Antibiotic prophylaxis for onabotulinum toxin A injections: systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: To our knowledge, there are no evidence-based recommendations regarding the optimal prophylactic antibiotic regimen for intradetrusor onabotulinum toxin type A (BTX) injections. This systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed at investigating the optimal prophylactic antibiotic regimen to decrease urinary tract infection (UTI) in patients undergoing BTX for overactive bladder syndrome (OAB). METHODS: A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science was conducted from inception through 30 June 2022. All randomized controlled trials and prospective trials with > 20 subjects undergoing BTX injections for OAB in adults that described prophylactic antibiotic regimens were included. Meta-analysis performed to assess UTI rates in patients with idiopathic OAB using the inverse variance method for pooling. RESULTS: A total of 27 studies (9 randomized controlled trials, 18 prospective) were included, representing 2,100 patients (69% women) with 19 studies of idiopathic OAB patients only, 6 of neurogenic only, and 2 including both. No studies directly compared antibiotic regimens for the prevention of UTI. Included studies favor the use of antibiotics in patients with idiopathic OAB and favor continuing antibiotics for 2-3 days after the procedure for prevention of UTI. Given the heterogeneity of the data, direct comparisons of antibiotic type or duration could not be performed. Meta-analysis found a 10% UTI rate at 4 weeks and 15% at 12 weeks post-injection. CONCLUSIONS: Although there are insufficient data to support the use of a specific antibiotic regimen, available studies favor the use of prophylactic antibiotics for 2-3 days in idiopathic OAB patients undergoing BTX injection. Future trials are needed to determine the optimal regimens to prevent UTI in patients undergoing BTX for OAB.

OnabotulinumtoxinA discontinuation in patients with prior nerve stimulation.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of patients who discontinue onabotulinumtoxinA treatment for overactive bladder (OAB) and to determine the impact of prior sacroneuromodulation or peripheral nerve stimulation on the discontinuation rates of onabotulinumtoxinA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of women with at least two onabotulinumtoxinA (BTX-A) treatments for OAB with a Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive surgeon at a referral center between January 2014 and July 2019. Patients were excluded if they underwent BTX-A treatment in the operating room or utilized clean intermittent catheterization at baseline. Women who continued injections throughout the study period were compared to those who did not. Discontinuation was defined as stopping BTX-A during the study period. Treatment failure was defined as a documented failure in the chart and/or moving to other OAB treatments. Loss to follow-up was defined as no follow-up greater than 12 months after the last injection. Discontinuation-free and failure-free survival were estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: A total of 214 women met the inclusion criteria with a mean age of 62.9 ± 14 years. Fifty percent were Black. Eighty-six (40.2%) discontinued onabotulinumtoxinA treatment during the study period. There were no demographic differences between patients who discontinued BTX-A and those who continued with the following exceptions: patients who discontinued had higher rates of prior pelvic reconstructive surgery (19.8% vs. 10.2%, p = 0.04) and were more likely to have the concurrent diagnosis of painful bladder syndrome (9.3% vs. 2.3%, p = 0.03). Patients diagnosed with a urinary tract infection (UTI) after ≥50% of treatments were more likely to discontinue (27.9% vs. 14.1%, p = 0.01). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, patients with recurrent UTIs after treatment were significantly more likely to discontinue than those who do not (odds ratio: 2.61, [1.17, 5.82]). Of the cohort, 54 (25%) patients had previously undergone nerve stimulation. A total of 27.8% of patients with prior nerve stimulation discontinued BTX-A compared to 44.4% of those without prior third line treatment (p = 0.03). Patients with prior nerve stimulation had a higher discontinuation-free survival rate (p = 0.013) but there was no difference in failure-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who have recurrent UTIs after onabotulinumtoxinA injections are 2.6 times more likely to discontinue treatment than those who do not have infections. Patients with prior exposure to nerve stimulation have a significantly lower onabotulinumtoxinA discontinuation rate, but there is no difference in failure rates.

Vaginal Complications after Cystectomy: Results from a Medicare Sample.

PURPOSE: Cystectomy with a vaginal-sparing approach may be associated with unique complications specific to the female population. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of vaginal complications (defined to include vaginal prolapse, vaginal fistula, dyspareunia and vaginal cuff dehiscence/evisceration) after cystectomy and to determine risk factors for these complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Women 65 years or older undergoing cystectomy for any indication were identified by procedural codes in the Medicare Limited Data Set 5% sample from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2017. Patients experiencing a vaginal complication after cystectomy were compared to those who did not. Demographic and biological factors that could increase likelihood of complications were identified and time to development of complications determined. Cumulative incidence was calculated using cumulative incidence function. Multivariable cause-specific Cox proportional hazards model assessed risk factors for vaginal complications. RESULTS: In all, 481 women undergoing cystectomy were identified during the study period, and 37.2% were younger than 70 years old. The majority (378, 79%) had bladder cancer, and 401 (83.4%) underwent an incontinent conduit or catheterizable channel diversion. Within 2 years of cystectomy, 93 patients (19.5%) had 1 or more complications on record. Vaginal cuff dehiscence had the highest cumulative incidence, occurring in 49 patients (10.2%). Over the entire study period (2011-2017), 102 women (21.2%) were diagnosed with a vaginal complication, and 27 (5.6%) received an intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Among women who undergo cystectomy, vaginal complications occur at rates higher than expected with over 20% of women experiencing a complication and over a quarter of those diagnosed undergoing intervention.

Prevalence of pelvic floor disorders, associations of endocrine therapy, and surgical intervention among breast cancer survivors.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: To evaluate prevalence of pelvic floor disorders, association of endocrine therapy with pelvic floor disorders, and rates of pelvic floor surgery among breast cancer survivors compared to matched controls without history of cancer. METHODS: This is a retrospective, cohort study using electronic medical record data from a ten-hospital regional healthcare system. A total of 19,483 women diagnosed with breast cancer between January 2008 and April 2020 were propensity score matched to 19,483 women without a history of cancer. Medical charts were abstracted for ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes for pelvic floor disorders, use of endocrine therapy, and CPT codes for pelvic floor surgeries and procedures. RESULTS: Overall, the prevalence of pelvic floor disorders was lower among breast cancer survivors (8.8% vs. 22.6%, p < 0.001), and mean time to development of pelvic floor disorders among breast cancer survivors was 3 years. Selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors were associated with pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence, while estrogen antagonists were associated with urge urinary incontinence and lower urinary tract symptoms. Women with breast cancer had similar or higher rates of pelvic floor surgery compared to matched controls. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of pelvic floor disorders were lower among breast cancer survivors compared to controls but rates of surgical intervention did not differ and were higher for some conditions among breast cancer survivors. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Screening for these disorders should be considered as part of routine survivorship care.

Association of Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification examination D point with uterosacral ligament suspension outcomes: the "OPTIMAL" D point.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to determine the relationship between the preoperative D-point and apical outcomes at 24 months, using the Operations and Pelvic Muscle Training in the Management of Apical Support Loss (OPTIMAL) dataset. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of the OPTIMAL trial, a randomized multi-centered study comparing outcomes of sacrospinous ligament fixation and transvaginal uterosacral ligament suspension (USLS). The 2-year dataset utilized included women undergoing USLS with concomitant hysterectomy. The primary outcome was the relationship between preoperative D-point and apical outcomes at 24 months. Secondary objectives were to determine the relationship between preoperative D-point and anatomical, composite and subjective outcomes, and to determine a D-point cut-off that could be used to predict success in each of these categories. RESULTS: Of the 186 women in the USLS arm, 120 were available for analysis of anatomical failure at 24 months. A higher preoperative D-point correlated with improved apical outcome (C-point) at 24 months (r = 0.34; p value = 0.0002). Using ROC curves, a moderate association was found between the preoperative D-point and apical and anatomical success, (AUC 0.689 and 0.662). There was no relationship between preoperative D-point and composite or subjective success (AUC 0.577 and 0.458). Based on the ROC curves, a "cut-off" D-point value of -4.25 cm (sensitivity = 0.58, specificity = 0.67) was determined to be a predictor of postoperative anatomical success at 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative D-point correlates with postoperative anatomical and apical support, but is less successful at predicting subjective outcomes. The strongest predictive D-point cut-off for anatomical and apical success at 24 months was -4.25 cm.

The Role of MRI in the Diagnosis of Pelvic Floor Disorders.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article provides an overview of MRI as a dynamic imaging modality as well as recent updates on the role of MRI in the evaluation of female pelvic floor disorders, including pelvic organ prolapse (POP), rectal prolapse, and defecatory dysfunction. RECENT FINDINGS: Pelvic floor disorders in women are common, and demand for treatment is high. Recently, multidisciplinary guidelines for dynamic MRI have been published to reflect this need. Despite criticisms that MRI is an expensive modality, cost-analysis studies are demonstrating utility for MRI in surgical decision-making trees for patients at risk for treatment failure after POP repairs. Novel measures such as anterior pelvic area and levator volumes are being used to predict and study patients with and at risk for POP. Recent standardized radiographic guidelines as reviewed in this paper will likely lead to improved reproducibility of dynamic MRI techniques across institutions, making complex pelvic floor assessment increasingly accessible to patients while creating opportunities for novel and collaborative research.

Hysteropexy: an Option for the Repair of Pelvic Organ Prolapse.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Women have an estimated 12.6% lifetime risk of undergoing surgery for pelvic organ prolapse in the USA (Wu et al. in Obstet Gynecol 123(6): 1201-6, 2014). Surgical repair of uterovaginal prolapse most commonly includes hysterectomy and vaginal vault suspension; however, the value of concomitant hysterectomy is uncertain, and there appears to be growing interest in uterine conservation. Multiple procedures have evolved using a variety of approaches. The aim of this paper is to review uterine sparing (hysteropexy) prolapse repair techniques and outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: Several randomized controlled trials (RCT) have shown comparable success rates for apical compartment support with sacrospinous hysteropexy as compared to vaginal hysterectomy with uterosacral ligament suspension, with shorter hospitalization and quicker return to work. (Detollenaere et al. in BMJ 351: h3717, 2015); (Dietz et al. in Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 21(2): 209-16, 2010). Available data suggest vaginal mesh hysteropexy is as effective as vaginal mesh with hysterectomy, with lower rates of mesh exposure. (Maher et al., 2017) To date, no RCTs have been published comparing sacral hysteropexy to hysterectomy with sacral colpopexy. Overall, there is a higher reoperation rate for sacral hysteropexy and a higher mesh exposure rate for hysterectomy with sacral colpopexy. (Maher et al., 2017) No RCTs have been published comparing hysteropexy surgical approaches. Although hysteropexy data is expanding, there is a need for more information regarding long-term surgical durability, appropriate patient selection, and whether one approach is superior to another.

Transobturator sling for post-prostatectomy incontinence: radiation's effect on efficacy/satisfaction.

INTRODUCTION: We review our experience with the AdVance sling in patients with post- prostatectomy incontinence, comparing the role that adjuvant radiation therapy plays in sling success and patient satisfaction at short and long term follow ups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Men who underwent AdVance sling placement for post-prostatectomy incontinence from 2007 to present were identified using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Manual chart review was performed. Level of incontinence was assessed using Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) and pads per day (PPD) use. Satisfaction was assessed by willingness to recommend the procedure to a friend. Outcomes in men who received radiation were compared to radiation-naïve men. RESULTS: Fifty-two men underwent AdVance sling placement. Eighteen men received adjuvant radiation. Thirty-six men were available for short term (19.4 months) and 16 men for long term (61.5 months) follow up. Overall, significant improvement was seen in post-sling EPIC score (24.6, p < 0.001), EPIC incontinence score (39.1, p < .001), and pad use (3.2 PPD to 1.4 PPD, p < .001). Greater improvement in EPIC scores and PPD use was seen in radiation-free men. Irradiated men were less satisfied with the procedure at both short and long term follow up. Diminished efficacy and satisfaction occurred at extended follow up for both groups but was more pronounced with radiation. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients undergoing the AdVance sling procedure for post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence saw a significant reduction in pad use, and were overall satisfied in both radiated and non-radiated groups at short and long term follow up. However, improvements were greater in the non-radiated groups and diminished with time.

Intraoperative Ureteral Kinking During Uterosacral Ligament Suspension: Effect of Training Level on Occurrence.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of ureteral kinking during uterosacral ligament suspension (USLS) procedures at a tertiary referral center and to describe the effect of surgical training level on this occurrence. The secondary aim is to determine the mean additional anesthesia time associated with management of this complication. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study included all USLS procedures at our tertiary referral center from June 2011 to December 2013. Cases of USLS with ureteral kinking were compared to uncomplicated cases to determine the impact of surgeon training level on this occurrence. RESULTS: A total of 161 USLS procedures were performed during the study period; 10 had ureteral kinking (6.2%). Level of surgeon training significantly impacted ureteral kinking, with higher rates of kinking occurring among surgeons in earlier training. The occurrence of ureteral kinking during USLS significantly increased the procedure. time by a mean of 86 minutes when the surgery included vaginal hysterectomy and anterior/ posterior colporrhaphy (266.5±34.6 min vs. 180.1 ±43.0 min, respectively; p=0.0078). CONCLUSION: Ureteral kinking occurred in 6.2% of USLS procedures at a tertiary referral center and is associated with a learning curve with statistically significant higher kinking rates among less experienced surgeons. Novel teaching methods should be considered to reduce the learning curve for this procedure.

Knowledge of erectile dysfunction and pelvic floor disorders among young adults: a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of pelvic floor disorders (PFD) in aging women is comparable to the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in aging men. The objective of this study was to assess young adults' familiarity with the definition, prevalence, etiology, and treatment of PFD and ED. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Women and men aged 18-40 years completed a validated survey (Prolapse and Incontinence Knowledge Quiz) to assess knowledge of urinary incontinence (UI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Both groups completed a similar questionnaire created to assess knowledge of ED. Participants were asked to estimate the prevalence of these conditions and to identify their source(s) of knowledge. RESULTS: Of 377 respondents, 65% were female and 35% were male. Respondents underestimated the prevalence of these disorders and were significantly worse at estimating the prevalence of PFD than ED. Men and women had significantly less knowledge of POP (67% +/- 32, compared to ED (83% +/- 20) and UI (82% +/- 22), p < 0.001). Men and women did not differ in their knowledge about UI and POP, but men had significantly more knowledge about ED than women (87% +/- 18 versus 81% +/- 21, p = 0.008). Higher education level and increased age were associated with better knowledge of PFD and ED. CONCLUSIONS: Despite high education levels, young adults in our study had a worse understanding of POP compared to UI or ED. Women knew more about ED than about POP, a condition that may affect them during their lifetime.

Current role of mesh in vaginal prolapse surgery.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This report summarizes the latest literature on transvaginal mesh (TVM) for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse, with a focus on indications for use and management of complications. We describe trends in TVM by reviewing the recent literature and summarizing national meeting presentations. RECENT FINDINGS: Vaginal mesh complications are most often managed surgically, and the majority of patients experiencing mesh-related pain have symptom improvement after intervention. New efforts will focus on identifying variables associated with success after intervention for mesh-related complications, to aid reconstructive pelvic surgeons in outcome prediction and patient counselling. SUMMARY: Although the use of TVM has plateaued in recent years, we are seeing an exponential rise in synthetic mesh implant removal. Reconstructive pelvic surgeons advising patients with TVM complications should report that surgical intervention is often necessary, improvement rates of pain-related symptoms after surgery are high, and up to a third may require multiple interventions.

Bilateral renal malakoplakia with acute renal failure: a case report and literature review.

Malakoplakia involving the genitourinary tract is a rare inflammatory disorder that presents a diagnostic challenge. Renal parenchymal involvement is particularly uncommon. We report a case of bilateral renal malakoplakia that presented with acute renal failure and simulated xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP). The etiology, clinical course, and management of malakoplakia are reviewed, emphasizing the distinct characteristics of the disease that lead to its accurate diagnosis.

Incidental Findings at the Time of Cystoscopy: Clinical Updates in Women's Health Care Primary and Preventive Care Review.

ABSTRACT: Cystourethroscopy can be performed by obstetrician-gynecologists for diagnostic and occasional operative indications. Intraoperative use of cystourethroscopy to confirm urinary tract (urethral, bladder, and ureteral) integrity is one of the most important indications, because these findings can greatly affect patient care. This monograph provides an overview of appropriate instrumentation and technique for cystourethroscopy in women with normal anatomy. Also, it depicts benign and malignant lesions of the urethra and bladder and shows examples of intraoperative abnormalities, such as incidental bladder or urethral penetration, and nonpatent ureters, foreign body erosion, or fistula-related complications. Clinical vignettes outline differential diagnoses and management of common cystourethroscopic findings.

Vaginal Complications after Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVES: To summarize the published literature regarding pelvic organ prolapse, dehiscence or evisceration, vaginal fistula, and dyspareunia after radical cystectomy and to describe the management approaches used to treat these conditions. METHODS: Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, and Web of Science were systematically searched from January 1, 2001 to January 25, 2021 using a combination of search terms for bladder cancer and radical cystectomy with terms for four categories of vaginal complications (prolapse, fistula, evisceration/dehiscence, and dyspareunia). A total of 229 publications were identified, the final review included 28 publications. RESULTS: Neobladder vaginal fistula was evaluated in 17 publications, with an incidence rate of 3 - 6% at higher volume centers, often along the anterior vaginal wall at the location of the neobladder-urethral anastomosis. Sexual function was evaluated in 10 studies, 7 of which utilized validated instruments. Maintaining the anterior vaginal wall and the distal urethra appeared to be associated with improved sexual function. Pelvic organ prolapse was assessed in 5 studies, only 1 used a validated questionnaire and none included a validated objective measure of pelvic organ support. CONCLUSION: There is a need for more prospective studies, using standardized instruments and subjective outcome measures to better define the incidence of vaginal complications after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer, and to understand their impact on quality of life measures.

Characteristics of Genitourinary Fistula in Kigali, Rwanda; 5-Year Trends.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the characteristics of women presenting with genitourinary fistula over a 5-year period in Kigali, Rwanda. Genitourinary (GU) fistula is a devastating condition that can result from difficult vaginal deliveries or as a surgical complication. Rwanda has seen notable increases in cesarean section rates as a result of a successful universal health care system. It is unclear how the increase in cesarean section rates may influence the types of fistula diagnosed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted of women presenting for evaluation to the International Organization for Women and Development in Kigali, Rwanda, between February 1, 2013 and October 31, 2017. Data were collected from medical records, including demographics, surgical history, physical exam findings, and surgical intervention. RESULTS: Two thousand ninety-one women presented for evaluation during the study period, of these 630 (30%) were diagnosed with GU fistula. Of the fistula diagnosed, 392 (62%) were vesicovaginal fistula, 185 (29%) were vesicouterine or vesicocervical, and 56 (9%) were ureterovaginal fistula. The percent of GU fistula that involved the ureter, uterus, and/or cervix significantly increased over the time period: 29.6% in 2013, 34.6% in 2014; 43.0% in 2015, 42.9% in 2016, and 45.3% in 2017. CONCLUSION: There was a significant increase in the proportion of vesicouterine, vesicocervical, and ureterovaginal fistula presenting in Rwanda over the 5-year period, with the majority occurring after cesarean section.

A Cost Analysis of Icon Reusable Underwear Versus Disposable Pads for Mild to Moderate Urinary Incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to perform a cost analysis assessing the economic feasibility of reusable underwear as alternative for disposable pads for women with mild to moderate urinary incontinence. METHODS: A consumer-perspective cost analysis was performed with the following assumptions: (1) consumers have mild to moderate urinary incontinence and use 2 pads per day (PPD); (2) consumers have a 2-week supply of underwear; (3) there is no difference in laundering cost between 2 incontinence options; (4) there is no difference in use of labor/other accessories of care; (5) there is no difference in skin complaints/associated cost; (6) cost of products are nonfluctuant with time; and (7) all incontinence products were purchased online. Sensitivity analyses were performed varying the longevity of underwear, price of regular underwear, price of pads, pads used per day, and shipping and handling. RESULTS: The total cost of disposable pads with regular underwear was US $392.40, whereas the cost of Icon underwear was US $380.80 over the course of 2 years. Icon costs less than using regular underwear with disposable pads as long as the cost of the regular underwear is at least US $2.17. Icon is economically inferior if the cost per pad is US $0.15 when using 3 PPD or if the cost per pad is US $0.24 when using less than 2 PPD. CONCLUSIONS: Reusable incontinence underwear can be an economically feasible alternative to disposable pads for light to moderate urinary incontinence after 2 years of use assuming underwear has a 2-year longevity and the consumer is using 2 PPD with regular underwear.

Topical estrogen prescribing patterns for urogenital atrophy among women with breast cancer: results of a national provider survey.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and practice patterns of physicians prescribing topical estrogen for women with urogenital atrophy and a history of breast cancer. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of breast surgeons, urogynecologists, and gynecologists was distributed via their professional societies: the American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBrS), the American Urogynecologic Society (AUGS), and the Society of Gynecologic Surgeons (SGS). Providers reported level of comfort prescribing vaginal estrogen for urogenital symptoms for women with different categories of breast cancer and current treatment: estrogen receptor (ER) negative, ER positive no longer on endocrine therapy, and ER positive currently on adjuvant endocrine therapy. General knowledge questions assessed agreement on a 5-point Likert scale to statements about vaginal estrogen safety and pharmacology. RESULTS: A total of 820 physicians completed the survey: 437 responses from the ASBrS (response rate, 26.7%), 196 from AUGS (15%), and 187 from SGS (44.5%). The majority of physicians (84%), regardless of specialty, felt comfortable prescribing vaginal estrogen to women with a history of ER-negative cancer: 65.7% felt comfortable prescribing for women with ER-positive breast cancer no longer on endocrine therapy; 51.3% for women on an aromatase inhibitor; and 31.4% for women on tamoxifen. Urogynecologists were significantly more comfortable than breast surgeons prescribing vaginal estrogen for the lowest risk patients, whereas breast surgeons had the highest level of comfort for women currently on endocrine therapy. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights heterogeneity in practice patterns both within and across specialties. The clinical variation seen in this study suggests providers may benefit from increased knowledge regarding vaginal estrogen.

Development of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery Fellowship Programs following the Deadline for Senior Accreditation.

INTRODUCTION: Female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery recently became a board-certified subspecialty. Certification, available to urologists and gynecologists, requires completion of an accredited fellowship for residents graduating after 2010. We describe shifts in available training programs and applicants since this time. METHODS: The National Resident Matching Program database was queried for "pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery" from 2010 to 2016. Residency match data from the National Resident Matching Program and the American Urological Association matches during the same period were examined as a proxy for potential applicants. Linear regression was used to predict changes in number of programs and applicants through time. RESULTS: Since 2010, there have been consistently more applicants than positions. The increase in obstetrics and gynecology programs has been greater than that in urology and combined programs. Despite this fact, there are far more obstetrics/gynecology than urology residency graduates each year, resulting in approximately 3 times the number of obstetrics/gynecology graduates per available fellowship position. Since 2010, only 1 obstetrics/gynecology position has gone unfilled, compared to 3 urology positions. CONCLUSIONS: While the female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery fellowship accreditation is designed for graduates of urology and gynecology, there are more programs designated as obstetrics/gynecology than as urology or combined, and obstetrics/gynecology programs are less likely to go unfilled. If urologists are to continue their role as an important part of the female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery workforce, we must encourage residents to pursue this career choice.

Topical Estrogen Prescription Fill Rates for Women With a History of Breast Cancer Who Are Taking Hormone Therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how often women with a history of breast cancer who are taking hormone therapy (HT) filled prescriptions for topical estrogens and whether this frequency varied over time and by type of HT used. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study using medical and outpatient drug claims from a large commercial claims database for the years 2010-2015. Women younger than age 65 years taking HT for breast cancer were classified as users of 1) tamoxifen only, 2) aromatase inhibitor(s) only, or 3) any other or multiple HTs. Our outcome variable was filling a prescription for topical estrogen in a given year. We used multivariable logistic regression models estimated with generalized estimating equations to determine whether the fill rate varied over time and by HT category adjusting for age, receipt of surgical or radiation treatment, types of outpatient health care provider visits, and comorbidities. RESULTS: We identified 352,118 records from 176,012 unique patients (mean age 54.3 years, range 18-64 years) who met eligibility criteria. Aromatase inhibitors were used more commonly (56.0% of patient-years) than tamoxifen (38.8%). Overall, 3.0% (range 2.9-3.1%) of women filled any topical estrogen prescription in a given calendar year. More than half of filled topical estrogen prescriptions were for tablets (57.0%) with the remainder for creams (25.8%) and rings (17.3%). In adjusted analyses, the fill rate for women taking tamoxifen was significantly less (2.4%; 95% CI 2.3-2.5%) than for women taking aromatase inhibitors (3.3%; 95% CI 3.2-3.4%). There was a small but statistically significant increase in fill rates across years (odds ratio 1.03, 95% CI 1.02-1.04). CONCLUSION: A small proportion of women with a history of breast cancer who were taking HT filled a topical estrogen prescription, with significant differences by type of HT. More evidence is needed to inform national guidelines regarding safety and appropriate use of topical estrogens in this patient population.

Randomized Cross-over Comparison of Icon™ Reusable Underwear to Disposable Pads for the Management of Mild to Moderate Urinary Incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare disposable pads to Icon™ reusable underwear for the management of urinary incontinence on dimensions of quality of life and product performance. METHODS: This randomized cross-over trial included women with mild to moderate urinary incontinence as defined by baseline responses to the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form. Excluded were patients who had fecal incontinence or an active urinary tract infection. Participants were randomized to 2 days of Icon™ underwear or disposable pads use and then completed another 2 days using the alternate product. Outcome measures were responses to Incontinence Quality of Life Instrument (I-QOL) and Product Performance Questionnaire for each product. RESULTS: Of the 70 women who were randomized, 52 completed the study. There was no significant difference between Icon™ underwear and disposable pads with regards to I-QOL total scores (66.2 ± 23.4 vs 65.5 ± 24.5, P = 0.71) or I-QOL subscores: avoidance and limiting behaviors (62.1 ± 24.4 vs 62.4 ± 25.0, P = 0.88), psychosocial impacts (74.4 ± 25.0 vs 73.4 ± 25.6, P = 0.51), and social embarrassment (57.8 ± 27.8 vs 56.1 ± 29.5, P = 0.43). Icon™ underwear scored significantly better than disposable pads on the Product Performance Questionnaire, with regards to overall impression (P = 0.0002), fit (P < 0.0001), discreteness (P < 0.0001), comfort when dry (P < 0.0001), comfort when wet (P = 0.0008), ability to keep skin dry (P = 0.0034), and kindness to skin (P < 0.0001). There was no difference between products in ability to hold urine without leaking (P = 0.40) or prevent odor when worn (P = 0.41). CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in quality of life measures between Icon™ underwear and disposable pad users; however, Icon™ underwear was preferred on product performance.