RESUMO
BACKGROUND: To the best of our knowledge, no studies have yet examined the emotional repercussions of the care processes among people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus who participate in preventive anal cancer screening programs. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the knowledge, emotions, sexuality, barriers, and facilitators perceived by this patient group during the process of anal cancer screening and diagnosis. METHODS: Detailed, semistructured, qualitative interviews were completed with 17 men and 3 women to explore their knowledge, experiences, and emotions regarding the screening process. Purposive sampling was conducted on the basis of age, gender, and type of lesion diagnosed in the anal biopsy. RESULTS: Four major themes were identified: 1) knowledge of the disease and its treatment, 2) emotions perceived by the patients, 3) the influence of screening on sexual practices, and 4) facilitators and obstacles during the care provision process. Patients reported appropriate knowledge of anal cancer and human papillomavirus. Predominant emotions were worry and fear with avoidance as one of the coping strategies. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that communication of information and clinical results can be improved. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: Understanding the facilitators and barriers to the program will allow the integration of interventions designed to improve healthcare provision into direct care.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Ânus , Infecções por HIV , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , HIV , Emoções , Serviços Preventivos de Saúde , Neoplasias do Ânus/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias do Ânus/diagnósticoRESUMO
Resumen Caso clínico: Se describe un caso clínico poco frecuente en un paciente inmunocomprometido con hallazgo histopatológico de infestación parasitaria. Es un paciente masculino de edad media que habita en zona subtropical con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Crohn tratado con corticoide e inmunomoduladores, presentaba dolor abdominal y anemia crónica de 1 año de evolución, analítica negativa para parásitos, reactantes de fase aguda normales, gastroscopia y colonoscopia previas (6 meses) sin hallazgos relevantes. Por la persistencia del cuadro clínico se repitieron los estudios endoscópicos en los que se visualizaron hemorragias subepiteliales con resultados histopatológicos de Strongyloides stercoralis. Conclusión: En el contexto de un paciente inmunocomprometido, en zona endémica y con evolución tórpida, debe obligar a realizar un diagnóstico diferencial en el que se debe sospechar siempre de infestación parasitaria. Aunque la endoscopia no se necesita para el diagnóstico de estrongiloidiasis, su intervención puede ser oportuna.
Abstract Clinical case: The following is a rare clinical case in an immunocompromised patient with histopathological findings of parasitic infestation. The patient is a middle-aged male who lives in a subtropical area and has a diagnosis of Crohn's disease treated with corticosteroids and immunomodulators. The patient presented with abdominal pain and chronic anemia for 1 year, with negative laboratory tests for parasites and normal acute phase reactants. Gastroscopy and colonoscopy were performed before the consultation (6 months) without relevant findings. Due to the persistence of the symptoms, endoscopic studies were repeated, finding subepithelial bleeding with histopathological results of Strongyloides stercoralis. Conclusion: In the context of an immunocompromised patient living in an endemic area and with a torpid evolution, a differential diagnosis should be made always suspecting a parasitic infestation. Although endoscopy is not necessary to diagnose strongyloidiasis, its use may be convenient.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doença de Crohn , Strongyloides stercoralis , Parasitos , Pacientes , Dor Abdominal , Colonoscopia , Gastroscopia , Hemorragia , AnemiaRESUMO
Resumen Las vasculitis leucocitoclásticas se definen como el daño e inflamación de las paredes vasculares, son aquellas vasculitis de pequeños vasos que anatomopatológicamente presentan leucocitoclasia y puede observarse como una manifestación extraintestinal de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. En la colitis ulcerativa se presentan en menor frecuencia, por inmunocomplejos generados en la mucosa intestinal debido a la exposición del tejido linfoide submucoso a antígenos fecales; podrían precipitarse en las paredes de los pequeños vasos. Se pueden asociar con Clostridium difficile, que es un bacilo grampositivo esporulado, anaerobio estricto, que se encuentra normalmente en el medio ambiente y produce colitis, que se manifiesta como un cuadro diarreico presentado después de la ingesta de antibióticos y altera la flora bacteriana común de este órgano. El caso se trata de un paciente 36 años de edad con cuadro de diarreas líquidas con moco y escaso sangrado; se realizó un estudio endoscópico y anatomopatológico en el que se observó colitis ulcerativa con coproparasitario positivo para antígeno de C. difficile, y en su hospitalización presentó lesiones dérmicas petequiales y necróticas en el cuarto dedo de la mano izquierda, que en la biopsia dio como resultado vasculitis de pequeños vasos. En este artículo se revisan de forma práctica los aspectos relacionados con la fisiopatología, histología, tratamiento y diagnósticos de la manifestación extraintestinal dermatológica rara, como la vasculitis leucocitoclástica en pacientes con colitis ulcerativas asociadas con Clostridium.
Abstract Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is defined as the damage and inflammation of the vascular walls. The term refers to vasculitis of the small vessels that anatomopathologically present leukocytoclasia and it can be seen as an extra-intestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease. In ulcerative colitis, it occurs less frequently due to immune complexes produced in the intestinal mucosa by exposure of the submucosal lymphoid tissue to fecal antigens, which could precipitate in the walls of the small vessels. This condition can be associated with Clostridium difficile, which is a gram-positive, sporulated, strict anaerobic bacillus, normally found in the environment. It causes colitis that manifests as a diarrheal disease following the ingestion of antibiotics that alter the common bacterial flora of this organ. This is the case report of a 36-year-old patient with liquid diarrhea with mucus and scarce bleeding. Endoscopic and anatomopathological studies were performed, finding ulcerative colitis with positive coproparasite for Clostridium difficile antigen. The patient was hospitalized, and during his stay, he presented with petechiae and necrotic skin lesions on the fourth finger of the left hand. Skin biopsy showed small vessel vasculitis. This article is a practical review of the pathophysiology, histology, treatment, and diagnosis of a rare dermatologic extraintestinal manifestation, namely, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, in patients with C. difficile-associated ulcerative colitis.