Multi-C-C/C-N-Coupled Light-Emitting Aliphatic Terpolymers: N-H-Functionalized Fluorophore Monomers and High-Performance Applications.

To circumvent costly fluorescent labeling, five nonconventional, multifunctional, intrinsically fluorescent aliphatic terpolymers (1-5) have been synthesized by C-C/C-N-coupled, solution polymerization of two non-emissive monomers with protrusions of fluorophore monomers generated in situ. These scalable terpolymers were suitable for sensing and high-performance exclusion of CuII , logic function, and bioimaging. The structures of the terpolymers, in situ attachment of fluorescent monomers, aggregation-induced enhanced emission, bioimaging ability, and super adsorption were investigated by 1 H and 13 C NMR, EPR, FTIR, X-ray photoelectron, UV/Vis, and atomic absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, solid-state fluorescence, fluorescence imaging, and fluorescence lifetime measurements, as well as by isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies. The geometries and electronic structures of the fluorophores and the absorption and emission properties of the terpolymers were examined by DFT, time-dependent DFT, and natural transition orbital analyses. For 1, 2, and 5, the limits of detection were determined to be 1.03×10-7 , 1.65×10-7 , and 1.77×10-7 m, respectively, and the maximum adsorption capacities are 1575.21, 1433.70, and 1472.21 mg g-1 , respectively.

Synthesis of Biocompatible Aliphatic Terpolymers via In Situ Fluorescent Monomers for Three-in-One Applications: Polymerization of Hydrophobic Monomers in Water.

Biocompatible, nonconventional, multifunctional, purely aliphatic, light-emitting terpolymers, i.e., acrylonitrile-co-3-(N-isopropylacrylamido)propanenitrile-co-N-isopropylacrylamide (AN-co-NIPAMPN-co-NIPA, 1) and acrylonitrile-co-3-(N-hydroxymethylacrylamido)propanenitrile-co-N-hydroxymethylacrylamide (AN-co-NHMAMPN-co-NHMA, 2), were designed and synthesized via N-H-functionalized C-C + N-C-coupled in situ protrusions/grafting of fluorophore monomers, i.e., NIPAMPN and NHMAMPN, by solution polymerization of two highly hydrophobic nonemissive monomers in water. These scalable and reusable 1 and 2 were suitable for high-performance three-in-one applications, such as Fe(III) sensors, imaging of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and human lung cancer (A549) cells, and security inks. The structures of 1 and 2, N-C-coupled in situ attachments/grafting of third fluorophore monomers, grafting events, and aggregation-enhanced emissions (AEEs), were analyzed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence imaging, and fluorescence lifetime. The geometries, electronic structures, and absorption/emission properties of 1 and 2 at optimized compositions were examined by density functional theory (DFT), time-dependent DFT (TDDFT), and natural transition orbital (NTO) analyses. The limits of detection were 3.20 × 10-7 and 1.37 × 10-7 M for 1 and 2, respectively. The excellent biocompatibility of 1 and 2 was confirmed by >95% retention of MDCK and A549 cell morphologies.

Solid waste collagen-associated fabrication of magnetic hematite nanoparticle@collagen nanobiocomposite for emission-adsorption of dyes.

The strategic utilization of hazardous particulate waste in eliminating environmental pollution is an important research hotspot. Herein, abundantly available hazardous solid collagenic waste of leather industry is converted into stable hybrid nanobiocomposite (HNP@SWDC) comprising magnetic hematite nanoparticles (HNP) and solid waste derived collagen (SWDC) via co-precipitation method. The structural, spectroscopic, surface, thermal, and magnetic properties; fluorescence quenching; dye selectivity; and adsorption are explored via microstructural analyzes of HNP@SWDC and dye adsorbed-HNP@SWDC using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman, ultraviolet-visible, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron, and fluorescence spectroscopies; thermogravimetry; field-emission scanning electron microscopy; and vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM). The intimate interaction of SWDC with HNP and elevated magnetic properties of HNP@SWDC are apprehended via amide-imidol tautomerism associated nonconventional hydrogen bondings, disappearance of goethite specific -OH def. in HNP@SWDC, and VSM. The as-fabricated reusable HNP@SWDC is employed for removing methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB). Chemisorption of RhB/MB in HNP@SWDC via ionic, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding interactions alongside dimerization of dyes are realized by ultraviolet-visible, FTIR, and fluorescence studies; pseudosecond order fitting; and activation energies. The adsorption capacity = 46.98-56.14/22.89-27.57 mg g-1 for RhB/MB is noted using 0.01 g HNP@SWDC within 5-20 ppm dyes and 288-318 K.

Ratiometric pH Sensing, Photophysics, and Cell Imaging of Nonaromatic Light-Emitting Polymers.

Here, four nontraditional fluorescent polymers (NTFPs) of varying N,N-dimethyl-2-propenamide (DMPA) and butyl prop-2-enoate (BPE) mole ratios, i.e., 2:1 (NTFP1), 4:1 (NTFP2), 8:1 (NTFP3), and 16:1 (NTFP4), are prepared via random polymerization in water. The maximum fluorescence enhancement of NTFP3 makes it suitable for ratiometric pH sensing, Cu(II) sensing, and pH-dependent cell imaging of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The oxygen donor functionalities of NTFP3 involved in binding and sensing with Cu(II) ions are studied by absorption, emission, electron paramagnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and O1s/Cu2p X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS). The spectral responses of the ratiometric pH sensor within 1.5-11.5 confirm 22 and 44 nm red shifts in absorption and ratiometric emission, respectively. The striking color changes from blue (436 nm) to green (480 nm) via an increase in pH are thought to be the stabilization of the charged canonical form of tertiary amide, i.e., -C(O-)═N+(CH3)2, realized from the changes in the absorption/fluorescence spectra and XPS/FTIR analyses. The through-space n-π* interactions in the NTFP3 aggregate, N-branching-associated rigidity, and nonconventional intramolecular hydrogen bondings of adjacent NTFP3 moieties in the NTFP3 aggregate contribute to aggregation-enhanced emissions (AEEs). Here, structures of NTFP3, NTFP3 aggregate, and Cu(II)-NTFP3; absorption; n-π* interactions; hydrogen bondings; AEEs; and binding with Cu(II) are ascertained by density functional theory, time-dependent density functional theory, and reduced density gradient calculations. The excellent limits of detection and Stern-Volmer constants of NTFP3 are 2.24 nM/0.14234 ppb and 4.26 × 103 M-1 at pH = 6.5 and 0.95 nM/0.06037 ppb and 4.90 × 103 M-1 at pH = 8.0, respectively. Additionally, the Stokes shift and binding energy of NTFP3 are 13,636 cm-1/1.69 eV and -4.64 eV, respectively. The pH-dependent MDCK cell imaging ability of noncytotoxic NTFP3 is supported via fluorescence imaging and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.

Light-Emitting Multifunctional Maleic Acid-co-2-(N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamido)succinic Acid-co-N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide for Fe(III) Sensing, Removal, and Cell Imaging.

The intrinsically fluorescent highly hydrophilic multifunctional aliphatic terpolymer, maleic acid (MA)-co-2-(N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamido)succinic acid (NHASA)-co-N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide (NHMA), that is, 1, was designed and synthesized via C-C/N-C-coupled in situ allocation of a fluorophore monomer, that is, NHASA, composed of amido and carboxylic acid functionalities in the polymerization of two nonemissive MA and NHMA. The scalable and reusable intrinsically fluorescent biocompatible 1 was suitable for sensing and high-performance adsorptive exclusion of Fe(III), along with the imaging of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The structure of 1, in situ fluorophore monomer, aggregation-induced enhanced emission, cell-imaging ability, and superadsorption mechanism were studied via microstructural analyses using 1H/13C NMR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic light scattering, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, solid-state fluorescence, fluorescence lifetime, and fluorescence imaging, along with measuring kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic parameters. The location, electronic structures, and geometries of the fluorophore and absorption and emission properties of 1 were investigated using density functional theory and natural transition orbital analyses. The limit of detection and the maximum adsorption capacity were 2.45 × 10-7 M and 542.81 mg g-1, respectively.

Collagenic waste and rubber based resin-cured biocomposite adsorbent for high-performance removal(s) of Hg(II), safranine, and brilliant cresyl blue: A cost-friendly waste management approach.

Goat buffing dust (GBD), an abundantly available collagenic-waste and crosslinked styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)-based scalable biocomposite showing excellent physicochemical properties and reusability was synthesized via systematic optimization of torque and time for exclusion(s) of dyes, such as safranine (SF) and brilliant cresyl blue (BCB), and Hg(II). The GBD-aided non-sulfur curing of SBR was attempted via chromane mechanism-based reaction between resin components of GBD and pendant ̶ C=C ̶ of SBR. The decrease in the relative extent of unsaturation in cured-SBRGBD, alteration of crystallinity, surface properties, elevated thermal stabilities, and ligand-selective superadsorption were inferred through extensive microstructural analyses of unadsorbed and/or adsorbed SBRGBD using 13C NMR, O1s-/N1s-/C1s-/Hg4f7/2,5/2-XPS, FTIR, UV-vis, TGA, XRD, FESEM, and EDX. Interactive effects between pHi, temperature, and concentration on adsorption capacities (ACs) were optimized through response surface methodology (RSM). The ionic interaction between SBRGBD and SF, BCB, and Hg(II) was understood through FTIR analyses, fitting of kinetics data to pseudosecond order model, and activation energies. BET and Langmuir isotherms were fitted the best to BCB and SF/Hg(II), respectively. Thermodynamically spontaneous chemisorption showed the maximum ACs of 165.63, 251.18, and 225.56 mg g-1 for SF, BCB, and Hg(II), respectively, at 100 ppm, 303 K, and adsorbent dose = 0.015 g.

Scalable Synthesis of Collagenic-Waste and Natural Rubber-Based Biocomposite for Removal of Hg(II) and Dyes: Approach for Cost-Friendly Waste Management.

For initiating a prosperous cost-friendly waste management of small-scale industries, cow buffing dust (CBD), one of the abundantly available semisynthetic collagenic solid wastes, has been used as a nonsulfur cross-linker of natural rubber (NR) for fabricating an NRCBD-biocomposite superadsorbent. The as-prepared reusable biocomposite bearing variegated collagenic and noncollagenic N-donors, along with the O-donors, has been reported for ligand-selective preferential superadsorption from waste water. Thus, a CBD and NR-based scalable biocomposite bearing optimum cross-linking, excellent physicochemical properties, and reusability has been developed via systematic optimization of the torque and reaction time for cost-friendly adsorptive exclusion of dyes, such as 2,8-dimethyl-3,7-diamino-phenazine (i.e., safranine, SF) and (7-amino-8-phenoxazin-3-ylidene)-diethylazanium dichlorozinc dichloride (i.e., brilliant cresyl blue), BCB, and Hg(II). The CBD-aided curing of NR has been achieved through the formation of a cross-linked chromane-ring originated via reaction between the methylol-phenol ring of phenol-formaldehyde resin and isoprene unit of NR. The partial disappearance of unsaturation in cured-NRCBD, relative variation of crystallinity, surface properties, elevated thermal stabilities, and ligand-selective superadsorption have been studied by advanced microstructural analyses of unadsorbed and/or adsorbed NRCBD using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet-visible, and O 1s-/N 1s-/C 1s-/Hg 4f7/2,5/2-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and pHPZC. Response surface methodology-based optimization has been employed to attain the optimum potential of NRCBD, considering the interactive effects between pHi, temperature, and concentration of the dye. H-aggregate and time-dependent hypochromic effect has been observed during individual adsorption of dyes. Moreover, the prevalence of chemisorption via ionic interaction between NRCBD and SF, BCB, and Hg(II) has been realized by FTIR, fitting of kinetics data to the pseudosecond-order model, and measurement of activation energies. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Langmuir isotherms fit the best to BCB and SF/Hg(II), respectively. Thermodynamically spontaneous chemisorption have shown the maximum adsorption capacities of 303.61, 46.14, and 166.46 mg g-1 for SF, BCB, and Hg(II), respectively, at low initial concentration of Hg(II)/dyes = 40 ppm, 303 K, and adsorbent dose = 0.01 g.

In Situ Attachment of Acrylamido Sulfonic Acid-Based Monomer in Terpolymer Hydrogel Optimized by Response Surface Methodology for Individual and/or Simultaneous Removal(s) of M(III) and Cationic Dyes.

Herein, grafting of starch (STR) and in situ strategic inclusion of 2-(3-(acrylamido)propylamido)-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (APMPS) via solution polymerization of 2-(acrylamido)-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and acrylamide (AM) have resulted in the synthesis of smart STR-grafted-AMPS-co-APMPS-co-AM (i.e., STR-g-TerPol) interpenetrating terpolymer (TerPol) network hydrogels. For fabricating the optimum hydrogel showing excellent physicochemical properties and recyclability, amounts of ingredients and temperature of synthesis have been optimized using multistage response surface methodology. STR-g-TerPol bearing the maximum swelling ability, along with the retention of network integrity, has been employed for individual and/or simultaneous removal(s) of metal ions (i.e., M(III)), such as Bi(III) and Sb(III), and dyes, such as tris(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)methylium chloride (i.e., crystal violet) and (7-amino-8-phenoxazin-3-ylidene)-diethylazanium dichlorozinc dichloride (i.e., brilliant cresyl blue). The in situ strategic protrusion of APMPS, grafting of STR into the TerPol matrix, variation of crystallinity, thermal stabilities, surface properties, mechanical properties, swellability, adsorption capacities (ACs), and ligand-selective superadsorption have been inferred via analyses of unadsorbed and/or adsorbed STR-g-TerPol using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H/13C NMR, UV-vis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, dynamic light scattering, and rheological analyses and measuring the lower critical solution temperature, % gel content, pH at point of zero charge (pHPZC), and network parameters, such as ρc and M c. The prevalence of covalent, ionic (I), and variegated interactions between STR-g-TerPol and M(III) has been understood through FTIR analyses, fitting of kinetics data to the pseudosecond-order model, and by the measurement of activation energies of adsorption. The formation of H-aggregate type dimers and hypochromic and hypsochromic shifts has been explained via UV-vis analyses during individual and/or simultaneous removal(s) of cationic dyes. Several isotherm models were fitted to the equilibrium experimental data, of which Langmuir and combined Langmuir-Freundlich models have been best fitted for individual Bi(III)/Sb(III) and simultaneous Sb(III) + Bi(III) removals, respectively. Thermodynamically spontaneous chemisorption processes have shown the maximum ACs of 1047.39/282.39 and 932.08/137.85 mg g-1 for Bi(III) and Sb(III), respectively, at 303 K, adsorbent dose = 0.01 g, and initial concentration of M(III) = 1000/30 ppm. The maximum ACs have been changed to 173.09 and 136.02 mg g-1 for Bi(III) and Sb(III), respectively, for binary Sb(III) + Bi(III) removals at 303 K, adsorbent dose = 0.01 g, and initial concentration of Bi(III)/Sb(III) at 30/5 and 5/30 ppm.

Carbohydrate and collagen-based doubly-grafted interpenetrating terpolymer hydrogel via N-H activated in situ allocation of monomer for superadsorption of Pb(II), Hg(II), dyes, vitamin-C, and p-nitrophenol.

Herein, guar gum (GG)-g-(acrylic acid (AA)-co-3-acrylamido propanoic acid (AMPA)-co-acrylamide (AM))-g-cow buffing dust (CBD)/(GGTPCBD), a smart carbohydrate and protein-based doubly-grafted interpenetrating terpolymer hydrogel showing excellent physicochemical properties and recyclability was synthesized by in situ strategic allocation of AMPA during solution polymerization of AA and AM through systematic optimization of the amounts of components and reaction temperature for superadsorption of Hg(II), Pb(II), methyl violet (MV), methylene blue (MB), p-nitrophenol (PNP), and vitamin-C (vit.C). The in situ strategic protrusion of AMPA, grafting of both GG and CBD into AA-co-AMPA-co-AM, and ligand-selective superadsorption was inferred by advanced microstructural analyses of unadsorbed- and/or adsorbed-GGTPCBD using FTIR, 1H/13C NMR, O1s-/N1s-/C1s-/Pb4f7/2,5/2-/Hg4f7/2,5/2-XPS, UV-vis, TGA, DSC, XRD, DLS, SEM, EDX, % gel content, % -COOH, and pHPZC. The prevalence of covalent, ionic, and variegated interactions was rationalized by FTIR, fitting of kinetics data to the pseudosecond order model, and activation energies of adsorption. The BET and Langmuir isotherms fitted the best to MB and Hg(II)/Pb(II)/MV, respectively. Thermodynamically spontaneous chemisorption processes showed the maximum adsorption capacities (ACs) of 976.64, 859.23, 116.80, and 58.52 mg g-1 for Pb(II), Hg(II), MV, and MB, respectively, at 303 K, adsorbent dose = 0.01 g, and initial concentration of metal ions/dyes = 800/30 ppm.

Structures, Properties, and Performances-Relationships of Polymeric Membranes for Pervaporative Desalination.

For the fulfilment of increasing global demand and associated challenges related to the supply of clean-and-safe water, PV has been considered as one of the most attractive and promising areas in desalinating salty-water of varied salinities. In pervaporative desalination, the sustainability, endurance, and structural features of membrane, along with operating parameters, play the dominant roles and impart paramount impact in governing the overall PV efficiency. Indeed, polymeric- and organic-membranes suffer from several drawbacks, including inferior structural stability and durability, whereas the fabrication of purely inorganic membranes is complicated and costly. Therefore, recent development on the high-performance and cost-friendly PV membrane is mostly concentrated on synthesizing composite- and NCP-membranes possessing the advantages of both organic- and inorganic-membranes. This review reflects the insights into the physicochemical properties and fabrication approaches of different classes of PV membranes, especially composite- and NCP-membranes. The mass transport mechanisms interrelated to the specialized structural features have been discussed. Additionally, the performance potential and application prospects of these membranes in a wide spectrum of desalination and wastewater treatment have been elaborated. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives have been identified in developing and scaling up different high-performance membranes suitable for broader commercial applications.

Effective Utilization of Waste Red Mud for High Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes.

In recent years, metal oxide-based, inexpensive, stable electrodes are being explored as a potent source of high performance, sustainable supercapacitors. Here, the employment of industrial waste red mud as a pseudocapacitive electrode material is reported. Mechanical milling is used to produce uniform red mud nanoparticles, which are rich in hematite (Fe2O3), and lower amounts of other metal oxides. A comprehensive supercapacitive study of the electrode is presented as a function of ball-milling time up to 15 h. Ten-hour ball-milled samples exhibit the highest pseudocapacitive behavior with a specific capacitance value of ≈317 F g-1, at a scan rate of 10 mV s-1 in 6 m aqueous potassium hydroxide electrolyte solution. The modified electrode shows an extraordinary retention of ≈97% after 5000 cycles. A detailed quantitative electrochemical analysis is carried out to understand the charge storage mechanism at the electrode-electrolyte interface. The formation of uniform nanoparticles and increased electrode stability are correlated with the high performance. This work presents two significant benefits for the environment; in energy storage, it shows the production of a stable and efficient supercapacitor electrode, and in waste management with new applications for the treatment of red mud.

Fluorescent Terpolymers via In Situ Allocation of Aliphatic Fluorophore Monomers: Fe(III) Sensor, High-Performance Removals, and Bioimaging.

Herein, purely aliphatic intrinsically fluorescent terpolymers, i.e., 1 and 2, are synthesized through one-pot solution polymerization via N-H functionalized and multi C-C/C-N coupled in situ protrusion of fluorescent monomers using two nonemissive monomers. These scalable terpolymers are suitable for highly selective Fe(III) sensing, high-performance exclusion of Fe(III), logic function and the imaging of normal mammalian Madin-Darby canine kidney and human osteosarcoma cancer cell lines. The structures of terpolymers, in situ attachment of fluorescent monomers, clusteroluminescence, adsorption-mechanism, and cell-imaging abilities are understood via unadsorbed and/or adsorbed microstructural analyses using 1 H/13 C NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, fluorescence imaging, and fluorescence lifetime. The geometries, electronic structures, location of fluorophores, and singlet-singlet absorption and emission of terpolymers are examined using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT. For the precise identification of fluorophores, transition from occupied natural transition orbitals (NTOs) to unoccupied NTOs is computed. For 1/2, limit of detection (LOD) values and adsorption capacities are 6.0 × 10-7 /8.0 × 10-7 m and 147.82/120.56 mg g-1 at pHi = 7.0 and 303 K, respectively. The overall properties of 1 are more advantageous compared to 2 in sensing, cell imaging, and adsorptive exclusion of Fe(III).

Tetrapolymer Network Hydrogels via Gum Ghatti-Grafted and N-H/C-H-Activated Allocation of Monomers for Composition-Dependent Superadsorption of Metal Ions.

Herein, gum ghatti (GGTI)-g-[sodium acrylate (SA)-co-3-(N-(4-(4-methyl pentanoate))acrylamido)propanoate (NMPAP)-co-4-(acrylamido)-4-methyl pentanoate (AMP)-co-N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA)] (i.e., GGTI-g-TetraP), a novel interpenetrating tetrapolymer network-based sustainable hydrogel, possessing extraordinary physicochemical properties and excellent recyclability, has been synthesized via grafting of GGTI and in situ strategic protrusion of NMPAP and AMP during the solution polymerization of SA and NIPA, through systematic multistage optimization of ingredients and temperature, for ligand-selective superadsorption of hazardous metal ions (M(II)), such as Sr(II), Hg(II), and Cu(II). The in situ allocation of NMPAP and AMP via N-H and C-H activations, grafting of GGTI into the SA-co-NMPAP-co-AMP-co-NIPA (TetraP) matrix, the effect of comonomer compositions on ligand-selective adsorption, crystallinity, thermal stabilities, surface properties, swellability, adsorption capacities (ACs), mechanical properties, and the superadsorption mechanism have been apprehended via extensive microstructural analyses of unloaded and/or loaded GGTI-g-TetraP1 and GGTI-g-TetraP2 bearing SA/NIPA in 8:1 and 2:1 ratios, respectively, using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H/13C/DEPT-135 NMR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, rheological analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, along with measuring % gel content, pH at point of zero charge (pHPZC), and % graft ratio. The thermodynamically spontaneous chemisorption has been inferred from FTIR, XPS, fitting of kinetics data to pseudo-second-order model, and activation energies. The chemisorption data have exhibited excellent fitting to the Langmuir isotherm model. For Sr(II), Hg(II), and Cu(II), ACs were 1940.24/1748.36, 1759.50/1848.03, and 1903.64/1781.63 mg g-1, respectively, at 293 K, 0.02 g of GGTI-g-TetraP1/2, and initial concentration of M(II) = 500-1000 ppm.