Work climate, work values and professional commitment as predictors of job satisfaction in nurses.

AIM: To investigate the effect of some psychosocial variables on nurses' job satisfaction. BACKGROUND: Nurses' job satisfaction is one of the most important factors in determining individuals' intention to stay or leave a health-care organisation. Literature shows a predictive role of work climate, professional commitment and work values on job satisfaction, but their conjoint effect has rarely been considered. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was adopted. Participants were hospital nurses and data were collected in 2011. RESULTS: Professional commitment and work climate positively predicted nurses' job satisfaction. The effect of intrinsic vs. extrinsic work value orientation on job satisfaction was completely mediated by professional commitment. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses' job satisfaction is influenced by both contextual and personal variables, in particular work climate and professional commitment. According to a more recent theoretical framework, work climate, work values and professional commitment interact with each other in determining nurses' job satisfaction. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Nursing management must be careful to keep the context of work tuned to individuals' attitude and vice versa. Improving the work climate can have a positive effect on job satisfaction, but its effect may be enhanced by favouring strong professional commitment and by promoting intrinsic more than extrinsic work values.

Association of maternal Body Mass Index and parity on induced labor stages.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a widespread pandemic and obstetric care must adapt to meet the needs of obese pregnant women. Little is known about the impact of Body Mass Index (BMI) on the induction of labor (IOL). Therefore, our objective was to evaluate if the duration of the first and second stages of IOL is affected by maternal BMI in nulliparous and multiparous women. METHODS: We included singleton pregnancies at term with cephalic presentation whose labor was induced from June 2018 to December 2019. Women were divided into two groups according to pre-pregnancy BMI in normal weight and obese women. RESULTS: A total of 668 women with IOL were included in the study, among them, 349 had a normal weight and 321 were obese. The first stage of labor was longer in obese multiparous than normal-weight women (normal weight 81.98±71.7 vs. obese 134.3±158.1 min, P=0.000), while the second stage resulted significantly shorter (normal weight 22.2±27.8 vs. obese 14.3±14.2 min, P=0.000). The total time elapsed from IOL beginning and delivery was significantly higher in obese nulliparous (normal weight 10.4±19.7 vs. obese 22.0±26.2 h, P=0.000). Operative vaginal deliveries, emergency cesarean section, and failed IOL resulted to be similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Obese multiparous women have longer first stages of labor while shorter second stages. The total time for induced obese nulliparous to reach delivery is higher than the normal weight. It might be reasonable to reconsider the partographs according to maternal BMI in case of induced labor for future obstetric practice.

Fetal head malposition and epidural analgesia in labor: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The fetal head malposition in labor leads to prolonged labor, cesarean delivery and increased perinatal morbidity. Epidural analgesia has been associated with fetal head malposition, but it remains unknown if this relation is causal. OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of fetal malposition during labor and maternal/fetal outcomes, between women who received epidural analgesia with those who did not use the analgesic method. STUDY DESIGN: Case control study including 500 women with a single fetus in vertex position who gave birth at term at the Policlinic Hospital of Modena between May 2019 and July 2019. Two-hundred and fifty women belonged to the epidural analgesia (EA) group and 250 to the control group. RESULTS: The rate of posterior occiput positions occurred 4 times more frequently in the EA group than in the control group (8.8% vs 2.2%, p = .004). Cesarean sections were significantly higher in the EA group (11.6% vs 1.6%, p < .0000) as well as the need for augmentation with oxytocin (20% vs 8%, p = .0001) compared to the control group, in which spontaneous delivery prevailed instead. Women with epidural had labors that lasted on average 7.0 h against the 3.30 h of controls (p < .0000). The length of 2nd stage of labor was 55 vs 30 min (p = .009), respectively. No differences in blood loss and Apgar score between groups. Early breastfeeding was significantly higher among controls (82% vs 92.8%, p = .0004). CONCLUSIONS: Women receiving epidural analgesia in labor have higher rate of fetal malposition, prolonged labors, and more cesarean sections than controls. However, further studies are required to confirm a causal association between EA and fetal head malposition.

Cancer screenings among sexual and gender minorities by midwives' point of view.

INTRODUCTION: Although women belonging to sexual and gender minorities are more at risk of gynecological and breast cancer, pieces of evidence have been provided that this population finds hardships getting involved in cancer screening programs. This happens because they tend to avoid clinical settings because of fear of discrimination, heteronormative assumptions, heterosexism, classism, and homophobic slurs by healthcare professionals. On the other hand, medical programs that allow healthcare providers to have experience with LGBTQ people are scarce and there are no specific tools to assess sexual cancer risks in this population. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Studies included were obtained searching MEDLINE with keywords "lesbians," "queer women," "trans women," "LGBTQ women," "cervical cancer screening," "pap test," "oncology screening," "mammogram" and "prevention." Furthermore, 1577 papers were found. After filtering for species, sex, language, and time range, 820 papers were left. The number of works included was 24 after title screening and 20 after abstract screening and full-text screening. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: More research will be needed to develop tools with an inclusive, non-judgmental, and open language capable of engaging the LGBTQ community. Cancer screening programs involve a large variety of healthcare providers including midwives. CONCLUSIONS: Midwives are multifaceted healthcare professionals whose large competence spectrum includes a variety of knowledge and skills going from antenatal care to education and research and they may efficiently provide cancer screenings. Midwives have been asking for more specialistic roles and calling for specific instruction to face the complex and ever-changing reality.

Estimation of fetal weight near term: comparison between ultrasound and symphysis-fundus evaluation by Johnson's rule.

INTRODUCTION: The fetal weight estimation is commonly performed by ultrasound but the manual method is also applied in developing countries due to the lack of scan availability and in western countries for the management of low-risk pregnancy managed autonomously by the midwives. The most applied method to estimate fetal weight measures the longitudinal diameter of the symphysis-fundus according to Johnson's rule. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the reliability of the symphysis-fundus method with respect to the ultrasound to estimate fetal weight in low risk pregnancies according to the classification of adequate, small and large for gestational age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred twenty low-risk women referred to the clinic for the management of term pregnancy were enrolled for the study. The following data were collected: age, body mass index, parity, values of symphysis-fundus evaluation according to Johnson's rule, ultrasound fetal weight estimation values, and birthweight. RESULTS: Considering the whole sample, fetal weight was estimated similarly by the manual method and with the ultrasound (79.5 versus 85% of the cases; n.s.). However, in overweight women, the ultrasound better estimates fetal weight in respect to manual method (94.4 versus 80.3% of the cases; p < .02) and similarly in obese women also ultrasound performed better in comparison to manual method (91.8 versus 71.4% of the cases; p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: The manual evaluation could be considered a reliable method to assess fetal weight for the management of low-risk pregnancies near term to optimize the resources and also offer a safe nonmedical approach. Further studies should clarify the accuracy of the manual method to estimate fetal weight in overweight and obese women, also considering the great increase of the obesity incidence in the obstetric population.

The appropriate counseling on prenatal screening test for foreign women in Emilia-Romagna.

OBJECTIVE: The increase in the migratory phenomenon entails the need to adapt obstetric care to the population which includes foreign pregnant women. In this context, it emerged a little adherence to the prenatal screening test among foreign women compared to Italian women, which is assumed to be attributable to an inadequate counseling. This study aims to evaluate midwife's perception of the  counseling effectiveness in foreign women for the combined test and subsequently assess its adequacy through an external evaluation. METHODS: this is a cross-sectional study conducted from September to November 2019. An ad hoc questionnaire was administered to midwives working in the territorial district of the Emilia-Romagna Region, investigating their counseling skills. Then an external evaluation of the counseling was conducted by observing the interview between the midwives and the patients (N = 10), to analyze its appropriateness. RESULTS: Seventy-five midwives completed the questionnaire with a positive response rate of 57.2%. In general, 69.3% of midwives are satisfied with the training received from the regional course, but 85% found many difficulties in counseling foreign women. The 14% of midwives state that they always have the cultural and linguistic mediator available and 44% of them state that they use brochures translated into several foreign languages. In the interviews observed, the counseling to foreign women was found to be shorter and more limited than that provided to Italian women. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the consulting midwives declare that they feel prepared to perform a correct prenatal counseling also for foreign women, but the external evaluation of the interviews, and the regional data on adherence to the antenatal screening of foreign women, show many critical points. It becomes necessary to carry out further studies that investigate not only the counseling skills of midwives, but also the needs of assisted women about prenatal diagnosis.

Advanced midwifery practice: intrapartum ultrasonography to assess fetal head station and comparison with vaginal digital examination.

BACKGROUND: Vaginal digital examination is considered the gold standard to evaluate patients during labor and delivery. However, transperineal ultrasound has been suggested as an effective tool in determining fetal head station during labor. Angle of progression (AOP), head-perineal distance (HPD) and head-symphysis distance (HSD) are reliable parameters to assess fetal head station during labor. The study aims were to evaluate how midwives can use AOP, HSD, HPD to assess the accuracy of digital vaginal exploration limited to the fetal head station. METHODS: Trained midwives for ultrasound analyses performed transperineal ultrasounds during the first stage of labor with 2D-convex probe in 62 pregnant women at term with a single fetus in cephalic presentation. Immediately before the intrapartum ultrasound, the birth attendant performed a digital examination to assess cervical dilatation and head station. The ultrasound scans were compared to the digital vaginal examination through the Tutschek's formula. RESULTS: AOP was wider in women who delivered vaginally without any complication if compared to "complicated delivery" group. HPD and HSD were greater in women who underwent an operative vaginal delivery or caesarean section. The vaginal exploration accuracy was 34%, but when ±1 cm was considered as tolerated, the overall accuracy was 74.19%. CONCLUSIONS: Midwives may include ultrasounds in their clinical practice after adequate training or under the supervision of an ultrasound professional as an adjunct tool during labor to evaluate its progress and prevent any deviation from physiology.

Breastfeeding promotion and support: a quality improvement study.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding success is determined by early skin to skin contact, early initiation of breastfeeding, rooming-in, baby-led breastfeeding, creation of a favorable environment, specific training of health professionals, and continuity of care. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the women's satisfaction regarding the care and support received in the first days after childbirth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire of 24 items was administered to mothers before discharge, from May to September 2019 at the University Hospital of Modena. RESULTS: The predictive variables of exclusive breastfeeding were the delivery mode, age at birth and parity. The multivariate analysis showed that a high satisfaction score was associated with vaginal birth (OR=2.63, p=0.005), rooming-in during the hospitalization (OR=8.64, p<0.001), the skin to skin contact (OR=6.61, p=0.001) and the first latch-on within 1 hour after birth (OR=3.00, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Mothers' satisfaction is one of the important factors of positive experience during hospital stay and of better health outcomes.

Evaluation of midwifery students' satisfaction with regards to clinical internship.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE WORK: The clinical internship is fundamental for the training of the future socio-health professional. Through the practical activity, the student develops professional skills, critical thinking and decision-making ability, internalizing the complexity of the professional role. While in the nursing field there are several tools for assessing the clinical experience of students, in the obstetric field there is a lack of validated tools. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to investigate the perception of the students of the Degree Course in Midwifery regarding the internship experience. METHOD: The study was conducted at the obstetric clinical internship where students carry out practical activities and involved all the students of the Degree Course in Midwifery at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. The data were collected through an anonymous online questionnaire (Google Model), which was inspired by the nursing CLES + T, simplified and adapted to the obstetric field. RESULTS: In total, 54 students took part in the research (81.8% of all students enrolled in the degree program examined). They were mainly of Italian nationality (98.1%), women (94.4%), aged between 18-22 years (85.2%). In general, the third-year students were more satisfied with the internship experience than the second- and first-year students, most likely for having achieved a degree of autonomy of care, awareness and greater professional motivation.  Conclusions. The results indicate the need to periodically investigate the quality and satisfaction of the clinical internships to ensure increasingly effective obstetric training.

Self-efficacy in breastfeeding support: a research on Italian midwifery students.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Maternal breastmilk represents the best nourishment for the newborn baby during its first six months, as it offers several benefits for the health and well-being of babies and mothers. In order to promote, protect and support effectively mother and child during breastfeeding, it is essential for midwives to be properly educated and to acquire highly professionalizing skills. This study aimed to evaluate the level of self-efficacy of the students attending the Degree Course of Midwifery, regarding the support of mother and child in breastfeeding. METHOD: A questionnaire of 37 items (Blackmanet al, 2015) validated in Italian by Mazzeo Melchionda (2019), was sent on-line to students of ten different Midwifery Degree Courses to assess their level of self-efficacy regarding the management of breastfeeding. Statistical analysis was carried out using statistic software R3.4.3 (The Foundation for Statistical Computing). RESULTS: 158 questionnaires were collected from ten Italian Midwifery Degree Courses. The areas in which students showed a high level of self-efficacy in managing breastfeeding include: the benefits of breastfeeding; the child's tendency to take the breast within an hour from childbirth and the relevance of skin to skin contact and rooming-in. Low levels of self-efficacy concerned the comfortably breastfeeding in public places and avoiding giving formula to the baby in its first six weeks of life. CONCLUSIONS: Generally the students attending Midwifery Degree Courses show a high level of self-efficacy in assisting mothers during breastfeeding and they prove to have a good knowledge of the benefits of breastfeeding to improve the health of mothers and their children. (www.actabiomedica.it).

The midwifery-led care model: a continuity of care model in the birth path.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The birth path is affected by a fragmentation in the patient care process, creating a discontinuity of this last one. The pregnant woman has to interface with many professionals, both during the pregnancy, the childbirth and the puerperium. However, during the last ten years, there has been an increasing of the pregnancy care operated by the midwife, who is considered to be the operator with the right competences, who can take care of every pregnancy and may avail herself of other professionals' contributions in order to improve the outcomes of maternal and neonatal health. AIM: To verify whether there are proofs of effectiveness that support the caseload midwifery care model, and if it is possible to apply this model in the birth path in Italy. METHODS: A revision of literature has been done using some search engine (Google, Bing) and specific databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Home - ClinicalTrials.gov). There has also been a consultation of the Italian regulations, the national guidelines and the recommendations of WHO. RESULTS: The search string, properly adapted to the three databases, has given the following results: MEDLINE 64 articles, CINAHL 94 articles, Embase 88 articles. From this selection, 14 articles have been extracted: 1 systematic review, 3 controlled random trial, 7 observational studies, 3 qualitative studies. CONCLUSIONS: The caseload midwifery care seems to be an effective and reliable organisational/caring method. It responds to the criterions of quality and security, to the needs of women not only during the pregnancy but also during the post-partum phase. For these reasons, it seems very useful also for the birth path in the Italian reality.

Breastfeeding pathologies: analysis of prevalence, risk and protective factors.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Breastfeeding is essential for the health of mothers and newborns, and it is recommended by WHO-UNICEF as the sole source of nutrition and protection for the first 6 months of life and beyond. In order to fully promote this practice, it is important to recognize early conditions that can lead to pathological breastfeeding. AIM: The study aims to analyze the prevalence and the possible risk or protective factors concerning the pathology of breastfeeding. METHODS: For this observational study were consulted the medical records and the files of the Breastfeeding clinic of 1065 puerperal women, of the University Hospital of Modena, from January to August 2016. The data were processed  with the SPSS Software. RESULTS: In our study population, 532 (50%) puerperal women presented a breastfeeding-related disease, of which 330 (31%) had a disease affecting the mother (breast engorgement, fissures, a-/hypo-galactia, discontinuation of breastfeeding, galactocele, mastitis and candidiasis), 105 (9.9%) of the newborn (inadequate suction, neonatal jaundice, pathological weight loss, need for admission to NICU) and 97 (9.1%) of both the mother and the newborn. DISCUSSIONS: It is evident from the results that the predicting factors of pathology in breastfeeding are present in pregnant women who give birth in an early gestational age and with high age, birth rate and nationality. CONCLUSIONS: staff training courses are essential to respond to WHO-UNICEF recommendations and to improve the continuity of care for the mother-child dyad.

Polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (Isocolan) for constipation during pregnancy: an observational open-label study.

To evaluate the efficacy of a polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (PEG-4000) in pregnant women affected by constipation, 40 consecutive pregnant women from 6 to 38 weeks' gestation were enrolled in this preliminary study. Constipation was defined as spontaneous evacuation less than four times a week or the presence of symptoms such as defecation pain, rectal urgency, tenesmus, anal injury, or abdominal pain. A PEG-4000 solution (Isocolan, also marketed in the United States as Golitely/Nulitely) was administered for 15 days at a dose of 250 mL by mouth once or twice a day. The number of bowel movements per week, the presence or absence of liquid stools, tenesmus, urgency, defecation pain, anal lesions, and abdominal pain were evaluated before and after 15 days of treatment. Treatment with PEG-4000 significantly increased the evacuation episodes per week (from 1.66 +/- 0.48 to 3.16 +/- 1.05; P <.01), and constipation was resolved in 27 of 37 women (73%). Defecation pain, anal injury, and abdominal pain significantly improved after PEG-4000 administration. Improvement occurred in both patients with new-onset constipation during pregnancy as well as patients with a history of constipation before pregnancy. These preliminary findings indicate that PEG-4000 may be an effective choice for the treatment of constipation during pregnancy.