility by comparing responses between days. For epidemiology of disease, the percentage of responses that were graded as "comprehensive" or "correct but inadequate" was 100% across both days. There was fair reproducibility and median readability of 15.9 (IQR 2.5). For treatment and prevention, the percentage of responses that were graded as "comprehensive" or "correct but inadequate" was 78.9%. There was poor reproducibility of responses with a median readability of 14.5 (IQR 4.0). Risks of treatment and counseling both had 100% of questions graded as "comprehensive" or "correct but inadequate." The readability score for risks of treatment was median 13.9 (IQR 1.1) and for counseling median 13.8 (IQR 0.5), with good reproducibility for both question domains. ChatGPT provides accurate answers to common patient questions pertaining to ED, although its understanding of treatment options is incomplete and responses are at a reading level too advanced for the average patient.

The Role of AirSeal in Robotic Urologic Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Introduction: The adoption of a valveless trocar system in robotic surgery has allowed for stable pneumoperitoneum and constant smoke evacuation. The reported benefits of this system are improved visualization, lower abdominal pressures resulting in a decrease in cardiopulmonary complications, ileus, and postoperative pain. We endeavored to perform a systematic review of the available literature on the clinical and systems-based outcomes of AirSeal™ during robotic urologic surgery. Materials and Methods: We performed this review according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Our population of interest was any patient undergoing robotic urologic surgery. Our outcomes of interest were (1) clinical effectiveness, (2) safety parameters, and (3) health system outcomes. Results: Of 83 records identified and screened at title/abstract level, 17 were examined for full-text, of which 10 studies enrolling a total of 1765 patients (cohorts ranging in size from 11 to 642 patients) were ultimately used for review. AirSeal resulted in improved respiratory parameters, specifically lower inspiratory plateau pressure, lower minute volume, lower CO2 elimination rate, low end-tidal CO2, and higher static compliance. Two studies described decreased complication rates with low pneumoperitoneum. There were mixed results regarding AirSeal effect on operative time. Conclusion: Valveless trocar technology using the AirSeal system is a valuable adjunct to current robotic urologic surgery. The established benefits include improved cardiopulmonary parameters, particularly within the steep trendelenburg position that is common in pelvic surgery. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the effects on safety and hospital system-wide outcomes.

Outcomes of a Single Center's Initial Experience With the Penuma® Penile Implant.

OBJECTIVE: To provide new data, techniques, and safety and efficacy outcomes in patients undergoing Penuma penile implant surgery at a large tertiary care center. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of men undergoing Penuma implants between November 2020 and January 2022 with a single surgeon at a tertiary hospital. Measurements of penile length were made both pre- and postoperatively. Adverse events including infection and unsatisfactory cosmetic outcomes requiring revision were recorded. We also provide detailed technique descriptions of Penuma implantation and revision. Outcomes include measurements of incidents of peri and post-operative adverse events and penile length and girth pre- and post-operatively. RESULTS: 49 male patients underwent Penuma implant surgery. Mean age was 40.2 ± 8.9 years. Mean BMI was 28.2 ± 4.5. All but 2 patients were nonsmokers and only 2 had comorbidities (diabetes). Preoperative mean flaccid length was 8.1 ± 1.9 cm. Postoperative mean length was 12.3 ± 1.9 cm. Patients added an average of 4.9 ± 2.9 cm to their penile length, a 52% increase (P < .01). Average follow up time was 6 months. Among the complications were 1 case of infection and 2 cases of erosion. There were 4 cases of persistent flaring of the Penuma; 3 required revision surgery, all with a good cosmetic outcome. CONCLUSION: The Penuma implant can be used to safely enhance flaccid penile length and girth in patients with retractile penis or other cosmetic deformities. Should complications occur, they are mainly cosmetic and can be easily corrected with low risk.

Standardization of Surgical Outcome Across the Tumor Complexity Spectrum in Robotic Partial Nephrectomy.

Introduction: Standardization of surgical steps or techniques can decrease error rates, increase efficiency, and ensure reproducible outcomes. In this study, we aimed to analyze the benefit of a standardized approach to robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) on the reproducibility of outcomes across different tumor complexities. Methods: A single-center study of patients who have undergone a transperitoneal robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy for kidney cancer using the first assistant sparing technique between May 2014 and March 2022 was performed. Overall, 496 patients were included in the analysis. We compared clinical data and perioperative and postoperative outcomes for low, moderate, and high complexity score renal tumors. Tumor complexity was stratified using the Radius, Exophytic/Endophytic, Nearness to the collecting system or sinus, Anterior/Posterior, Location relative to the polar line nephrometry score. Data were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test, Chi-square test of Independence, and Fisher's exact test. Results: Of the patients in the study, 54.64% were low tumor complexities (n = 271), 40.32% were moderate tumor complexities (n = 200), and 5.04% were high tumor complexities (n = 25). High tumor complexity patients had significantly longer operative time (149 minutes versus 137 minutes moderate complexity versus 125 minutes low complexity, P = .001), longer ischemia time (12 minutes versus 11 minutes intermediate versus 10 minutes low complexity, P = .0001), and significant reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (-12.58 mL/min/1.73 m2 versus -5.51 mL/min/1.73 m2 intermediate versus -3.08 mL/min/1.73 m2 low complexity, P = .005). There was no significant difference in estimated blood loss (P = .074), blood transfusion rate (P = .454), postoperative complication rate (P = .527), surgical complication rate (P = .210), major complication rate (P = .098), length of hospital stay (P = .583), positive surgical margins (P = .872), and trifecta achievement (P = .740). Conclusion: Irrespective of tumor complexity, approaching RPN using a standardized approach will offer patients favorable perioperative outcomes. This approach has standardized our preoperative counseling, patient expectation, and postoperative surgical pathway across the tumor complexity spectrum.

Factors that influence preference for male or female urologist among underserved patients in New York City.

Objective: To examine the prevalence of patient preference for male or female urologic provider and explore which patient characteristics influence this preference. Materials and Methods: After obtaining hospital Institutional Review Board approval, a 14-question survey in English and Spanish was administered across four general urology clinic sites in a single hospital system in New York City. The survey asked demographic questions and preference for a male or a female urologist. The survey included questions pertaining to the nature of the clinic visit and subsequent provider preference as well. Statistics were performed using Stata 16 (StataCorp, College Station, TX). Results: A total of 540 patients completed the 14-question survey. The vast majority of survey respondents identified as male (90%). The largest proportion demographic groups were those aged 41-60 (47%), Hispanic or Latino (43%), Catholic (47%), unemployed (40%) and those with a high school level of education (34%). Most patients (60%) did not have a preference for a specific gender provider, whereas 37% preferred a male provider, and 3% preferred a female provider. On univariate analysis, patient age 25-40, less than high school education level and lack of employment were significant predictors of provider gender preference (p < 0.05), with most patients indicating a male provider preference. On multivariate analysis of gender, age, education level and employment status, gender and education level were not significant predictors of preference, whereas age 25-40 and being unemployed were significant predictors (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Patient gender, race and religion do not appear to influence their preference to be seen by a male or a female urologist in the clinic setting. However, patient age, unemployment and potentially educational attainment were significantly associated with a provider gender preference.

Three piece penile prosthesis salvage with chlorhexidine gluconate and length preservation: our technique and outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Since the advent of the Mulcahy technique of three-piece inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) salvage, there have been multiple iterations of salvage prosthesis procedures reported in the literature. All of these techniques employ traditional antibiotic irrigation with or without rechanneling. We present our technique of salvage IPP using 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate (Irrisept®) with corporal rechanneling for length preservation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our technique of IPP salvage begins with access via a 5 cm vertical midline scrotal incision. Dissection down to the corpora is performed with a combination of blunt dissection and dissection with fine tipped Metzenbaum scissors. Each component of the prior IPP is sequentially removed starting with the cylinders, followed by the pump, and finally the reservoir. Irrisept® is used to copiously irrigate out both cavernosal bodies as well as the scrotal compartment and prior reservoir location. A two minute dwell time of the Irrisept® is employed after mechanical irrigation. A penrose drain is placed from the space of Retzius through a separate stab incision in the scrotum. Corporotomies are closed, followed by Dartos fascia and scrotal skin. A complete change in gown and gloves of all members of the surgical team and a new set of drapes and instruments is performed. Through a separate subcoronal incision, two new corporotomies are made and separate channels created using nine inch Metzenbaum scissors. These channels are irrigated with Irrisept®. A 9 mm malleable penile prosthesis (MPP) is inserted and corporotomies and skin incision are closed. RESULTS: A total of four men with prior penoscrotal IPP placement underwent salvage IPP with MPP from January 2022 to October 2022. Median operative time was 165 minutes. Median preoperative cylinder size was 23.5 cm. Median postoperative malleable cylinder size was 23 cm. Median length of follow up was 4.8 months. There were no cases of MPP erosion or infection. Two patients elected to undergo repeat IPP insertion after 6 months with same cylinder size. CONCLUSION: IPP salvage with chlorhexidine irrigation and soak as well as separate corporal channeling in a noninfected field for MPP insertion is a viable strategy for infected prostheses given the ease of performance, low risk of repeat infection of the malleable device, and maintenance of corporal length of any subsequent prostheses.

Mortality related to the use of stapler devices and clip appliers: Analysis of the Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database.

BACKGROUND: Surgical staplers and clip appliers are commonly used and have a potential to malfunction, which may result in serious injury or death. These events are self-reported to the Food and Drug Administration and compiled in the Food and Drug Administration's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database. This study characterizes mortality related to surgical stapler and clip applier failure reported in the Food and Drug Administration's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database. METHODS: The Food and Drug Administration's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database was reviewed between 1992 and 2016 for medical device reports related to surgical staplers and clip appliers filed under the following product codes: GAG, FZP, GDO, GDW, KOG, and GCJ. Adverse events including death and the type of device failure were reviewed. Temporal trends in reported deaths related to device failure were analyzed and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database was used to adjust for annual surgical case volume using linear regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 75,415 malfunctions, 21,115 injuries, and 676 deaths were associated with the use of surgical stapler and clip applier devices. Most deaths occurred postoperatively (N = 516, 76.3%) and were due to infection/sepsis (N = 89, 17.2%) or vascular injuries (N = 110, 21.3%). Intraoperative mortality (N = 79, 11.7%) was primarily due to vascular injuries (N = 73, 92.4%). Device failures resulting in death were noted both intraoperatively (N = 268, 39.6%) and postoperatively (N = 325, 48.1%). In post hoc root cause analysis, a surgical stapler and clip applier device problem was the most common attributed cause of death (N = 238, 65.4%). In the linear regression analysis, there was a significant increase in the mortality from device failure in the study period after adjusting for annual surgical volume (P < .01). CONCLUSION: Mortality related to the use of surgical staplers and clip appliers is increasing. Most deaths occurred postoperatively, and an increased awareness of potential life-threatening complications is warranted when these devices are used.

Impact of exercise on continence in prostate cancer patients post robotic assisted radical prostatectomy: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary incontinence is one of the most common long term side effects after robotic prostatectomy (RALP), and significantly impacts patient quality of life. Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) has been a standard part of the urologist's armamentarium for maximizing continence outcomes post-op. Recently, aerobic and resistance exercises have been described as improving functional outcomes post RALP. We performed a systematic review to determine the influence of exercise, in the form of PFMT, aerobic exercise, and resistance training, on incontinence post-RALP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This systematic review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, with database searches performed on January 14, 2022 and again on August 10, 2022 to account for any new publications. The search identified 1675 papers. Of the 1675 papers, 1007 were found to be duplicates, leaving 668 total studies for screening. Of the 668 papers, nine met all inclusion criteria. Of the nine, four studies presented data from patients who had undergone RALP and were included in the final descriptive systematic review. RESULTS: Sayilan et al. and Milios et al. showed postoperative PFMT and physical activity resulted in significantly improved continence outcomes at 1 and 6 months and 2, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively, respectively. Heydenreich et al. combined PFMT with an oscillating rod therapy, which was found to significantly improve both postoperative urinary continence and health related quality of life compared to PFMT and relaxation techniques alone. On the contrary, Goode et al. examined delivery of exercise information and demonstrated no difference in continence outcomes between focused telehealth PFMT program and generic prostate cancer education. CONCLUSION: Pelvic floor muscle training, with or without adjunct therapies, results in improved continence outcomes post RALP. Supervised training programs may or may not accelerate this finding. There is no recent literature to support or refute the benefit of aerobic exercise or resistance training on reducing post-prostatectomy incontinence after RALP.

Robotic nephroureterectomy supplanting open and laparoscopic approach for upper tract urothelial carcinoma management: a narrative review.

Background and Objective: The use of robotic surgery for managing upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has increased significantly over the years. Minimally invasive techniques (MIS) are now used for approximately half of all robot-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (RAL-NU) performed in the USA. However, there are currently no specific management guidelines that recommend the use of a robotic approach, and the available literature on this topic is limited. For this reason, we reviewed the history and current literature regarding this technique. Methods: We searched Web of Science and PubMed for articles between 1934 to 2023 using 20 different search terms and combinations. We restricted our selection to only publications in English language. Key Content and Findings: Comparative retrospective studies between techniques [open nephroureterectomy (ONU), laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (LNU), and RAL-NU] and case series of surgical groups, mostly at short- and mid-term follow-up, were included. Conclusions: Robotic surgery for UTUC is on the rise and is predicted to become the preferred method for nephroureterectomy. A comparison of RAL-NU to LNU and ONU shows several advantages, including less blood loss, pain, and hospital stay, as well as a quicker recovery time. The safety and effectiveness of robotic surgery for lymphadenectomy also supports its use in RAL-NU. As more medical facilities adopt the technique and further studies support its benefits, it is likely that robotic surgery will become the preferred method for NU.