Development of a Culture-Common Formal Characteristics of Behavior - Temperament Markers Inventory (FCB-TMI-CC).

The goal was to create a brief temperament inventory grounded in the Regulative Theory of Temperament (FCB-TMI-CC), with a user-friendly, online applicability for studies in different cultures. As the regulative role of temperament is strongly revealed under meaningful stress, the study was planned within the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. To ensure high diversity in terms of culture, economic and environmental conditions, data from nine countries (Poland, United States of America, Italy, Japan, Argentina, South Korea, Ireland, United Kingdom and Kazakhstan) were utilized (min. N = 200 per country). Validation data were gathered on the level of COVID-19 stressors, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety and stress symptoms, and Big Five personality traits. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis served as the basis for the inventory's construction. The final culture-common version includes 37 items (5-6 in each of the 7 scales) and covers the core aspects of temperament dimensions. Temperament structure was confirmed to be equivalent across measured cultures. The measurement is invariant at the level of factor loadings and the reliability (internal consistency) and theoretical validity of the scales were at least acceptable. Therefore, the FCB-TMI-CC may serve as a valuable tool for studying temperament across diverse cultures and facilitate cross-cultural comparisons.

A Novel Gemcitabine-Resistant Gallbladder Cancer Model Provides Insights into Molecular Changes Occurring during Acquired Resistance.

Treatment options for advanced gallbladder cancer (GBC) are scarce and usually rely on cytotoxic chemotherapy, but the effectiveness of any regimen is limited and recurrence rates are high. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of acquired resistance in GBC through the development and characterization of two gemcitabine-resistant GBC cell sublines (NOZ GemR and TGBC1 GemR). Morphological changes, cross-resistance, and migratory/invasive capabilities were evaluated. Then, microarray-based transcriptome profiling and quantitative SILAC-based phosphotyrosine proteomic analyses were performed to identify biological processes and signaling pathways dysregulated in gemcitabine-resistant GBC cells. The transcriptome profiling of parental and gemcitabine-resistant cells revealed the dysregulation of protein-coding genes that promote the enrichment of biological processes such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and drug metabolism. On the other hand, the phosphoproteomics analysis of NOZ GemR identified aberrantly dysregulated signaling pathways in resistant cells as well as active kinases, such as ABL1, PDGFRA, and LYN, which could be novel therapeutic targets in GBC. Accordingly, NOZ GemR showed increased sensitivity toward the multikinase inhibitor dasatinib compared to parental cells. Our study describes transcriptome changes and altered signaling pathways occurring in gemcitabine-resistant GBC cells, which greatly expands our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of acquired drug resistance in GBC.

Assessment of the Cost of the Mediterranean Diet in a Low-Income Region: Adherence and Relationship with Available Incomes.

BACKGROUND: The Mediterranean Diet (MD) is recognized as heart-healthy, but the economic cost associated with this type of diet has scarcely been studied. The objective of the present study is to explore the cost and adherence of a low-income region population to the MD and its relationship with income. METHODS: A population-based study was carried out on 2,833 subjects between 25 and 79 years of age, 54% women, selected at random from the municipalities of Vegas Altas, La Siberia and La Serena in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura (Spain). Average monthly cost of each product included in the MD was computed and related to adherence to the MD using the Panagiotakos Index and average disposable income. RESULTS: The monthly median cost was 203.6€ (IQR: 154.04-265.37). Food-related expenditure was higher for men (p<0.001), age cohort between 45 and 54 years (p<0.013) and those living in urban areas (p<0.001). A positive correlation between food-related expenditure and the MD adherence was found. Monthly median cost represents 15% of average disposable income, ranging between 11% for the group with low MD adherence and 17% for the group with high MD adherence. CONCLUSIONS: The monthly cost of the MD was positively correlated with the degree of adherence to this dietary pattern. Given that the estimated monthly cost is similar to that of other Spanish regions with a higher income level, the economic effort required to be able to afford the Mediterranean diet is higher. This may represent a barrier to access, which should be analyzed in detail by public decision-makers.

[Clinical and prognostic profile evolution of patients discharged from hospital due to heart failure in the first two decades of the 21st century. The INCA-Ex Registry]. / Evolución del perfil clínico y pronóstico de pacientes con alta hospitalaria por insuficiencia cardíaca en las dos primeras décadas del sigloxxi. El Registro INCA-Ex.

AIM: To study the evolution of the clinical profile of a population discharged with a main diagnosis of heart failure (HF) in the first two decades of the century and the predictive variables of mortality and readmission in the first year of discharge. DESIGN: Observational, retrospective, longitudinal study. SITE: Don Benito Villanueva de la Serena Badajoz health area. PARTICIPANTS: All patients discharged with a main diagnosis of HF between 2000 and 2019 in a general hospital complex were included. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected, and a one-year follow-up; the result variable was a composite of mortality and/or readmission. RESULTS: A total of 4107 discharges were included, mean age 77.1 (SD±10.5) years, 53.1% women. The number of admissions, age, history of neoplasms, stroke, kidney failure, and anemia increased, as did readmissions (P for trends <.001), while mortality remained constant. Predictive variables for readmission and/or death were HR (95%CI): age (per year) 1.04 (1.03-1.04), diabetes: 1.11 (1.01-1.24), previous HF 1.41 (1.28-1.57), composite variable myocardial infarction, stroke and/or peripheral artery disease 1.24 (1.11-1.38), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 1.29 (1.15-1.44), neoplasia 1.33 (1.16-1.53), anemia 1.63 (1.41-1.86), chronic kidney failure 1.42 (1.26-1.60). CONCLUSIONS: In the last 20 years, admissions for heart failure, patient age, and comorbidity have increased. Predictive variables for mortality and/or readmission were age, diabetes, previous cardiovascular disease, neoplasms, COPD, kidney failure, and anemia; however, mortality at one year remained constant.

Cardiometabolic risk factors and Framingham Risk Score in severely obese patients: Baseline data from DieTBra trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Little is known about differences of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) and the function of Framingham Risk Score (FRS) within severe obesity, thus we aimed to study not only CMRF and FRS, but to determine significant differences between BMI ranges within severe obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this baseline analysis of the Traditional Brazilian Diet (DieTBra) Trial, several CMRF were assessed in 150 adult patients in two BMI ranges: 35.0-44.9 kg/m2 (n = 76) and ≥45 kg/m2 (n = 74). Body composition was evaluated by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis to measure the percent of body fat, visceral fat area and waist circumference. Pearson's Chi-squared, Fisher's Exact, Student's t-test, and Mann-Whitney's test were used in the statistical analysis with a 5% significance level. Hypertension, C-reactive protein, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and positive family history for heart diseases were more prevalent in BMI ≥45.0 kg/m2 (p < 0.05). Mean values of waist circumference, body fat %, visceral fat area, and systolic blood pressure were significantly higher in patients with BMI ≥45.0 kg/m2. Regarding the function of FRS, 40.0% of the patients were at high risk. No differences were found for diabetes, lifestyle, lipid parameters, and FRS within different BMI ranges, except for dyslipidemia, significantly higher among participants with BMI 35.0-44.9 kg/m2. CONCLUSION: BMI >45 kg/m2 was associated with higher prevalence of hypertension, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, C-reactive protein, waist circumference, body fat % and family history of heart diseases, enhancing the risk for the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases.

Functional and genomic characterization of three novel cell lines derived from a metastatic gallbladder cancer tumor.

BACKGROUND: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common tumor of the biliary tract. The incidence of GBC shows a large geographic variability, being particularly frequent in Native American populations. In Chile, GBC represents the second cause of cancer-related death among women. We describe here the establishment of three novel cell lines derived from the ascitic fluid of a Chilean GBC patient, who presented 46% European, 36% Mapuche, 12% Aymara and 6% African ancestry. RESULTS: After immunocytochemical staining of the primary cell culture, we isolated and comprehensively characterized three independent clones (PUC-GBC1, PUC-GBC2 and PUC-GBC3) by short tandem repeat DNA profiling and RNA sequencing as well as karyotype, doubling time, chemosensitivity, in vitro migration capability and in vivo tumorigenicity assay. Primary culture cells showed high expression of CK7, CK19, CA 19-9, MUC1 and MUC16, and negative expression of mesothelial markers. The three isolated clones displayed an epithelial phenotype and an abnormal structure and number of chromosomes. RNA sequencing confirmed the increased expression of cytokeratin and mucin genes, and also of TP53 and ERBB2 with some differences among the three cells lines, and revealed a novel exonic mutation in NF1. The PUC-GBC3 clone was the most aggressive according to histopathological features and the tumorigenic capacity in NSG mice. CONCLUSIONS: The first cell lines established from a Chilean GBC patient represent a new model for studying GBC in patients of Native American descent.

Mucin 5B, carbonic anhydrase 9 and claudin 18 are potential theranostic markers of gallbladder carcinoma.

AIMS: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive tumour that is usually diagnosed at advanced stages and is characterised by a poor prognosis. Using public data of normal human tissues, we found that mRNA and protein levels of mucin 5B (MUC5B) and carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) were highly increased in gallbladder tissues. In addition, previous evidence has shown that claudin 18 (CLDN18) protein expression is higher in GBC. The aim of this study was to perform an analysis of these cell surface proteins during the histological progression of GBC in order to identify their theranostic potential. METHODS AND RESULTS: MUC5B expression, CA9 expression and CLDN18 expression were examined by immunohistochemistry in a series of 179 chronic cholecystitis (including 16 metaplastic tissues), 15 dysplasia and 217 GBC samples by the use of tissue microarray analysis. A composite staining score was calculated from staining intensity and percentage of positive cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed high expression of MUC5B and CA9 among normal epithelium, metaplastic tissues, and dysplastic tissues. However, expression of both proteins was observed in roughly 50% of GBC samples. In contrast, CLDN18 was absent in normal epithelium, but its expression was higher in metaplastic cells. Among GBC cases, approximately half showed high CLDN18 expression. No associations were found between MUC5B, CA9 and CLDN18 expression and any clinicopathological features. CONCLUSIONS: CLDN18 is a new metaplasia marker in gallbladder tissues, and is conserved in approximately half of GBC cases. MUC5B and CA9 are highly conserved during GBC histological progression. The three markers are potential theranostic markers, in particular CA9 and CLDN18, for which there are already targeted therapies available.

Vagus nerve regulates the phagocytic and secretory activity of resident macrophages in the liver.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors commensal microorganisms as well as invasive bacteria, toxins and other pathogens and, therefore, plays a pivotal barrier and immunological role against pathogenic agents. The vagus nerve is an important regulator of the GI tract-associated immune system, having profound effects on inflammatory responses. Among GI tract organs, the liver is a key site of immune surveillance, as it has a large population of resident macrophages and receives the blood drained from the guts through the hepatic portal circulation. Although it is widely accepted that the hepatic tissue is a major target for vagus nerve fibers, the role of this neural circuit in liver immune functions is still poorly understood. Herein we used in vivo imaging techniques, including confocal microscopy and scintigraphy, to show that vagus nerve stimulation increases the phagocytosis activity by resident macrophages in the liver, even on the absence of an immune challenge. The activation of this neural circuit in a non-lethal model of sepsis optimized the removal of bacteria in the liver and resulted in the production of anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative cytokines. Our findings provide new insights into the neural regulation of the immune system in the liver.

[Cardiomegalia gigante].

Eighty-year old woman with a medical history of arterial hypertension, rheumatic valvular heart disease with mitral and aortic valve replacement, chronic atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure dependent on domiciliary chronic oxygen for 17 daily hours. The reason for arrival to the hospital was a stroke of cardioembolic etiology.

Mujer de 80 años con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, valvulopatía reumática con recambio valvular mitral y aórtica, fibrilación auricular crónica e insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva dependiente de oxígeno crónico domiciliario durante 17 horas diarias. El motivo de llegada al hospital fue ictus cerebral de etiología cardioembólica.

Cost-effectiveness of liposomal amphotericin B in hospitalised patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost-effectiveness of L-AmB with that of SbV and AmB-D, for the treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in a hospital in north-east Brazil. METHODS: We developed an economic model based on retrospective data of 73 hospitalised patients in 2006-2012, from hospital and public health system perspectives. RESULTS: In the economic model, 82.2% of patients who started treatment with L-AmB had completed it after 2 months, vs. 22.0% for the SbV and 19.9% for the AmB-D groups. After 12 months of follow-up, these proportions were 100% in the L-AmB, 77.4% in the AmB-D and 72.2% in the SbV group. Markov chain analyses showed that the group that started therapy with SbV had the lowest mean total cost (US$ 3782.38), followed by AmB-D (US$ 5211.27) and L-AmB (US$ 11 337.44). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for L-AmB was US$ 18 816.23 against SbV and US$ 24 504.65 against AmB-D. In the sensitivity analysis, the drug acquisition cost of L-AmB significantly influenced the results. CONCLUSIONS: In the treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, L-AmB is a cost-effective alternative to SbV and AmB-D owing to its higher effectiveness, safety and shorter course.

Determinants of eating patterns and nutrient intake among adolescent athletes: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: This review aims to update the influences of sport modalities, sport performance, and non-exercise-related determinant, on eating patterns and nutrient intake outcomes among adolescent competitive athletes. METHODS: The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for the last 20 years. Observational and intervention studies of all languages on eating patterns and nutrient intake in adolescent (10- to 19-year-old) competitive athletes were included. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using a Downs and Black instrument. Moreover, the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) evidence system was used to assess the strength of the body of evidence. RESULTS: Regarding outcomes of 21 included articles, 95.2% of studies focused on nutrient analysis, whereas few of the included articles reported eating patterns. As determinants, most studies analyzed the influences of sport-related (n = 10) and demographic factors (n = 8), among which only sport modalities were significantly associated with nutrient intake. Age and sex were not significantly associated with nutrient intake. All studies were observational, and most were cross-sectional (n = 17) and conducted in developed countries such as the United States and European nations. Most studies evaluated boys, and the sport that received the most attention was soccer. CONCLUSIONS: Athletes do not adjust their nutrient intake or food choice to the demands of the training load or different training sessions, while sport modalities significantly influenced nutrient intake. Moreover, results concerning demographic determinants were inconsistent and thus remain inconclusive. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Prospero CRD42016043310 .

[Functional status, self-rated health and level of physical activity of patients with osteoarthritis]. / Situación funcional, autopercepción de salud y nivel de actividad física en pacientes con artrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the functional status and self-rated health of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) in Primary Care, and checking their relationship with the level of physical activity and sociodemographic characteristics. DESIGN: Study of prevalence and cross association. SETTING: Primary Care Clinics. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients with a diagnosis of OA in any joint in their clinical records. Out of a total of 487 selected, 346 (71.0%) took part in the study. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Functional capacity (WOMAC scale), self-rated quality of life (EuroQol- 5D questionnaire), physical activity (IPAQ questionnaire), number of affected joints, pain level, and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: A mean score of 30.2 (SD: 20.8; CI 95% CI: 28.0 to 32.4) was obtained on the WOMAC scale, with pain, stiffness, and functional capacity scores of 6.5 (SD: 4.8), 1.9 (SD: 2.0), and 21.7 (SD: 15.7), respectively. The score showed a linear trend (P<.001) compared to the level of physical activity, being 41.1 (SD: 19.9) in inactive subjects, 24.3 (SD: 18.7) in subjects with moderate activity, and 22.3 (SD: 19.8) in subjects with intense activity. In the multiple linear regression, the score on the WOMAC scale, as well as that obtained in self-rated health status, maintained their association with physical activity level after adjusting for sociodemographic variables and the number of affected joints. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with OA, pain and functional capacity are the most affected dimensions. Functional status and self-rated health status are higher in active patients, regardless of the number of joints affected and their demographic characteristics.

Hemiptera-induced galls of Sapium glandulosum have histological and cytological compartmentalization created with a large amount of carbohydrate.

Gall formation impacts the development of plant species by altering the structure and mobilization of reserves, and the functional and physiological patterns of the host organ. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact generated by the Neolithus fasciatus galling insect (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in Sapium glandulosum leaves (Euphorbiaceae) at the cytological, histological, histochemical, and biochemical levels. Non-galled leaves and galls in the young, mature, and senescent stages were evaluated. The non-galled leaf has a uniseriate epidermis, stomata only on the abaxial side, a dorsiventral mesophyll, and parenchyma cells with thin primary walls containing chloroplasts with plastoglobules. The gall has a parenchymatous compartmentalized cortex. The young and mature galls already have a dense cytoplasm, especially in the inner cells of the cortex, with chloroplasts, mitochondria, Golgi complex, and large and evident nuclei. In senescent galls, there are signs of organelle degradation and cell digestion. Carbohydrates occur in greater amounts in the mature gall, mainly in the starch grain form, while proteins and lipids predominate in non-galled leaves. Secondary metabolites occur mainly in the young gall and may be related to its protection and to the signaling of its development. Sapium glandulosum galls have histological and cytological compartmentalization of the cortex with a large amount of carbohydrates, which supply energy to maintain the development of the structure.

[Informed consent in psychotherapy: conceptual and complexity in clinical practice]. / El consentimiento informado en psicoterapia: revisión conceptual y complejidad en la práctica clínica.

The objective of this literature review is to introduce the concept of informed consent. It outlines the definition of informed consent, which are the component parts and technical importance particularly in the field of psychotherapy applied to mental disorders. This review puts special emphasis on the complexity that the informed consent implies in the specific relationship as psychotherapy.

Sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, abdominal obesity and obesity in adults and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sedentary behavior and physical inactivity may increase the risk of obesity. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate: i) the prevalence/incidence of sedentary behavior and physical inactivity, ii) the association of sedentary behavior and physical inactivity with obesity, and iii) the objective and subjective measures, diagnostic criteria, and cut-off points to estimate sedentary behavior and physical inactivity in adults and older adults with obesity. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis in PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, and Cochrane Library databases. A meta-analysis of a random-effects model was performed to estimate the combined prevalence of sedentary behavior and physical inactivity and their association with obesity. RESULTS: Twenty-three studies involving 638,000 adults and older adults were included in the systematic review. A meta-analysis was conducted with 111,851 individuals with obesity. The combined prevalence of sedentary behavior was 31% (95% CI, 23-41%), and physical inactivity was 43% (95% CI, 31-55%). Significant associations between obesity and sedentary behavior (OR 1.45, 95% CI, 1.21-1.75) and physical inactivity (OR 1.52, 95% CI, 1.23-1.87) were found. Nine studies have used objective measures to assess physical activity levels, such as accelerometers and pedometers, whereas fourteen applied subjective methods and self-reported questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS: As expected, we found elevated rates of sedentary behavior and physical inactivity in individuals with obesity and a positive risk association. The wide range of objective and subjective measures, methods and cut-offs resulted in great variations of physical inactivity and sedentary behavior estimates. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42016037747).

Positive Effects of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Supplementation and DietBra on Inflammation and Glycemic Profiles in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Class II/III Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Evidence on the effects of dietary interventions on inflammatory markers in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is scarce. Our study evaluated the effects of extra-virgin olive oil alone and in combination with a traditional Brazilian diet on inflammatory markers and glycemic profiles in adults with both T2DM and class II/III obesity. Methods: Adults aged 18-64 years with T2DM and class II/III obesity were randomized into two intervention groups: 1) extra-virgin olive oil only and 2) extra-virgin olive oil + a traditional Brazilian diet (OliveOil+DietBra). Data on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, anthropometry, biochemical markers and inflammatory markers were collected. The primary outcomes were glycemic parameters and inflammatory markers. The body mass index (BMI) and weight were the secondary outcomes. Results: Forty individuals with T2DM and class II/III obesity were enrolled, and 34 (85%) completed the intervention course. The intake of olive oil was 37.88 ± 12.50 mL/day in the olive oil group and 37.71 ± 12.23 mL/day in the OliveOil+DietBra group, with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.484). Compared to the olive oil only group, the OliveOil+DietBra group had significantly lower levels of fasting insulin (p = 0.047) at the end of the intervention, whereas the other glycemic parameters were not altered. In the OliveOil+DietBra group, serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, IL-1α (p = 0.006) and adiponectin (p = 0.049) were lower and those of TNFα were higher (p = 0.037). There was a significant reduction in BMI and weight compared to the baseline values in the OliveOil+DietBra group (p = 0.015). Conclusions: The intervention with OliveOil+DietBra effectively decreased the levels of fasting insulin, IL-1α and adiponectin, suggesting its beneficial role in improving the inflammatory profiles and fasting insulin levels in adults with class II/III obesity and T2DM. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02463435.

Risk Factors Associated with Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Obese Individuals.

Obesity leads to an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system, especially in increased sympathetic modulation and decreased vagal tone, and some anthropometric, metabolic, and lifestyle variables may increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Objective. To analyze the association between cardiovascular autonomic modulation and biochemical and anthropometric markers, food intake, and physical activity level in severely obese individuals. Methodology. The present study is a cutout of a randomized clinical trial "Effect of nutritional intervention and olive oil in severe obesity" (DieTBra Trial), where the baseline data were analyzed. Anthropometric data, biochemical exams, heart rate variability (HRV), accelerometry, and 24 h recall (R24H) of obese patients (body mass index BMI ≥35 kg/m2) were collected. Results. 64 obese patients were analyzed, with a mean age of 39.10 ± 7.74 years (27 to 58 years). By HRV analysis, in the frequency domain, the obese had a higher predominance of sympathetic autonomic modulation (low frequency (LF) 56.44 ± 20.31 nu) and lower parasympathetic modulation (high frequency (HF) 42.52 ± 19.18 nu). A negative association was observed between the variables Homeostasis Evaluation Model (HOMA-IR) and HF (p = 0.049). In the physical activity analysis, there was a negative association between moderate to vigorous physical activity and the sympathetic component (p = 0.043), and for sedentary time (ST), there was a negative association with HF (p = 0.049) and LF/HF (p = 0.036) and a positive association with LF (p = 0.014). For multiple linear regression, waist circumference (WC) and HOMA-IR values were negatively associated with HF (ß = -0.685, p = 0.010; ß = -14.989, p = 0.010; respectively). HOMA-IR (ß = 0.141, p = 0.003) and the percentage of lipids ingested (ß = -0.030, p = 0.043) were negatively associated with LF/HF. Conclusion. Among the cardiovascular risk variables studied, insulin resistance and central adiposity showed the greatest influence on cardiac autonomic modulation of obese, increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease.

Effect of Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Traditional Brazilian Diet on the Bone Health Parameters of Severely Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Dietary interventions can stabilize and/or reverse bone mass loss. However, there are no reports on its effects on bone mineral density (BMD) in severely obese people, despite the vulnerability of this group to bone loss. We examine the effect of extra virgin olive oil supplementation and the traditional Brazilian diet (DieTBra) on BMD and levels of calcium, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in severely obese adults. A randomized controlled trial followed-up with severely obese adults (n = 111, with mean body mass index 43.6 kg/m2 ± 4.5 kg/m2) for 12 weeks. Study participants received either olive oil (52 mL/day), DieTBra, or olive oil + DieTBra (52 mL/day + DieTBra). BMD was assessed by total spine and hip dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After interventions, BMD means for total spine (p = 0.016) and total hip (p = 0.029) were higher in the DieTBra group than in the olive oil + DieTBra group. Final mean calcium levels were higher in the olive oil group compared to the olive oil + DieTBra group (p = 0.026). Findings suggest that DieTBra and extra virgin olive oil have positive effects on bone health in severely obese adults. The major study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02463435).