Effects of epinephrine exposure on contractile performance of compact and spongy myocardium from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during hypoxia.

Hypoxia results in elevated circulating epinephrine for many fish species, and this is likely important for maintaining cardiac function. The aims of this study were to assess how hypoxia impacts contractile responses of ventricular compact and spongy myocardium from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and to assess how and if epinephrine may protect myocardial performance from a depressive effect of hypoxia. Work output and maximum contraction rate of isolated preparations of spongy and compact ventricular myocardium from rainbow trout were measured. Tissues were exposed to the blood PO2 that they experience in vivo during environmental normoxia and hypoxia and also to low (5 nM) and high (500 nM) levels of epinephrine in 100% air saturation (PO2 20.2 kPa) and during hypoxia (PO2 2 kPa, 10% air saturation). It was hypothesized that hypoxia would result in a decrease in work output and maximum contraction rate in both tissue types, but that epinephrine exposure would mitigate the effect. Hypoxia resulted in a decline in net work output of both tissue types, but a decline in maximum contraction rate of only compact myocardium. Epinephrine restored the maximum contraction rate of compact myocardium in hypoxia, appeared to slightly enhance work output of only compact myocardium in air saturation but surprisingly not during hypoxia, and restored net work of hypoxic spongy myocardium toward normoxic levels. These results indicate hypoxia has a similar depressive effect on both layers of ventricular myocardium, but that high epinephrine may be important for maintaining inotropy in spongy myocardium and chronotropy in compact myocardium during hypoxia.

Effects of hypoxic acclimation on contractile properties of the spongy and compact ventricular myocardium of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

The trout ventricle has an outer compact layer supplied with well-oxygenated arterial blood from the coronary circulation, and an inner spongy myocardium supplied with oxygen poor venous blood. It was hypothesized that: (1) the spongy myocardium of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), given its routine exposure to low partial pressures of oxygen (PO2), would be better able to maintain contractile performance (work) when exposed to acute hypoxia (100 to 10% air saturation) relative to the compact myocardium, and would show little benefit from hypoxic acclimation; and (2) the compact myocardium from hypoxia-acclimated (40% air saturation) fish would be better able to maintain work during acute exposure to hypoxia relative to normoxia-acclimated individuals. Consistent with our expectations, when PO2 was acutely lowered, net work from the compact myocardium of normoxia-acclimated fish declined more (by ~ 73%) than the spongy myocardium (~ 50%), and more than the compact myocardium of hypoxia-acclimated fish (~ 55%), and hypoxic acclimation did not benefit the spongy myocardium in the face of reduced PO2. Further, while hypoxic acclimation resulted in a 25% (but not significant) decrease in net work of the spongy myocardium, the performance of the compact myocardium almost doubled. This research suggests that, in contrast to the spongy myocardium, performance of the compact myocardium is improved by hypoxic acclimation; and supports previous research suggesting that the decreased contractile performance of the myocardium upon exposure to lowered PO2 may be adaptive and mediated by mechanisms within the muscle itself.

Rapid and non-destructive determination of lean fat and bone content in beef using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was evaluated for its accuracy in predicting total lean, fat and bone in beef carcass sides and primal cuts. Left carcass sides (n = 316) were broken down into primal cuts, scanned using DXA and then dissected to fat, lean and bone. The DXA estimates for bone, lean and fat from the primals (n = 237) were used to calibrate partial least squares regression (PLSR) models for predicting tissue weights. Models were validated using 79 additional carcass sides, which were broken into primals, scanned using DXA, and subsequently dissected to fat, lean and bone. Models were highly accurate for predicting tissue weights for the entire carcass side (lean R2 = 0.991, fat R2 = 0.985 and bone R2 = 0.941) and within most primal cuts. Results suggest DXA technology can be utilized to accurately predict carcass tissue composition for whole carcass sides and within most primals.

Effects of Using Tricaine Methanesulfonate and Metomidate before Euthanasia on the Contractile Properties of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Myocardium.

Because many anesthetics work through depressing cell excitability, unanesthetized euthanasia has become common for research involving excitable tissues (for example muscle and nerve) to avoid these depressive effects. However, anesthetic use during euthanasia may be indicated for studies involving isolated tissues if the potential depressive effects of brief anesthetic exposure dissipate after subsequent tissue isolation, washout, and saline perfusion. We explore this here by measuring whether, when applied prior to euthanasia, standard immersion doses of 2 fish anesthetics, tricaine methanesulfonate (TMS; 100 mg/L, n = 6) and methyl 1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate (metomidate, 10 mg/L, n = 6), have residual effects on the contractile properties (force and work output) of isolated and saline-perfused ventricular compact myocardium from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Results suggest that direct exposure of muscle to immersion doses of TMS-but not metomidate-impairs muscle contractile performance. However, brief exposure (2 to 3 min) to either anesthetic during euthanasia only-providing that the agent is washed out prior to tissue experimentation-does not have an effect on the contractile properties of the myocardium. Therefore, the use of TMS, metomidate, and perhaps other anesthetics that depress cell excitability during euthanasia may be indicated when conducting research on isolated and rinsed tissues.