Recommendations for ototoxicity surveillance for childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors: a report from the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group in collaboration with the PanCare Consortium.

Childhood, adolescent, and young adult (CAYA) cancer survivors treated with platinum-based drugs, head or brain radiotherapy, or both have an increased risk of ototoxicity (hearing loss, tinnitus, or both). To ensure optimal care and reduce consequent problems-such as speech and language, social-emotional development, and learning difficulties-for these CAYA cancer survivors, clinical practice guidelines for monitoring ototoxicity are essential. The implementation of surveillance across clinical settings is hindered by differences in definitions of hearing loss, recommendations for surveillance modalities, and remediation. To address these deficiencies, the International Guideline Harmonization Group organised an international multidisciplinary panel, including 32 experts from ten countries, to evaluate the quality of evidence for ototoxicity following platinum-based chemotherapy and head or brain radiotherapy, and formulate and harmonise ototoxicity surveillance recommendations for CAYA cancer survivors.

Diagnostics of retrocochlear hearing loss.

Diagnosis of retrocochlear lesions is a relatively frequent issue of otolaryngological practice, the omission of which may have serious consequences for the patient. Properly set clinical guidelines and diagnostic protocols are thus one of the key aspects of good clinical practice. There are two methods available: the first is an audiological diagnosis with ABR as the primary tool to determine a group of patients with a possible tumour with subsequent MRI; the second is to examine the MRI in each patient with a clinical suspicion of a CPA tumour. The sensitivity of both diagnostic methods in relation to cost-effectiveness is discussed.

Preoperative percutaneous Onyx embolization of carotid body paragangliomas with balloon test occlusion.

Objectives: The study aims to analyze our first experience with direct percutaneous embolization of carotid body tumors (CBTs) using ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx) along with balloon test occlusion (BTO). Methods: A retrospective preliminary single-center study was conducted at the Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Department and the Medical Imaging Department of the University Teaching Hospital. A consecutive series of three patients with CBTs was treated at the local institution between October 2018 and June 2019. All three patients underwent preoperative percutaneous embolization using ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx 18) with the addition of BTO. Outcome measures were the percentage of tumor devascularization, intraoperative blood losses, and operation times. BTO was evaluated by clinical neurological examination and neurosonological transcranial Doppler examination of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Results: Devascularization of all three tumors was complete or near complete. All three tumors were surgically extirpated with excellent surgical outcomes. The blood losses were minimal, and the average operation time was 2 h and 8 min. BTO was positive in one patient, which was valuable additional information on carotid branches ligation limitations. The other two patients showed negative BTOs with the result of safety of eventual carotid arteries ligations. Conclusion: Preoperative direct percutaneous embolization of CBT with Onyx is a highly effective procedure that significantly facilitates surgery. BTO provides valuable additional information on the most appropriate and safe surgical approach.

Gene Mutations in Circulating Tumour DNA as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker in Head and Neck Cancer-A Systematic Review.

(1) Background: Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common malignancies globally. An early diagnosis of this disease is crucial, and the detection of gene mutations in circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) through a liquid biopsy is a promising non-invasive diagnostic method. This review aims to provide an overview of ctDNA mutations in HNSCC patients and discuss the potential use of this tool in diagnosis and prognosis. (2) Methods: A systematic search for articles published in the English language between January 2000 and April 2021 in the Medline and Scopus databases was conducted. (3) Results: A total of 10 studies published in nine publications were selected and analysed. Altogether, 390 samples were obtained from HNSCC patients, and 79 control samples were evaluated. The most often explored gene mutation in ctDNA was TP53. (4) Conclusions: The examination of a larger group of gene mutations and the use of a combination of multiple detection methods contribute to a higher detection rate of mutated ctDNA. More studies are necessary to verify these conclusions and to translate them into clinical practice.

Diagnosis of retrocochlear lesions with emphasis on expansion of the cerebellopontine angle.

The correct diagnosis of CPA tumours is a relatively common issue in both neurological and ENT practice, the omission of which can have serious consequences for the patient. Properly set clinical guidelines and diagnostic protocols are key aspects of good clinical practice. In the case of CPA tumours, two options are available: the first is diagnosis with the help of an ABR as the primary tool for determining the group of patients with a possible tumour; the second is an MRI scan of the posterior cranial fossa. With an appropriately set diagnostic protocol in place, and despite the 40% chance of failure of the ABR to detect tumours less than or equal to 1 cm, similar treatment results can be achieved with much higher cost efficacy in case of primary ABR testing.

Analysis of tumor suppressor p53 status in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Head and neck cancer belongs to the most common types of cancer in both males and females with a mortality rate of approximately 50%. More than 90% of head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Carcinogenesis of this disease involves activation of proto-oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Among them, aberrations of p53 tumor suppressor gene are common events. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of the tumor suppressor p53 aberrations in Czech population by using a functional test in yeast (FASAY) and by two immunochemical methods. We compared results of the methods and assessed the relationship between the presence of p53 aberration and some clinico-pathological parameters. The following observations were made: i) the accumulated p53 protein was detected in 33 of 50 tested samples (66%) by immunohistochemical analysis and in 27 of 49 tested samples (55.1%) by immunoblotting; ii) the presence of p53 mutation was detected in 36 of 50 tested samples (72%); iii) 6 of 36 p53 mutations detected by FASAY were temperature sensitive (16.7%); iv) 2 independent p53 mutations were found in at least 2 of the 36 positive cases; v) no statistically significant relationship was found between p53 aberration and overall survival.