Prevalence of R-type ACSSuT in strains of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium DT193 isolated from human infections in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamides, and tetracyclines (ACSSuT) in Salmonella serovar Typhimurium definitive [phage] type (DT) 193 strains isolated from human sources over the last four decades. METHODS: From 2008 to 2010, 553 DT193 isolates out of 810 human-origin Salmonella ser. Typhimurium phage-typed strains isolated from the 1970s through 2008 were selected and tested for ACSSuT resistance: 91 strains isolated during the 1970s, 65 from the 1980s, 70 from the 1990s, and 327 from 2000-2008. Resistance profiles were determined using the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: An antimicrobial susceptibility assay indicated 20.9%, or 116, of all isolates tested were ACSSuT-resistant, 52.0% (287) were resistant to one or more drugs in the ACSSuT profile, and 27.1% (150) were nonresistant (susceptible to antimicrobials). Based on the assay, overall antimicrobial resistance was extremely high in the 1970s (affecting 99.0% of isolates from that period) and remained high during the 1980s, when 95.4% of isolates had some type of antimicrobial resistance and incidence of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium DT193 R-type ACSSuT increased to 73.8%. R-type ACSSuT dropped to 27.1% (19 isolates) during the 1990s, and to 5.2% (17) during 2000-2008, despite a substantial increase in the number of isolates tested (397 versus 204, 111, and 98, respectively, for the previous three decades). CONCLUSIONS: Although prevalence of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium DT193 R-type ACSSuT in Brazil has decreased since the 1970s, ACSSuT resistance markers continue to circulate. Therefore, continuous surveillance should be conducted to evaluate the occurrence of Salmonella ser. Typhimurium DT193 and its antimicrobial resistance.

Isolation of Salmonella spp. in cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil.

The growth of the population of cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) in the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha constitutes a threat to public health and biological diversity because of their competition with and predation on native species and the possibility of transmission of pathogens to human beings, livestock and native wildlife. The aim here was to search for, isolate and identify serovars of Salmonella in clinically healthy local cattle egrets. Cloacal swabs were obtained from 456 clinically healthy cattle egrets of both sexes and a variety of ages. The swabs were divided into 51 pools. Six of these (11.7%) presented four serovars of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica: Salmonella serovar Typhimurium; Salmonella serovar Newport; Salmonella serovar Duisburg; and Salmonella serovar Zega. One sample was identified as S. enterica subspecies enterica O16:y:-. Results in this study suggest that cattle egrets may be reservoirs of this agent on Fernando de Noronha and represent a risk to public health and biological diversity.

Frequency of zoonotic bacteria among illegally traded wild birds in Rio de Janeiro.

The illegal wildlife trade may increase the risk of infectious disease transmission, and it may not only cause disease outbreaks in humans but also threaten livestock, native wild populations, and ecosystems' health. Bird species may act as carriers in the transmission of enteric pathogens. However, epidemiological studies on zoonotic bacteria in wild birds are rare in Brazil. From March 2011 to March 2012, we investigated the frequency of Enterobacteriaceae in cloacal swab samples from 109 birds of the passerine and Psittacidae families. These birds were recovered from illegal trade in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and sent to a rehabilitation center. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from 86 wild birds (78.9%). A mean (±SD) of 1.68 (±1.30) different bacterial species were isolated per bird, with a maximum of five bacterial species from three bird species. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli, followed by Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae and other enteric bacteria. Salmonella ser. Typhimurium was isolated from a Temminck's seedeater (Sporophila falcirostris), and two Salmonella ser. Panama were isolated from two specimens of chestnut-capped blackbird (Chrysomus ruficapillus). Of the 70 selected bacterial isolates, 60 exhibited antibiotic resistance. The resistance patterns varied from one to nine of the antibiotics tested. Resistance to ceftiofur was the most prevalent, followed by ampicillin and ceftriaxone. The dissemination potential of resistant strains in situations typically seen in the management of captive birds may become a problem for the conservation of natural bird populations and for public health.

Body mass index, waist circumference, and arterial hypertension in students.

OBJECTIVE: to investigate what is the best anthropometric predictor of arterial hypertension among private school students. METHOD: this was a cross-sectional study with 286 students between the ages of 10 and 14 from two private schools in the city of Paranavaí, Paraná, Brazil. The following variables were analyzed: body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure. Statistical analysis was conducted with Pearson's partial correlation test and multivariate logistic regression, with p<0.05. RESULTS: both anthropometric indicators displayed weak correlation with systolic and diastolic levels, with coefficients (r) ranging from 0.27 to 0.36 (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the only anthropometric indicator associated with arterial hypertension was waist circumference (OR= 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5), regardless of age or gender. CONCLUSION: this age group, waist circumference appeared to be a better predictor for arterial hypertension than body mass index.

[Physical inactivity and anthropometric measures in school children from Paranavaí, Paraná, Brazil]. / Inatividade física e medidas antropométricas em escolares de Paranavaí, Paraná, Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between physical inactivity and anthropometric measurements in school children from Paranavaí-Paraná, Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey, conducted in July and August 2013. Sample of 566 students (287 boys and 278 girls) from 6th to 9th grade aged 10 to 14 years of public and private schools from Paranavaí-PR, Southern Brazil. The variables analyzed were: time of weekly physical activity by a questionnaire (physical inactivity <300 minutes/week), body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). In the statistical analysis the U Mann-Whitney and Student t test were used for comparison between genders. To identify factors associated with insufficient levels of physical activity, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied and expressed in Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: There was an association between physical inactivity and anthropometric measurements for BMI (p<0.001) and WC (p<0.001), with a prevalence rate of 56.1% and 52.7% of inactive adolescents, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, there was significant association of physical inactivity and overweight (OR 1.8, 95%CI: 1.1-3.0) and with increased waist circumference (OR 2.8, 95%CI: 1.4-3.8). CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate levels of physical activity is a determining factor for overweight and abdominal adiposity. Accordingly, preventive measures should be taken, especially in schools, emphasizing the importance of exercise in the control of body composition and reduction of weight.

Ginásticas competitivas no percurso escolar de ingressantes em cursos de licenciatura em educação física do paraná - Brasil / Competitive gymnastics in the school trajectory of freshman students in Physical Education programs in Paraná ­ Brazil

Resumo O objetivo foi analisar as experiências vivenciadas pelos acadêmicos ingressantes de cursos de Licenciatura em Educação Física do Estado o Paraná com a ginástica de competição na Educação Básica. A pesquisa caracterizou-se como descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. Participaram 168 estudantes ingressantes no ano de 2017 no curso de Educação Física Licenciatura de quatro universidades públicas do Paraná. Foi utilizado um questionário com informações sócio demográficas e questões abertas e fechadas sobre a experiência do conteúdo 'ginásticas de competição no contexto escolar'. Foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo para as questões abertas e a estatística descritiva para a análise das informações sócio demográficas e questões fechadas. Evidenciou-se escassa experiência por parte dos estudantes com as modalidades de ginástica de competição e a falta de oportunidade destes alunos de vivenciar e refletir sobre a ginástica na Educação Física escolar.

Abstract The aim of this paper was to analyze the experiences of freshman students of the Physical Education Program in the State of Paraná (Brazil) regarding competitive gymnastics during their Primary and Secondary Education. The research was descriptive with a qualitative and quantitative approach. Participants included 168 students who entered the Physical Education Program in four public universities in Paraná in 2017. The questionnaire used included socio- demographic information, with open and closed questions about the participants' previous experience in competitive gymnastics in school. Open questions were analyzed by content analysis, while socio-demographic information and close questions were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results evidenced that students had little experience in competitive gymnastics and lacked opportunities to experience and reflect on gymnastics in school Physical Education.

Resumen El objetivo fue analizar las experiencias vivenciadas por los estudiantes que ingresaron a cursos de Licenciatura en Educación Física en el Estado de Paraná (Brasil) con la gimnasia de competición durante la Educación Primaria y Secundaria. La investigación se caracterizó como descriptiva con abordaje cualitativo y cuantitativo. Participaron 168 estudiantes que ingresaron en el año 2017 en cursos de Educación Física Licenciatura de cuatro universidades públicas de Paraná. Fue utilizado un cuestionario con información sociodemográfica, preguntas abiertas y cerradas sobre la experiencia del contenido de gimnasia de competición en el contexto escolar. Para analizar las preguntas abiertas fue utilizado el análisis de contenido. En el análisis de información sociodemográfica y preguntas cerradas se usó estadística descriptiva. Se evidenció escasa experiencia por parte de los estudiantes con las modalidades de gimnasia de competición y falta de oportunidad de estos alumnos de vivenciar y reflexionar sobre la gimnasia en la Educación Física escolar.

Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae serogroup O:16 in a HIV positive patient: case report.

We described a case of salmonellosis in a 33-year old HIV-infected patient. The patient presented oral and esophageal candidiasis, intense epigastric and retrosternal pain. During the physical examination he was hypochloraemic, acyanotic, hypohydrated, anicteric and afebrile. Admittance laboratory tests indicated: red cells 3.6 millions/mm(3); hemoglobin, 10.1 g/dL; leukocyte count, 3,000/mm(3), with 1% of eosinophils, 14% of non-segmented and 53% of segmented neutrophils and 31% of lymphocytes. The blood culture was positive for Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae serogroup O:16. This is probably the first human report of bacteremia due to Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae in Brazil associated to HIV-infected patient.

Conventional and molecular typing of Salmonella typhi strains from Brazil.

Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Salmonella Typhi were studied in 30 strains, isolated in different years, from some areas in Brazil. Conventional typing methods were performed by biochemical tests, Vi phage-typing scheme, and antimicrobial susceptibility test. Molecular typing methods were performed by analysis of plasmid DNA and by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR). For the latter, an optimization step was performed to ensure the reproducibility of the process in genetic characterization of S. Typhi. The predominance of 76.7% of biotype I (xylose +, arabinose -) was noticed in all studied areas. Three phage types were recognized, with prominence for the phage types A (73.3%) and I+IV (23.3%). All the strains were susceptible to the drugs used. However, 36.7% of the strains contained plasmids, with predominance of the 105 Kb plasmid. RAPD was capable of grouping the strains in 8 genotypic patterns using primer 784, in 6, using primer 787 and in 7, using primer 797. Conventional phenotypic typing methods, as well as the DNA plasmid analysis, presented nonsignificant discriminatory power; however, RAPD-PCR analysis showed discriminatory power, reproducibility, easy interpretation and performance, being considered as a promising alternative typing method for S. Typhi.

Vibrio spp. and Salmonella spp., presence and susceptibility in crabs Ucides cordatus.

The presence of Vibrio spp. and Salmonella spp. in crabs marketed at the Bezerra de Menezes Ave., Fortaleza, State of Ceará, Brazil, was assessed between February and May, 2003. The number of individuals sampled in each one of the fifteen weekly samplings ranged between four and eight. Seven strains of Salmonella, from four different samplings, were identified, being five of them identified as serotype S. Senftenberg and two as S. Poona. All strains of Salmonella were sensitive to the tested anti-microbial drugs, with the exception of tetracycline and nalidixic acid, for which an intermediary sensibility was found. The MPN's for Vibrio ranged between 110/g and 110,000/g. Of the forty five Vibrio strains isolated from the crab samples, only 10 were identified up to the species level: two V. alginolyticus and eight V. parahaemolyticus. Bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonaceae families were also identified, namely Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Pantoea agglomerans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The proper cooking of the animals is recommended in order to avoid problems for the consumers of this crustacean.

Phage types of Salmonella enteritidis isolated from clinical and food samples, and from broiler carcasses in southern Brazil.

272 isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis (111 isolated from frozen broiler chicken carcasses, 126 from human food and other biological materials involved in food poisoning outbreaks and 35 from different poultry materials) were selected for phage typing. From these, 111 were phage typed, 57.65% being classified as phage type 4, 32.43% as phage type 4a, 3.60% as phage type 6a and 0.90% as phage type 7, whereas 5.40% samples were not phage typeable. The predominance of phage type 4 is in agreement with the results published worldwide, and reinforces the need for studies related to the epidemiological meaning of these findings.

Optimization of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction for molecular typing of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.

Optimization of the RAPD reaction for characterizing Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains was studied in order to ensure the reproducibility and the discriminatory power of this technique. Eight Salmonella serovar Typhi strains isolated from various regions in Brazil were examined for the fragment patterns produced using different concentrations of DNA template, primer, MgCl2 and Taq DNA polymerase. Using two different low stringency thermal cycle profiles, the RAPD fingerprints obtained were compared. A set of sixteen primers was evaluated for their ability to produce a high number of distinct fragments. We found that variations associated to all of the tested parameters modified the fingerprinting patterns. For the strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi used in this experiment, we have defined a set of conditions for RAPD-PCR reaction, which result in a simple, fast and reproducible typing method.

Effect of Exercise on Body Composition, Lipid and Glucose and Blood Pressure in Women with Chronic Degenerative Diseases / Efeito do Exercício Físico Aeróbico Sobre a Composição Corporal, Lipidemia, Glicemia e Pressão Arterial em Mulheres com Doenças Crônicas

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of exercise training on body composition, lipid and glucose and blood pressure in women with chronic degenerative diseases. The research was composed by 21 women mean age 60.3 (±9.42) years old, that showed some chronic degenerative disease. Initially they were subjected to measurements of biochemical and anthropometric measurements, measurement of blood pressure at rest. After data collection a 12-week intervention was performed, and the exercise protocol was applied three times a week with one hour each session. At the end of the intervention, the patients were subjected to the same initial evaluations. The results showed that after 12 weeks there were no significant changes in anthropometric variable, although there was a decrease in body weight. When compared blood pressure date, there was a significant change in systolic blood pressure (133.33±10.00 mmHg vs 121.11 ±13.64 mmHg, p<0.05). The lipidic profile showed considerable reduction in the level of LDL and increase of HDL, having a significant decrease in total cholesterol levels (255.14 ±36.85 mg/dl vs. 235.63 ± 37.26 mg/dl, p<0.05), the triglycerides levels (195.24 ±74.72 mg/dl vs. 134.76 ± 47.40 mg/dl, p<0.05) and VLDL cholesterol (39.05±14,94mg/dl vs 26.95 ± 9.48 mg/dl, p<0.05). In addition, fasting glucose showed a significant decrease (133.59±69.92 mg/dl vs. 117.34 ± 68.71 mg/dl). At the end of the study it was possible to conclude that the aerobic physical exercise is a well recommended conduct for women that presented chronic degenerative diseases. (AU).

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o efeito do exercício físico aeróbico sobre a composição corporal, lipidemia, glicemia e pressão arterial em mulheres com doenças crônicas. A amostra da pesquisa foi composta por 21 mulheres com idade média de 60,3 (±9,42) anos, que apresentavam alguma doença crônica. Inicialmente as participantes do estudo foram submetidos à mensuração de medidas antropométricas, exames bioquímicos e aferição da pressão arterial em repouso. Após a coleta de dados foi realizada uma intervenção de 12 semanas, sendo o protocolo de exercícios aplicado três vezes por semana, com uma hora de duração cada sessão. Ao final da intervenção, as pacientes foram submetidas às mesmas avaliações iniciais. Os resultados encontrados após 12 semanas de intervenção não demonstraram alterações significativas nas variáveis antropométricas, embora houve um discreto decréscimo no peso corporal. Quando comparado os dados da pressão arterial, houve alteração significativa na pressão arterial sistólica (133,33 ±10,00 mmHg vs 121,11 ±13,64 mmHg, p<0,05). O perfil lipídico apresentou reduções importantes nos níveis de LDL e aumento do HDL, havendo um decréscimo significativo nos níveis de Colesterol Total (255,14 ±36,85 mg/dl vs 235,63 ±37,26 mg/dl, p<0,05), triglicérides (195,24 ±74,72 mg/dl vs 134,76 ±47,40 mg/dl, p<0,05) e do VLDL (39,05 ±14,94mg/dl vs 26,95 ±9,48 mg/dl, p<0,05). Além disso, a glicemia em jejum apresentou redução considerável (133,59 ±69,92 mg/ dl vs 117,34 ±68,71 mg/dl). Ao final do estudo podemos concluir que o exercício físico aeróbico pode melhorar as alterações metabólicas em mulheres com doenças crônicas. (AU).

Antimicrobial susceptibility and serovars of salmonella circulating in commercial poultry carcasses and poultry products in Brazil.

Antimicrobial resistance was evaluated for 12,582 strains of Salmonella isolated by public and private laboratories from commercial poultry carcasses and poultry products from different regions in Brazil between 2007 and 2011. These isolates were submitted unsolicited to the National Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Enteroinfections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for conclusive antigenic characterization. The prevalent Salmonella enterica serogroups were O:4 (B) (28.9%), O:9 (D1) (22.3%), O:21 (L) (15.9%), and O:7 (C1) (14.3%); the most prevalent serovars were Enteritidis, Minnesota, Typhimurium, Schwarzengrund, and Mbandaka. The antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of 1,234 strains indicated that 54.5% were resistant to up to eight antimicrobial drugs. Multidrug resistance (three or more classes) was observed in 16.4% of the strains, with 190 distinct patterns. The results showed increased resistance to ampicillin (12.4 to 18.9%), tetracycline (≈ 15.2 to ≈ 18.9%), and gentamicin (f7.0 to ≈ 9.6%) during the study period. Decreased resistance to nitrofurans (61.9 to 9.2%), quinolones (44.4 to 15.5%), and folate inhibitors (11.7 to 7.2%) was observed. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was detected in 5.5% of the strains throughout the study period; resistance to fluoroquinolones has been observed in 0.3% of the strains since 2009. These findings highlight the importance of surveillance along the food chain for detection of altered patterns among foodborne zoonotic bacteria that are important to public health.

Isolation of Salmonella spp. in cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil

Abstract The growth of the population of cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) in the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha constitutes a threat to public health and biological diversity because of their competition with and predation on native species and the possibility of transmission of pathogens to human beings, livestock and native wildlife. The aim here was to search for, isolate and identify serovars of Salmonella in clinically healthy local cattle egrets. Cloacal swabs were obtained from 456 clinically healthy cattle egrets of both sexes and a variety of ages. The swabs were divided into 51 pools. Six of these (11.7%) presented four serovars of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica: Salmonella serovar Typhimurium; Salmonella serovar Newport; Salmonella serovar Duisburg; and Salmonella serovar Zega. One sample was identified as S. enterica subspecies enterica O16:y:-. Results in this study suggest that cattle egrets may be reservoirs of this agent on Fernando de Noronha and represent a risk to public health and biological diversity.

Elimination of coliforms and Salmonella spp. in sheep meat by gamma irradiation treatment.

This study aimed at evaluating the bacteriological effects of the treatment of sheep meat contaminated with total coliforms, coliforms at 45 °C and Salmonella spp. by using irradiation at doses of 3 kGy and 5 kGy. Thirty sheep meat samples were collected from animals located in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and then grouped in three lots including 10 samples: non-irradiated (control); irradiated with 3 kGy; and irradiated with 5 kGy. Exposure to gamma radiation in a (137)Cs source-driven irradiating facility was performed at the Nuclear Defense Section of the Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx) in Rio de Janeiro. The samples were kept under freezing temperature (-18 °C) until the analyses, which occurred in two and four months after irradiation. The results were interpreted by comparison with the standards of the current legislation and demonstrated that non-irradiated samples were outside the parameters established by law for all groups of bacteria studied. Gamma irradiation was effective in inactivating those microorganisms at both doses tested and the optimal dose was achieved at 3 kGy. The results have shown not only the need for sanitary conditions improvements in slaughter and processing of sheep meat but also the irradiation effectiveness to eliminate coliform bacteria and Salmonella spp.

Eficácia do uso do surfactante exógeno em recém-nascidos de uma UTI Neonatal / Effectiveness of the use of exogenous surfactant in newborn in a neonatal ICU

Introdução: A Doença da Membrana Hialina (DMH) é provocada pela ausência ou deficiência de surfactante, acomete os recém-nascidos prematuros, e o tratamento é realizado com surfactante exógeno. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia da terapia com o uso do surfactante exógeno nos distúrbios respiratórios em recém-nascidos. Métodos: Um estudo transversal, descritivo e quantitativo foi realizado com 31 recém-nascidos admitidos na UTI Neonatal do Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Patrocínio, MG. Para a coleta dos dados, foi elaborado um roteiro estruturado pelas pesquisadoras. Os dados foram analisados por meio dos testes estatísticos: Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Fisher (p ≤ 0,05) e Wilcoxon (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: O DMH prevaleceu no sexo feminino (51,6%), a maioria prematuros (83,9%) e com baixo peso ao nascer (51,6%). Daqueles que necessitaram do corticoide antenatal, 38,7% usaram duas doses, sendo o Grau III da DMH o mais evidente (35,5%). Todos os recém-nascidos usaram ao menos uma dose de surfactante (58,1%), devido a DMH (87,1%) e a Síndrome da Aspiração Meconial (12,9%). Conclusão: Conclui-se que o distúrbio respiratório mais encontrado nos prematuros foi a DMH, comprovando a evolução positiva dos neonatos após administração do surfactante exógeno e constatando a eficácia do medicamento como tratamento, utilizando-se apenas uma dose.

Frequency of zoonotic bacteria among illegally traded wild birds in Rio de Janeiro

Abstract The illegal wildlife trade may increase the risk of infectious disease transmission, and it may not only cause disease outbreaks in humans but also threaten livestock, native wild populations, and ecosystems' health. Bird species may act as carriers in the transmission of enteric pathogens. However, epidemiological studies on zoonotic bacteria in wild birds are rare in Brazil. From March 2011 to March 2012, we investigated the frequency of Enterobacteriaceae in cloacal swab samples from 109 birds of the passerine and Psittacidae families. These birds were recovered from illegal trade in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and sent to a rehabilitation center. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from 86 wild birds (78.9%). A mean (±SD) of 1.68 (±1.30) different bacterial species were isolated per bird, with a maximum of five bacterial species from three bird species. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli, followed by Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae and other enteric bacteria. Salmonella ser. Typhimurium was isolated from a Temminck's seedeater (Sporophila falcirostris), and two Salmonella ser. Panama were isolated from two specimens of chestnut-capped blackbird (Chrysomus ruficapillus). Of the 70 selected bacterial isolates, 60 exhibited antibiotic resistance. The resistance patterns varied from one to nine of the antibiotics tested. Resistance to ceftiofur was the most prevalent, followed by ampicillin and ceftriaxone. The dissemination potential of resistant strains in situations typically seen in the management of captive birds may become a problem for the conservation of natural bird populations and for public health.

Effects of gamma irradiation on the viability and phenotypic characteristics of Salmonella Enteritidis inoculated into specific-pathogen-free eggs.

The goal of this study was to determine the effects of various levels of gamma irradiation on the phenotypic characteristics of 20 strains of Salmonella Enteritidis inoculated separately into specific-pathogen-free shell eggs. Bacterial strains were inoculated into egg yolks and exposed to (60)Co radiation at doses of 0.49 to 5.0 kGy. The eggs were maintained at 25°C and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella on days 1, 2, 4, and 7, and the recovered Salmonella isolates were characterized biochemically. All strains were resistant to doses of 0.49, 0.54, 0.59, 0.8, and 1 kGy; colony counts were ≥10(5) CFU/ml of egg yolk except for one strain, which was detected at 96 h and at 7 days after irradiation at 1 kGy, with a population reduction of 2 log CFU/ml. For the other evaluated doses, 12 strains (60.0%) were resistant at 1.5 kGy and 7 strains (35.0%) were resistant at 3.0 kGy. Among all analyzed strains, 5.0 kGy was more effective for reducing and/or eliminating the inoculated bacteria; only two (10%) strains were resistant to this level of irradiation. Salmonella colony counts were significantly reduced (P < 0.01) with increasing doses from the day 1 to 7 of observation, when microbial growth peaked. Loss of mobility, lactose fermentation, citrate utilization, and hydrogen sulfide production occurred in some strains after irradiation independent of dose and postirradiation storage time. Increases in antibiotic susceptibility also occurred: seven strains became sensitive to ß-lactams, two strains became sensitive to antifolates, and one strain each became sensitive to fluoroquinolone, phenicol, nitrofurans, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides. The results indicate that up to 5.0 kGy of radiation applied to shell eggs inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis at 4 log CFU per egg is not sufficient for complete elimination of this pathogen from this food matrix.

Índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura e hipertensão arterial em estudantes / Índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de la cintura y hipertensión arterial en estudiantes / Body mass index, waist circumference, and arterial hypertension in students

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar qual o melhor preditor antropométrico de hipertensão arterial em alunos de escolas privadas. Método: estudo transversal, com amostra composta por 286 alunos com idade de 10 a 14 anos de duas escolas privadas de Paranavaí-Paraná. As variáveis analisadas foram: índice de massa corporal, circunferência de cintura e pressão arterial. Na análise estatística foram utilizados os testes de correlação parcial de Pearson e a regressão logística multivariada, considerando-se p<0,05. Resultados: os dois indicadores antropométricos demonstraram fracas correlações com os níveis sistólicos e diastólicos, com coeficientes (r) variando de 0,27 à 0,36 (p< 0,001). Na análise multivariada, o único indicador antropométrico associado ao risco de hipertensão arterial foi a circunferência de cintura (OR= 2,3; IC 95%: 1,1-4,5) independente da idade e gênero. Conclusão: nesta faixa etária, a circunferência de cintura parece ser melhor do que índice de massa corporal como preditor de hipertensão arterial. .

RESUMEN Objetivo: investigar cuál es el mejor predictor antropométrico de la hipertensión arterial en los alumnos de escuelas particulares. Métodos: estudio transversal con muestra compuestas por 286 alumnos con edad de 10 a 14 años de dos escuelas privadas de Paranavaí-Paraná. Las variables analizadas fueron: índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de la cintura y la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica. En el análisis de estadísticas fueron utilizadas las pruebas de correlación parcial de pearson y regresión logística multivariada considerándose p<0.05. Resultados: los dos indicadores antropométricos han mostrado débiles correlaciones con los niveles sistólicos y diastólicos, con Coeficientes (r) variando de 0,27 a 0,36 (p<0,001). En el análisis multivariado el único indicador antropométrico asociado al riesgo de hipertensión arterial fue la circunferencia de la cintura (OR=2,3; IC 95%: 1,1- 4,5) independiente de la edad y el género. Conclusión: en este grupo de edad, la circunferencia de la cintura parece ser mejor de que el índice de masa corporal como predictor de la hipertensión arterial. .

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate what is the best anthropometric predictor of arterial hypertension among private school students. Method: this was a cross-sectional study with 286 students between the ages of 10 and 14 from two private schools in the city of Paranavaí, Paraná, Brazil. The following variables were analyzed: body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure. Statistical analysis was conducted with Pearson’s partial correlation test and multivariate logistic regression, with p<0.05. Results: both anthropometric indicators displayed weak correlation with systolic and diastolic levels, with coeffi cients (r) ranging from 0.27 to 0.36 (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that the only anthropometric indicator associated with arterial hypertension was waist circumference (OR= 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5), regardless of age or gender. Conclusion: this age group, waist circumference appeared to be a better predictor for arterial hypertension than body mass index. .