Long-term follow-up of lenalidomide in relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma: subset analysis of the NHL-003 study.

BACKGROUND: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an uncommon type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with poor overall prognosis, requiring the development of new therapies. Lenalidomide is an immunomodulatory agent demonstrating antitumor and antiproliferative effects in MCL. We report results from a long-term subset analysis of 57 patients with relapsed/refractory MCL from the NHL-003 phase II multicenter study of single-agent lenalidomide in patients with aggressive lymphoma DESIGN: Lenalidomide was administered orally 25 mg daily on days 1-21 every 28 days until progressive disease (PD) or intolerability. The primary end point was overall response rate (ORR). RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients with relapsed/refractory, advanced-stage MCL had a median of three prior therapies. The ORR was 35% [complete response (CR)/CR unconfirmed (CRu) 12%], with a median duration of response (DOR) of 16.3 months (not yet reached in patients with CR/CRu) by blinded independent central review. The median time to first response was 1.9 months. Median progression-free survival was 8.8 months, and overall survival had not yet been reached. The most common grade 3/4 adverse events (AEs) were neutropenia (46%), thrombocytopenia (30%), and anemia (13%). CONCLUSIONS: These results show the activity of lenalidomide in heavily pretreated, relapsed/refractory MCL. Responders had a durable response with manageable side-effects. Clinical trial number posted on www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT00413036.

An international phase II trial of single-agent lenalidomide for relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Lenalidomide is an immunomodulatory agent with antitumor activity in B-cell malignancies. This phase II trial aimed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of lenalidomide in patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), follicular grade 3 lymphoma (FL-III), or transformed lymphoma (TL). METHODS: Patients received oral lenalidomide 25 mg on days 1-21 every 28 days as tolerated or until progression. The primary end point was overall response rate (ORR). RESULTS: Two hundred and seventeen patients enrolled and received lenalidomide. The ORR was 35% (77/217), with 13% (29/217) complete remission (CR), 22% (48/217) partial remission, and 21% (45/217) with stable disease. The ORR for DLBCL was 28% (30/108), 42% (24/57) for MCL, 42% (8/19) for FL-III, and 45% (15/33) for TL. Median progression-free survival for all 217 patients was 3.7 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7-5.1]. For 77 responders, the median response duration lasted 10.6 months (95% CI 7.0-NR). Median response duration was not reached in 29 patients who achieved a CR and in responding patients with FL-III or MCL. The most common adverse event was myelosuppression with grade 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in 17% and 6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Lenalidomide is well tolerated and produces durable responses in patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

A practical guide to defining high-risk myeloma for clinical trials, patient counseling and choice of therapy.

Clinical outcomes for multiple myeloma (MM) are highly heterogeneous and it is now clear that pivotal genetic events are the primary harbingers of such variation. These findings have broad implications for counseling, choice of therapy and the design and interpretation of clinical investigation. Indeed, as in acute leukemias and non-hodgkins lymphoma, we believe it is no longer acceptable to consider MM a single disease entity. As such, the accurate diagnosis of MM subtypes and the adoption of common criteria for the identification and stratification of MM patients has become critical. Herein, we provide a consensus high-risk definition and offer practical guidelines for the adoption of routine diagnostic testing. Although acknowledging that more refined classifications will continue to be developed, we propose that the definition of high-risk disease (any of the t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), deletion 17q13, aneuploidy or deletion chromosome 13 by metaphase cytogenetics, or plasma cell labeling index >3.0) be adopted. This classification will identify most of the 25% of MM patients for whom current therapies are inadequate and for whom investigational regimens should be vigorously pursued. Conversely, the 75% of patients remaining have more favorable outcomes using existing - albeit non-curative - therapeutic options.

Lenalidomide plus R-CHOP21 in newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): long-term follow-up results from a combined analysis from two phase 2 trials.

Lenalidomide-RCHOP (R2-CHOP21) has been shown to be safe and effective in patients with untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The aim of this analysis is to report long-term outcome and toxicities in newly diagnosed DLBCL patients who received R2-CHOP21 in two independent phase 2 trials, conducted by Mayo Clinic (MC) and Fondazione Italiana Linfomi (FIL). All patients received R-CHOP21 plus lenalidomide. Long-term progression-free survival (PFS), time to progression (TTP), overall survival (OS) and late toxicities and second tumors were analyzed. Hundred and twelve patients (63 MC, 49 FIL) were included. Median age was 69 years, 88% were stage III-IV. At a median follow-up of 5.1 years, 5y-PFS was 63.5%, 5y-TTP 70.1% and 5y-OS 75.4%; according to cell of origin (COO): 5y-PFS 52.8% vs 64.5%, 5y-TTP 61.6% vs 69.6% and 5y-OS 68.6% vs 74.1% in germinal center (GCB) vs non-GCB respectively. Four patients experienced grade 4-5 late toxicities. Grade ≤ 3 toxicities were infections (N = 4), thrombosis (N = 1) and neuropathy (N = 3). Seven seconds tumors were observed. Long-term follow-up demonstrates that R2-CHOP21 efficacy was maintained with high rates of PFS, TTP, and OS. Lenalidomide appears to mitigate the negative prognosis of non-GCB phenotype. Incidence of therapy-related secondary malignancies and late toxicities were low.

Pomalidomide-dexamethasone in refractory multiple myeloma: long-term follow-up of a multi-cohort phase II clinical trial.

Despite therapeutic advances, multiple myeloma remains incurable, with limited options for patients with refractory disease. We conducted a large, multi-cohort clinical trial testing various doses and treatment schedules of pomalidomide and dexamethasone (Pom/dex) in patients with refractory multiple myeloma. Overall, 345 patients were enrolled to six cohorts based on number and type of prior lines of therapy, pomalidomide dose and schedule. Median prior lines of therapy were three with near universal prior exposure to proteasome inhibitors and/or immunomodulatory drugs. A confirmed response rate of 35% was noted for all cohorts (range 23-65%) with higher responses in cohorts with fewer prior lines of therapy. Median time to confirmed response was ⩽2 months and the longest progression-free survival and overall survival seen in any cohort were 13.1 and 47.9 months, respectively. Observed adverse reactions were as expected, with myelosuppression and fatigue being the most common hematologic and non-hematologic adverse events (AEs), respectively. Longer durations of treatment and response, higher response rates and fewer AEs were noted with the 2 mg pomalidomide dose. This is the longest follow-up data for Pom/dex in refractory multiple myeloma and will help shape the real-world utilization of this regimen.

Carfilzomib and the cardiorenal system in myeloma: an endothelial effect?

Carfilzomib (Cfz) has been associated with an ~5% incidence of unexplained and unpredictable cardiovascular toxicity in clinical trials. We therefore implemented a detailed, prospective, clinical cardiac and renal evaluation of 62 Cfz-treated myeloma patients, including serial blood pressure (BP), creatinine, troponin, NT-proBNP and pre- and post-treatment echocardiograms, including ejection fraction (EF), average global longitudinal strain and compliance. Pre-treatment elevations in NT-proBNP and BP, as well as abnormal cardiac strain were common. A rise in NT-proBNP occurred frequently post-treatment often without corresponding cardiopulmonary symptoms. A rise in creatinine was common, lessened with hydration and often reversible. All patients had a normal EF pre-treatment. Five patients experienced a significant cardiac event (four decline in EF and one myocardial infarction), of which 2 (3.2%) were considered probably attributable to Cfz. None were rechallenged with Cfz. The ideal strategy for identifying patients at risk for cardiac events, and parameters by which to monitor for early toxicity have not been established; however, it appears baseline echocardiographic testing is not consistently predictive of toxicity. The toxicities observed suggest an endothelial mechanism and further clinical trials are needed to determine whether or not this represents a class effect or is Cfz specific.

A phase II study of sequential combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, prednisone, and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

In an earlier study of previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), we used a concomitant combination of chlorambucil and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine and reported overall (OR) and complete (CR) remission rates of 80% and 20%, respectively. After a median follow-up of 5 years, more than 80% of the responders have had a relapse. In the current phase II study of 27 previously untreated patients with CLL, we used a sequential combination of six cycles of intravenous cyclophosphamide (1 g/m2) plus oral prednisone (100 mg/m2 per day for 5 days) followed by two to six cycles of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (5 mg/m2 per day for 5 days). The OR and CR rates were 96% and 33%, respectively. After a median follow-up of 29 months, 35% of the responders have had a relapse. Progression-free survival was significantly better in CR patients than in those with partial remission. However, minimal residual disease was phenotypically detected in four of the nine CR patients. Despite the fact that the current OR and CR rates are superior to those seen in a historical cohort treated with a concomitant schedule, a longer follow-up period is needed to assess the durability of these remissions, and a controlled trial is necessary to estimate the impact on overall survival and toxicity.

Phase 2 trial of ixazomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma not refractory to bortezomib.

This phase 2 trial was designed to evaluate ixazomib, an orally bioavailable proteasome inhibitor, in patients with myeloma who have limited prior exposure to bortezomib. Thirty-three patients with relapsed multiple myeloma were enrolled. Ixazomib was given at 5.5 mg weekly for 3 of 4 weeks. Dexamethasone was added for lack of a minor response (MR) by end of cycle 2 or lack of a partial response (PR) by end of cycle 4 or for disease progression at any time. Median age was 69 years; patients had a median of two prior therapies (range 1-7). A grade 3 or 4 adverse event considered at least possibly related to drug was seen in 19 (59%) and 6 (19%) patients, respectively. The most common adverse events were thrombocytopenia, fatigue, nausea and diarrhea. Dexamethasone was initiated in 22 (67%) patients, 17 for not reaching the desired response and 5 for progression. Response (⩾PR) to single agent was seen in five patients within four cycles of therapy including three patients with PR, one patient with complete response (CR) and one patient with stringent CR. Six additional patients with either an MR (2) or SD (4) achieved a PR after addition of dexamethasone, translating to an overall response rate of 34%.

The evolution of Hodgkin's disease and necrobiotic xanthogranuloma syndrome.

We describe a woman in whom hypogammaglobulinemia and severe granulomatous cutaneous lesions had developed during childhood; subsequently, Hodgkin's disease and necrobiotic xanthogranuloma were diagnosed. This case illustrates an apparent association with disease activity and raises the question of a direct relationship of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with lymphoproliferative disease.

Long-term results of laparoscopic splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of laparoscopic splenectomy as a treatment for immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of all patients who underwent laparoscopic splenectomy for ITP at our institution between August 1992 and May 1997. RESULTS: Of 27 patients who underwent attempted laparoscopic splenectomy for ITP at our institution during the study period, 26 had completion of the procedure without conversion to an open splenectomy. The median postoperative hospital stay was 1.5 days, and no postoperative deaths occurred. In one patient, pancreatitis developed postoperatively. In four patients, splenectomy failed--two initially and two subsequently--and reinstitution of medical therapy was necessary. The other patients have remained free of medication, and 19 patients have platelet counts greater than 100 x 10(9)/L. The 3-year actuarial success rate was 81.5%. Response to corticosteroid therapy preoperatively may be an indicator of success of splenectomy. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic splenectomy is safe and allows prompt recovery. Long-term response rates are similar to those achieved with open splenectomy.

CD5+ persistent polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in a male.

Persistent polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis with binucleate lymphocytes is a rare lymphoproliferative syndrome of uncertain cause that is strongly associated with HLA-DR7 positivity, cigarette smoking, and female sex. As yet, there is no explanation for the strong sex predilection. We report the third case of persistent polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in a male. Other notable findings in this case are lack of HLA-DR7 and strong positive CD5 markers in the polyclonal B-cell population. To our knowledge, CD5 expression has not been mentioned or reported in association with this syndrome.

Eosinophil-mediated bile duct stricture. A case studied by immunohistochemistry.

Major basic protein accounts for the majority of the protein within the eosinophilic granule. Utilizing immunohistochemical staining for major basic protein, we have demonstrated the dominant role of the eosinophil in a reversible bile duct stricture.

A phase III randomized trial of thalidomide plus zoledronic acid versus zoledronic acid alone in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma.

Patients with asymptomatic (smoldering) multiple myeloma (AMM) have a high risk of transformation to active multiple myeloma (MM). Bisphosphonates such as zoledronic acid (ZLD) reduce skeletal events in MM and the immunomodulatory agent thalidomide (Thal) has proven effectiveness in active MM. We hypothesized that treatment with Thal and ZLD would prolong the time to progression (TTP) to MM over ZLD alone. Eligible patients had asymptomatic MM and all patients received ZLD 4 mg intravenous monthly; the treatment arm also received Thal 200 mg per day. The TTP was superior for Thal/ZLD (n=35) patients compared with ZLD alone (n=33); median TTP of 2.4 years (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-3.6) versus 1.2 years (95% CI: 0.7-2.5) (hazard ratio (HR), 2.05; 95% CI: 1.1-3.8; P-value: 0.02). At 1 year, 86% of Thal/ZLD patients were progression free compared with 55% on ZLD alone (P=0.0048). The overall response rate after year 1 was 37% for Thal/ZLD with a median duration of response of 3.3 years (95% CI: 1.1-NA); there were no confirmed responses to ZLD alone (P=0.0004). The addition of Thal to standard ZLD produces anti-tumor responses whereas ZLD alone does not. Thal/ZLD also prolongs TTP from AMM to MM. This study provides the rationale for further studies in patients with AMM to delay chemotherapy.

Stem cell transplant for Waldenström macroglobulinemia: an underutilized technique.

Waldenström macroglobulinemia is a highly chemosensitive lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with response rates of 90% to first-line chemotherapy. The fraction of patients undergoing stem cell transplant for this disorder appears to be lower than that of patients with multiple myeloma. The indolent nature and favorable genetic profile should make Waldenström an ideal disorder for autologous stem cell transplant, with high response rates that are durable. We review the literature on autologous and allogeneic transplants for Waldenström macroglobulinemia and conclude that autologous transplant is effective and underutilized in the management of this disorder. Allogeneic transplant should be considered investigational and used only in the context of a clinical trial or when other chemotherapeutic options have been exhausted.

Lenalidomide can be safely combined with R-CHOP (R2CHOP) in the initial chemotherapy for aggressive B-cell lymphomas: phase I study.

Lenalidomide was shown to have significant single-agent activity in relapsed aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). We conducted a phase I trial to establish the maximum tolerated dose of lenalidomide that could be combined with R-CHOP (rituximab-cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone). Eligible patients were adults with newly diagnosed, untreated CD20 positive diffuse large cell or follicular grade III NHL. Patients received oral lenalidomide on days 1-10 with standard dose R-CHOP every 21 days. All patients received pegfilgrastim on day 2 of the cycle and aspirin prophylaxis. The lenalidomide dose levels tested were 15, 20 and 25 mg. A total of 24 patients were enrolled. The median age was 65 (35-82) years and 54% were over 60 years. Three patients received 15 mg, 3 received 20 mg and 18 received 25 mg of lenalidomide. No dose limiting toxicity was found, and 25 mg on days 1-10 is the recommended dose for phase II. The incidence of grade IV neutropenia and thrombocytopenia was 67% and 21%, respectively. Febrile neutropenia was rare (4%) and there were no toxic deaths. The overall response rate was 100% with a complete response rate of 77%. Lenalidomide at the dose of 25 mg/day administered on days 1 to 10 of 21-day cycle can be safely combined with R-CHOP in the initial chemotherapy of aggressive B-cell lymphoma.

A phase II trial of the oral mTOR inhibitor everolimus in relapsed aggressive lymphoma.

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signal transduction pathway members are often activated in tumor samples from patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Everolimus is an oral agent that targets the raptor mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1). The goal of this trial was to learn the antitumor activity and toxicity of single-agent everolimus in patients with relapsed/refractory aggressive NHL. Patients received everolimus 10 mg PO daily. Response was assessed after two and six cycles, and then every three cycles until progression. A total of 77 patients with a median age of 70 years were enrolled. Patients had received a median of three previous therapies and 32% had undergone previous transplant. The overall response rate (ORR) was 30% (95% confidence interval: 20-41%), with 20 patients achieving a partial remission and 3 a complete remission unconfirmed. The ORR in diffuse large B cell was 30% (14/47), 32% (6/19) in mantle cell and 38% (3/8) in follicular grade 3. The median duration of response was 5.7 months. Grade 3 or 4 anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia occurred in 14, 18 and 38% of patients, respectively. Everolimus has single-agent activity in relapsed/refractory aggressive NHL and provides proof-of-concept that targeting the mTOR pathway is clinically relevant.

Cyclophosphamide, bortezomib and dexamethasone induction for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: high response rates in a phase II clinical trial.

We have studied a three-drug combination with cyclophosphamide, bortezomib and dexamethasone (CyBorD) on a 28-day cycle in the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients to assess response and toxicity. The primary endpoint of response was evaluated after four cycles. Thirty-three newly diagnosed, symptomatic patients with MM received bortezomib 1.3 mg/m(2) intravenously on days 1, 4, 8 and 11, cyclophosphamide 300 mg/m(2) orally on days 1, 8, 15 and 22 and dexamethasone 40 mg orally on days 1-4, 9-12 and 17-20 on a 28-day cycle for four cycles. Responses were rapid with a mean 80% decline in the sentinel monoclonal protein at the end of two cycles. The overall intent to treat response rate (>or= partial response) was 88%, with 61% of very good partial response or better (>or=VGPR) and 39% of complete/near complete response (CR/nCR). For the 28 patients who completed all four cycles of therapy, the CR/nCR rate was 46% and VGPR rate was 71%. All patients undergoing stem cell harvest had a successful collection. Twenty-three patients underwent stem cell transplantation (SCT) and are evaluable through day 100 with CR/nCR documented in 70% and >or=VGPR in 74%. In conclusion, CyBorD produces a rapid and profound response in patients with newly diagnosed MM with manageable toxicity.