Long-term oncological results of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: The effectiveness of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCA) remains insufficiently studied. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study including patients with histologically proven iCCA within Milan criteria treated by percutaneous RFA from 2000 to 2022. The primary outcome was overall survival in treatment-naive patients and secondary outcomes included ablation completeness, adverse events, local and distant recurrence. A total of 494 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on cirrhosis treated by RFA were included as a comparison group. Oncological events were analysed using Kaplan-Meier, log-rank and univariate/multivariate Cox models. RESULTS: The main population included 71 patients, mostly cirrhotic (80%) with solitary tumours (66%) of a median size of 24 mm. Local recurrence was 45% at 5 years, lower in multibipolar versus monopolar RFA (22% vs. 55%, p = .007). In treatment-naive patients (n = 45), median overall and recurrence-free survivals were 26 and 11 months, respectively. Tumour size (p = .01) and Child-Pugh B (p = .001) were associated with death. The rate of distant recurrence was 59% at 5 years significantly lower for single tumours of less than 2 (p = .002) or 3 cm (p = .02). In cirrhotic patients naïve of previous treatment (n = 40), overall survival was shorter than in HCC (26 vs 68 months, p < .0001), with more local recurrences (p < .0001). Among distant recurrences, 50% were extrahepatic metastases compared to 12% in HCC (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Multibipolar RFA provides better results in terms of tumour recurrence than monopolar RFA and could be used to treat small iCCA (<3 cm). Adjuvant chemotherapy should be discussed due to the frequent extra-hepatic metastasis at recurrence.

Feasibility of Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation for Abdominal Wall Endometriosis: A Prospective Pilot Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (PRFA) of anterior abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE) lesions and to describe its efficacy on clinical symptoms and on the volume of the lesion. DESIGN: Interventional, prospective, non-comparative, phase 1 clinical trial. SETTING: Patients consulting at the multidisciplinary endometriosis expert center at Croix Rousse University Hospital (Hospices Civils de Lyon). PATIENTS: Ten patients with 1 to 3 AWE lesions treated by PRFA with 6 months follow-up. INTERVENTIONS: PRFA of AWE lesions were performed under ultrasound guidance. Initial power ranged from 3 to 10 W, with progressive increases in power. The thermal effect in the ablation zone was monitored in real time (appearance of hyperechoic signals). A contrast-enhanced ultrasound check was also carried out. We used multiShot technique until the entire nodule was covered by the hyperechogenic cloud. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Ten patients (12 nodules) were positively treated from 25/06/2020 to 27/07/2022, 8 under local anesthesia and 2 under general anesthesia, which represented 100% feasibility. Nine patients had previous caesarean section. At 6 months the nodule pain at palpation disappeared for 9 patients (90%), mean cyclic pain VAS significantly decreased from 5.7 points (0.9 SD 0.9 VS 6.6 SD 3.2 p=.03) and non-cyclic pain from 3.8 points (0.8 SD 1.3 vs 4.6 SD 3.3 p=.02). Patients reported a significant improvement of their quality of life at 6 months (SF36 total score increase by 218 points p<.01). We observed a significant reduction of 78% in the volume of the nodule at 6 months on MRI (1.2cm3 SD 1.3 vs 5.4cm3 SD 8.2 p<.01); 11/12 treated nodules were non-vascularized/enhanced on post-procedure MRI. All Patients were treated on an outpatient basis. We report one severe adverse event (incisional hernia). CONCLUSION: PRFA is feasible and may be a clinically effective treatment for AWE. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04333017 Clinical trial registry number: NCT04333017.

Surgical resection versus transarterial chemoembolization followed by moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the gold standard treatment in intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but long-term disease control rates remain low. Herein, we compared results of TACE followed by hypofractionated radiotherapy (TACE-hRT) to surgical resection (SR) in early single or paucinodular intrahepatic HCC. METHODS: Between June 2004 and November 2016, data on 160 consecutive patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage A Child-Pugh A HCC treated with SR or TACE-hRT in our expert center were retrospectively reviewed. Time to progression (TTP), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Clinical outcomes were compared using the stabilized-weights inverse probability of treatment weighting propensity score. RESULTS: Ninety-eight patients underwent SR and 62 were treated by TACE-hRT. Median total dose of RT was 54 Gy (interquartile range [IQR] 54-54) in 3­Gy fractions. Median OS follow-up was 93 months. TTP did not significantly differ between patients following SR and TACE-hRT, with 1­year rates of 68.2% and 82.6% (p = 0.17), respectively. In contrast, PFS and OS were lower in the TACE-hRT group (p = 0.015 and p = 0.006), with a median OS of 37 vs. 63 months for patients with surgery and TACE-hRT, respectively. In multivariate analysis, a significant negative impact on PFS and OS was seen for age at diagnosis, on TTP for alcohol-related liver disease, and on OS for total number of HCC nodules. Symptomatic grade ≥ 3 adverse events were presented by 42 (42.9%) SR and 19 (30.6%) TACE-hRT patients (p = 0.17). CONCLUSION: In patients presenting Child-Pugh A BCLC­A HCC with high risk for surgical complications, TACE-hRT can be an effective and safe treatment. However, surgical management remains the standard of care whenever possible.

Optimizing graft-recipient size matching in adolescent liver transplantation: Don't forget ex situ right posterior sectionectomy.

BACKGROUND: Graft-recipient size matching is a major challenge in pediatric liver transplantation, especially for adolescent recipients. Indeed, adolescents have the lowest transplantation rate among pediatric recipients, despite prioritization policies and the use of split grafts. In case of an important graft-recipient size mismatch, ex situ graft reduction with right posterior sectionectomy (RPS) may optimize the available donor pool to benefit adolescent recipients. METHODS: We present three cases of liver graft reduction with ex situ RPS for adolescent recipients. The surgical strategy was guided by GRWR (graft/recipient weight ratio), GW/RAP (right anteroposterior distance ratio), and CT-scan volumetric and anthropometric evaluation. RESULTS: Recipients were 12, 13, and 14-year-old and weighed 32, 47, and 35 kg, respectively. All liver grafts were procured from brain-dead donors with a donor/recipient weight ratio >1.5. RPS was performed ex situ, removing 20% of the total liver volume leading to a decrease of the GRWR <4% and the GW/RAP <100 g/cm in each case. All three reduced grafts were successfully transplanted with a static cold storage time ranging from 390 to 510 min without the need for delayed abdominal closure. We did not observe any primary non-function, vascular complication, or delayed graft function with a median follow-up of 6 months. One biliary anastomotic stenosis occurred which required surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: Ex situ liver graft reduction with RPS allowed for successful transplantation in case of anthropometric graft-recipient size mismatch in adolescent liver transplant candidates. Although the use of split grafts remains the gold standard, RPS should be acknowledged as a way to optimize the donor pool, especially for adolescent recipients.

Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma developed on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Long-term outcomes after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been poorly studied. We aim to determine the outcomes after multibipolar RFA in these patients compared to other aetiologies as well as the prognostic impact of metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS: Patients who underwent multibipolar RFA as the first treatment for HCC within Milan criteria (2008-2018) were enrolled in this multicentre retrospective cohort from four tertiary centres in France. The association of MS and NAFLD with adverse events and outcomes after percutaneous RFA were assessed using Kaplan Meier method, log-rank test and uni/multivariate analysis with the Cox models. RESULTS: Among 520 patients, 390 patients (75%) had at least one component of MS including obesity (30%) and 95% had cirrhosis. Sixty-two patients (12.6%) had NAFLD-HCC, 225 (45.5%) had alcohol-related-HCC, 36 (7.3%) had HBV-HCC and 171 (34.6%) had HCV-HCC. Patients with NAFLD-HCC were significantly older (median age 72.6 years, P < .001), more obese (median BMI 30.3 kg/m2 , P < .001) and had more components of MS. Patients with NAFLD-HCC achieved a median overall survival (OS) of 79 months (1-year, 3-year and 5-year OS of 90%, 71% and 59%). There were no differences in morbidity, tumour recurrence and OS among patients with NAFLD-HCC vs other aetiologies as well as no prognostic impact of metabolic components. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous multibipolar RFA is an efficient treatment in HCC patients with NAFLD or metabolic syndrome and achieved similar long-term oncological outcomes compared to other aetiologies.

Strategies for liver transplantation during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: Preliminary experience from a single center in France.

Liver transplantation (LT) during the ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is challenging given the urgent need to reallocate resources to other areas of patient care. Available guidelines recommend reorganizing transplant care, but data on clinical experience in the context of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic are scarce. Thus, we report strategies and preliminary results in LT during the peak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from a single center in France. Our strategy to reorganize the transplant program included 4 main steps: optimization of available resources, especially intensive care unit capacity; multidisciplinary risk stratification of LT candidates on the waiting list; implementation of a systematic SARS-CoV-2 screening strategy prior to transplantation; and definition of optimal recipient-donor matching. After implementation of these 4 steps, we performed 10 successful LTs during the peak of the pandemic with a short median intensive care unit stay (2.5 days), benchmark posttransplant morbidity, and no occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection during follow-up. From this preliminary experience we conclude that efforts in resource planning, optimal recipient selection, and organ allocation strategy are key to maintain a safe LT activity. Transplant centers should be ready to readapt their practices as the pandemic evolves.

Study protocol of the HYPER-LIV01 trial: a multicenter phase II, prospective and randomized study comparing simultaneous portal and hepatic vein embolization to portal vein embolization for hypertrophy of the future liver remnant before major hepatectomy for colo-rectal liver metastases.

BACKGROUND: In patients undergoing major liver resection, portal vein embolization (PVE) has been widely used to induce hypertrophy of the non-embolized liver in order to prevent post-hepatectomy liver failure. PVE is a safe and effective procedure, but does not always lead to sufficient hypertrophy of the future liver remnant (FLR). Hepatic vein(s) embolization has been proposed to improve FLR regeneration when insufficient after PVE. The sequential right hepatic vein embolization (HVE) after right PVE demonstrated an incremental effect on the FLR but it implies two different procedures with no time gain as compared to PVE alone. We have developed the so-called liver venous deprivation (LVD), a combination of PVE and HVE during the same intervention, to optimize the phase of liver preparation before surgery. The main objective of this randomized phase II trial is to compare the percentage of change in FLR volume at 3 weeks after LVD or PVE. METHODS: Patients eligible to this multicenter prospective randomized phase II study are subjects aged from 18 years old suffering from colo-rectal liver metastases considered as resectable and with non-cirrhotic liver parenchyma. The primary objective is the percentage of change in FLR volume at 3 weeks after LVD or PVE using MRI or CT-Scan. Secondary objectives are assessment of tolerance, post-operative morbidity and mortality, post-hepatectomy liver failure, rate of non-respectability due to insufficient FLR or tumor progression, per-operative difficulties, blood loss, R0 resection rate, post-operative liver volume and overall survival. Objectives of translational research studies are evaluation of pre- and post-operative liver function and determination of biomarkers predictive of liver hypertrophy. Sixty-four patients will be included (randomization ratio 1:1) to detect a difference of 12% at 21 days in FLR volumes between PVE and LVD. DISCUSSION: Adding HVE to PVE during the same procedure is an innovative and promising approach that may lead to a rapid and major increase in volume and function of the FLR, thereby increasing the rate of resectable patients and limiting the risk of patient's drop-out. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov on 15th February 2019 (NCT03841305).

Idarubicin-loaded Beads for Chemoembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The IDASPHERE II Single-Arm Phase II Trial.

Background A prior in vitro study showed that idarubicin was the most cytotoxic agent for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. Idarubicin-loaded beads for transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) were previously evaluated for the appropriate dose in a phase I dose-escalation study. Purpose To evaluate objective response rate (ORR), safety, and survival after TACE by using idarubicin-loaded beads for unresectable HCC. Materials and Methods This prospective single-arm phase II study was conducted between January 2015 and January 2017. Participants with unresectable HCC were included in the trial and underwent TACE with idarubicin-eluting beads. The primary end point was 6-month ORR assessed with independent central review by using modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Secondary end points were best ORR during the first 6 months, overall survival, progression-free survival, time to progression, and safety. A two-stage Fleming statistical design was used. Results Forty-six study participants (mean age, 71.2 years ± 10.2; six women and 40 men) were included; 44 participants underwent at least one TACE session. The 6-month ORR was 52% (23 of 44). The best ORR achieved was 68% (30 of 44). Fourteen of 44 (32%) participants underwent a curative treatment after TACE. Median progression-free survival, time to progression, and overall survival were 6.6 months, 9.5 months, and 18.6 months, respectively. TACE was discontinued for toxicity in four of 44 (9%) participants. The most frequent grade 3-4 adverse events were elevated aspartate aminotransferase (14 of 44, 32%), elevated γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (eight of 44, 18%), hyperbilirubinemia (seven of 44, 16%), elevated alanine aminotransferase (seven of 44, 16%), and pain (seven of 44, 16%). Conclusion Idarubicin-eluting beads showed a good safety profile and promising objective response rate and time to progression when used as part of a transarterial chemoembolization regimen for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. © RSNA, 2019 See also the editorial by Padia in this issue.

Primary angioplasty or stenting for hepatic artery stenosis treatment after liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular treatment (EVT) by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) or stent is the first-line treatment for hepatic artery stenosis (HAS) after liver transplantation, but there are no guidelines to help choose between PTA and stent. METHODS: Retrospective review of HAS EVT after liver transplantation, between 1999 and 2017. HAS was treated by PTA or stent. We report EVT primary effectiveness, arterial patency after 1 year of follow-up, complications, HAS recurrence rate; comparing PTA to stent. RESULTS: Fifty-two HAS were diagnosed in 42 patients. We performed 51 EVT; 34 PTA (66.7%) and 16 stents (31.4%). Global primary EVT effectiveness was 86.3%: 82.3% after PTA and 100% after stent (P = 1.00 after propensity score matching). Recurrent HAS was found in 22.0% of cases: 29.4% after PTA and 6.2% after stenting, (P = .053 after propensity score matching). Patency rate without recurrent HAS or HAT at 12 months was 73.5% with PTA and 93.8% with stent (P = .09), and globally this was 92.8%. There were 7.8% complications: 2.9% after PTA, 12.5% after stenting (P = .23). CONCLUSION: Primary effectiveness was the same for PTA and stenting. There was a strong trend toward more HAS recurrence after PTA than after stenting suggesting that HAS should benefit from primary stenting.

Neoadjuvant conformal radiotherapy before liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score matched analysis of postoperative morbidity and oncological results.

Aim: To assess neoadjuvant conformal radiotherapy (CRT) before orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) not suitable for standard locoregional treatments. Methods: Patients undergoing OLT for HCC with or without prior CRT were compared using 1:3 propensity score matching. Results: After propensity score matching, 23 patients with CRT were compared with 66 control subjects. Severe morbidity rate was 34.8 versus 24.2% in the CRT and non-CRT groups (p = 0.289). Complete pathological response was observed in 47.8% of CRT-targeted nodules. The 1-/3-/5-year disease-free survivals were 77.3, 77.3 and 68.7% in the CRT group versus 85.4, 68.0 and 61.7% in the non-CRT group (p = 0.829). Conclusion: Conformal radiotherapy represents a satisfactory neoadjuvant therapy for OLT candidates not suitable for standard HCC locoregional therapies.

No-touch multibipolar radiofrequency ablation vs. surgical resection for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma ranging from 2 to 5 cm.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: No-touch multibipolar radiofrequency ablation (NTM-RFA) represents a novel therapy that surpasses standard RFA for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but it has not been compared to surgical resection (SR). We aimed to compare the outcomes of NTM-RFA and SR for intermediate-sized HCC. METHODS: Between 2012 and 2016, 141 patients with solitary HCC ranging from 2 to 5 cm were treated by NTM-RFA or SR at a single-center. The outcomes of 128 patients were compared after using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients had NTM-RFA and 62 had SR. After IPTW, the two groups were well-balanced for most baseline characteristics including tumor size, location, etiology, severity of underlying liver disease and alpha-fetoprotein level. Morbidity was higher (67.9% vs. 50.0%, p = 0.042) and hospital stay was longer (12 [IQR 8-13] vs. 7 [IQR 5-9] days, p <0.001) after SR. Local recurrence rates at one and three years were 5.5% and 10.0% after NTM-RFA and 1.9% and 1.9% after SR, respectively (p = 0.065). The rates of systematized recurrence (within the treated segment or in an adjacent segment within a 2 cm distance from treatment site) were higher after NTM-RFA (7.4% vs. 1.9% at one year, 27.8% vs. 3.3% at three years, p = 0.008). Most patients with recurrence were eligible for rescue treatment, resulting in similar overall survival (86.7% after NTM-RFA, 91.4% after SR at three years, p = 0.954) and disease-free survival (40.8% after NTM-RFA, 56.4% after SR at three years, p = 0.119). CONCLUSION: Compared to SR, NTM-RFA for solitary intermediate-sized HCC was associated with less morbidity and more systematized recurrence, while the rate of local recurrence was not significantly different. Most patients with intrahepatic recurrence remained eligible for rescue therapies, resulting in equivalent long-term oncological results after both treatments. LAY SUMMARY: Outcomes of patients treated for intermediate-sized hepatocellular carcinoma by surgical resection or no-touch multibipolar radiofrequency ablation were compared. No-touch multibipolar radiofrequency ablation was associated with a lower overall morbidity and a higher rate of systematized recurrence within the treated segment or in an adjacent segment within a 2 cm distance from the initial tumor site. Most patients with intrahepatic recurrence remained eligible for rescue curative therapy, enabling them to achieve similar long-term oncological results after both treatments.

Evaluation of postoperative ascites after somatostatin infusion following hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma by laparotomy: a multicenter randomized double-blind controlled trial (SOMAPROTECT).

BACKGROUND: The majority of patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) suffer from underlying liver disease and are exposed to the risk of postoperative ascites, which is favored by an imbalance between portal venous inflow and a diminished hepatic volume. Finding a reversible, non-invasive method for modulating the portal inflow would be of interest as it could be used temporarily during the early postoperative course. Somatostatin, a well-known drug already used in several indications, may limit the risk of postoperative ascites and liver failure by decreasing portal pressure after hepatectomy for HCC in patients with underlying liver disease. We aimed to evaluate the impact of somatostatin postoperative infusion on the incidence of ascites following hepatectomy by laparotomy for HCC in patients with underlying liver disease. METHODS/DESIGN: The SOMAPROTECT study is a multicenter randomized double-blind placebo controlled phase III trial comparing two arms of patients with underlying liver disease undergoing hepatectomy for HCC by open approach. All patients will have primary abdominal drainage before closure. Patients in the experimental arm will receive a postoperative intravenous infusion of somatostatin during 6 days. Patients in the control group will receive a placebo infusion for the same duration. The primary endpoint will be the presence or absence of postoperative ascites occurring during the 90-day postoperative course, defined as ≥500 ml/24 h of fluid in the drains during at least 3 days or any ascites requiring an invasive procedure comprising percutaneous puncture or drainage. Secondary endpoints will be duration and total volume of ascites, postoperative 90-day mortality and morbidity, liver failure, acute renal failure, length of stay in intensive care unit and hospital stay. The total number of patients to be enrolled was calculated to be 152. DISCUSSION: Postoperative ascites remains a major issue after hepatectomy for HCC as it is associated with increased morbidity, liver and renal failure, the need for specific treatments and prolonged hospital stay. This study represents the first randomized controlled trial to assess the benefits of somatostatin on the risk of postoperative ascites after surgery for HCC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02799212 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier). Registered prior to conducting the research on 9 June 2016.

Routine MRI With DWI Sequences to Detect Liver Metastases in Patients With Potentially Resectable Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma and Normal Liver CT: A Prospective Multicenter Study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of systematic MRI with DWI for the detection of liver metastases (LM) in patients with potentially resectable pancreatic ductal carcinoma and normal liver findings at CT. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients with potentially resectable pancreatic ductal carcinoma and a normal liver at CT were enrolled in a prospective multicenter study between March 2011 and July 2013 and underwent preoperative MRI. The reference standard was pathologic analysis of detected hepatic lesions. RESULTS: A total of 118 patients were enrolled. MRI depicted liver lesions that were not visible at CT in 16 patients. All lesions were visualized both with and without DWI. Lesions were LM in 12 (10.2%) patients and were confirmed in seven patients by preoperative biopsy, four by intraoperative frozen section, and one at 6-month follow-up evaluation after pancreatic resection. All but one liver metastatic lesion diagnosed with MRI were smaller than 10 mm. Four of 118 (3.4%) patients had a false-positive diagnosis of LM at MRI and remained LM free after a follow-up period of 24 months or longer. Three of 102 (2.9%) patients with normal MRI findings had subcapsular LM that were diagnosed intraoperatively. At follow-up, 99 of 118 (83.9%) patients were LM free after a mean of 24 months. The patient-based sensitivity of MRI for the detection of LM was 80.0% (95% CI, 51.9-95.7%); specificity, 96.1% (95% CI, 90.4-98.9%); positive predictive value, 75.0% (95% CI, 47.6-92.7%); and negative predictive value, 97.1% (95% CI, 91.6-99.4%). CONCLUSION: Compared with CT, preoperative MRI improves the detection of LM in patients with potentially resectable pancreatic ductal carcinoma and may change management and the rate of unnecessary laparotomy and pancreatectomy for 10% of patients.

Focal Nodular Hyperplasia After Treatment With Oxaliplatin: A Multiinstitutional Series of Cases Diagnosed at MRI.

OBJECTIVE: Benign hepatic lesions may occur after chemotherapy treatment and may mimic metastases at imaging. We describe focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) lesions diagnosed at MRI that occurred de novo after treatment with oxaliplatin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a multiinstitutional case series. We report 14 adult patients with cancer (eight men and six women) with a history of treatment with oxaliplatin and development of new hepatic lesions diagnosed as FNH at pathologic analysis or MRI or both. Imaging and pathology features of the included lesions, the interval since chemotherapy, and the temporal evolution were reviewed. RESULTS: The mean interval between the completion of oxaliplatin treatment and the identification of new hepatic FNH at imaging was 47.6 months. In seven of 14 (50%) patients, the index lesion was diagnosed at pathologic analysis (biopsy or resection) as FNH. In the remaining seven cases, the diagnosis was based on highly accurate MRI features (e.g., hyper- or isointensity of the lesion on hepatobiliary phase images). Lesion growth or occurrence of new lesions was present in 75% of patients at imaging follow-up. CONCLUSION: FNH lesions can occur de novo after treatment with oxaliplatin. Recognizing the typical MRI appearance of these lesions may avoid unnecessary biopsy or surgery and reduce patients' anxiety.

A systematic review of the anatomical findings of multiple gallbladders.

BACKGROUND: Multiple gallbladders (MG) are a rare malformation, with no clear data on its clinical impact, therapeutic indications or risk for malignancy. METHODS: A systematic review of all published literature between 1990 and 2017 was performed using the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: Data of 181 patients extracted from 153 studies were reviewed. MG were diagnosed during the treatment of a gallstone-related disease in 83% of patients, of which 13% had previous cholecystectomy and had a recurrence of biliary stone disease. The sensitivity of ultrasound scan was 66%, and that of magnetic resonance imaging cholangio-pancreatography, 97%. The cystic duct was common to both gallbladders (type1) in 43% and separated (type 2) in 50% of patients. In the latter case, there was no way to differentiate preoperatively an accessory gallbladder from a Todani II bile duct cyst. Cholecystectomy was performed in 129 patients by laparotomy (43%) or laparoscopy (56%). MG was undiagnosed before surgery in 24% of the patients. The postoperative biliary leakage rate was 0.7%. In two patients, gallbladder cancers were detected. CONCLUSION: MG are difficult to diagnose and share a common natural history with single gallbladders, without evidence of increased risk for malignancy. Excision of both gallbladders is indicated in symptomatic stone disease. However, prophylactic cholecystectomy must be considered for type 2 MG, since it cannot be preoperatively differentiated from a Todani II bile duct cyst, which is associated with a risk of malignant transformation.

Comparison of no-touch multi-bipolar vs. monopolar radiofrequency ablation for small HCC.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The primary aim of this study was to compare the rate of global radiofrequency ablation (RFA) failure between monopolar RFA (MonoRFA) vs. no-touch multi-bipolar RFA (NTmbpRFA) for small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ⩽5cm in cirrhotic patients. METHODS: A total of 362 cirrhotic patients were included retrospectively across four French centres (181 per treatment group). Global RFA failure (primary RFA failure or local tumour progression) was analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method after coarsened exact matching. Cox regression models were used to identify factors associated with global RFA failure and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Patients were well matched according to tumour size (⩽30/>30mm); tumour number (one/several); tumour location (subcapsular and near large vessel); serum AFP (<10; 10-100; >100ng/ml); Child-Pugh score (A/B) and platelet count (30mm and HCC near large vessel were independent factors associated with global RFA failure. Five-year OS was 37.2% following MonoRFA vs. 46.4% following NTmbpRFA p=0.378. CONCLUSIONS: This large multicentre case-matched study showed that NTmbpRFA provided better primary RFA success and sustained local tumour response without increasing severe complications rates, for HCC ⩽5cm. LAY SUMMARY: Using no-touch multi-bipolar radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma ⩽5cm provide a better sustained local tumour control compared to monopolar radiofrequency ablation.

EASL and AASLD recommendations for the diagnosis of HCC to the test of daily practice.

AIMS: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of CT, MRI and CEUS alone and in combination, for the diagnosis of HCC between 10 and 30 mm, in a large population of cirrhotic patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a multicentre prospective trial, 442 patients have been enrolled. Within a month, CEUS, CT and MRI were performed for all patients. A composite algorithm was defined to obtain the more accurate gold standard. RESULTS: A total of 544 nodules in 381 patients have been retained for the performance analysis. Eighty-two percent of the patients were male, mean age was 62 years. For the 10-20 mm nodules (n=342), the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for the diagnosis of HCC were, respectively, 70.6% and 83.2% for MRI, 67.9% and 76.8% for CT and 39.6% and 92.9% for CEUS. For the 20-30 mm nodules (n=202), the Se and Sp were, respectively, 72.3% and 89.4% for MRI, 71.6% and 93.6% for CT and 52.9% and 91.5% for CEUS. THE BEST COMBINATION FOR THE 10-20 MM NODULES WAS MRI + CT (SE: 55.1%, SP: 100.0%).: After a first inconclusive technique, CEUS as second image technique allowed the highest specificity with only a slight drop of sensitivity for 10-20 mm nodules and the highest sensitivity and specificity for 20-30 mm nodules. CONCLUSION: This large multicentre study validates the EASL/AASLD recommendations in daily practice. Specificity using CT or MRI in 10-20 mm HCC was low, but we do not recommend combined imaging at first as sensitivity would be very low. The best sequential approach combined MRI and CEUS.

Direct-acting antiviral therapy decreases hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence rate in cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Arrival of direct-acting antiviral agents against hepatitis C virus with high-sustained virological response rates and very few side effects has drastically changed the management of hepatitis C virus infection. The impact of direct-acting antiviral exposure on hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after a first remission in patients with advanced fibrosis remains to be clarified. METHODS: 68 consecutive hepatitis C virus patients with a first hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis and under remission, subsequently treated or not with a direct-acting antiviral combination, were included. Clinical, biological and virological data were collected at first hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis, at remission and during the surveillance period. RESULTS: All patients were cirrhotic. Median age was 62 years and 76% of patients were male. Twenty-three patients (34%) were treated with direct-acting antivirals and 96% of them achieved sustained virological response. Median time between hepatocellular carcinoma remission and direct-acting antivirals initiation was 7.2 months (IQR: 3.6-13.5; range: 0.3-71.4) and median time between direct-acting antivirals start and hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence was 13.0 months (IQR: 9.2-19.6; range: 3.0-24.7). Recurrence rate was 1.7/100 person-months among treated patients vs 4.2/100 person-months among untreated patients (P=.008). In multivariate survival analysis, the hazard ratio for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after direct-acting antivirals exposure was 0.24 (95% confidence interval: 0.10-0.55; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence rate was significantly lower among patients treated with direct-acting antivirals compared with untreated patients. Given the potential impact of our observation, large-scale prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm these results.

Splenectomy during whole liver transplantation: a morbid procedure which does not adversely impact long-term survival.

BACKGROUND: Indications for splenectomy (SP) during whole liver transplantation (LT) remain controversial and SP is often avoided because of common complications. We aimed to evaluate specific complications of these combined procedures. METHODS: Data were retrospectively analysed. Splenectomy was performed in patients with splenorenal shunt and/or splenic artery aneurysms or hypersplenism. Patients undergoing simultaneous transplantation and splenectomy (LTSP group) were matched to a non-splenectomy group (LT group). RESULTS: Between 1994 and 2013, we included 47 and 94 patients in LTSP and LT groups, respectively. The LTSP patients had a higher rate of pre-LT portal vein thrombosis (PVT). The LTSP group had a longer operative time and greater blood loss. Mean follow-up was 101 months and 5-year survivals were identical (LTSP 85% vs LT 88%, p = 0.831). Hospital morbidity and rejection incidence were comparable, whereas de novo PVT (34% vs 2%, p < 0.0001) and infection (47% vs 25%, p = 0.014) rates were higher after SP. CONCLUSION: Splenectomy during LT is technically demanding and exposes recipients to a higher thrombosis rate, therefore portal vein patency must be specifically assessed postoperatively. In selected recipients, SP can be performed without increased mortality but at the price of worsening outcome as evidenced by greater risk of infection and PVT.

Traumatic biliary neuroma after orthotopic liver transplantation: a possible cause of "unexplained" anastomotic biliary stricture.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic biliary neuromas (TBNs) represent a rare cause of biliary stricture (BS) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Diagnosis is challenging preoperatively and is most often made at pathology after resection. Herein, we report a 20-year experience of TBN-related BS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Medical records of 1030 adult patients undergoing OLT from 1991 to 2014 were reviewed. Patients with histologically proven TBN were identified among those presenting a BS. RESULTS: Over the study period, 52 patients developed an anastomotic BS. Of these, 17 had repeat surgery and specimen examination identified TBN in five instances. All five patients with TBN had a duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction during OLT. Median delay from OLT to onset of symptoms was 69 months (range 4-239). Preoperative imaging showed a compressive mass in one patient. Four patients underwent TBN resection combined with hepaticojejunostomy and had an uneventful postoperative course. One patient underwent TBN resection and duct-to-duct reconstruction; he died from acute pancreatitis on postoperative day 21. After a median follow-up of 40.5 months (range 10-54), no recurrent BS occurred. CONCLUSION: Traumatic biliary neuromas represent a possible diagnosis for unexplained anastomotic BS after OLT. Surgical excision combined with hepaticojejunostomy is effective, allows histological diagnosis, and prevents from recurrence.