Therapeutic plasma exchange for the management of refractory systemic autoimmune diseases: report of 31 cases and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) represents a treatment option in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases because most of their clinical manifestations are related to the presence of antibodies or immune complex deposition. OBJECTIVE: To describe the main demographic and clinical characteristics as well as the outcome of patients with systemic autoimmune diseases treated with TPE at a tertiary care center. METHODS: We included all patients with systemic autoimmune diseases in whom the indication for treatment with TPE was a flare of the disease between 1999 and 2010. The indications for treatment, complications and outcomes were obtained from review of medical records. RESULTS: A total of 31 patients (18 (58%) females and 13 (42%) males) were treated with a total of 196 TPE sessions with an average of 6.3 sessions per patient. Mean age at the time of TPE was 52.9 years (range, 26.0-82.0 years). Ten (32.3%) patients had ANCA-associated vasculitides, 6 (19.4%) mixed cryoglobulinemia secondary to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, 5 (16.1%) essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, 4 (12.9%) catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, 3 (9.7%) systemic lupus erythematosus, 2(6.5%) dermatomyositis and 1 (3.1%) polyarteritis nodosa. All patients except one were receiving corticosteroids at varying doses and all received a concomitant immunosuppressive drug. Ten (32.3%) and 9 (29.0%) patients received rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulins prior to TPE, respectively. Six patients experienced catheter-related infections, 5 urinary infections and 3 patients developed hospital acquired pneumonia. Eleven patients died in spite of the TPE. CONCLUSIONS: TPE is an effective therapeutic option for treating serious manifestations of systemic autoimmune diseases and a valid option for those patients with refractory disease to conventional treatments.

Uso de la microscopia confocal de reflectancia en dermatología / Use of confocal reflectante microscopy in dermatology

La microscopia confocal de reflectancia (MCR) es una herramienta de imágenes no invasiva que permite la visualización in vivo y en tiempo real de estructuras microscópicas de la epidermis, unión dermo-epidérmica y dermis superficial con una resolución cuasi histológica. Ha sido utilizada en la evaluación de lesiones benignas y malignas, demostrando un gran potencial para aplicaciones en investigación básica y en dermatología clínica. En el presente trabajo se revisan conceptos acerca del desarrollo y principios básicos del funcionamiento de la MCR, así como de sus aplicaciones en la práctica clínica.

Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a noninvasive imaging tool that allows in-vivo and realtimevisualization of microscopic structures of the epidermis, dermo-epidermal junction and superficialdermis with a quasi-histological resolution. It has been used in the evaluation of benignand malignant lesions, showing a great potential for applications in basic research and clinicaldermatology. This paper reviews concepts about the development and basic principles of the RCMand its applications in clinical practice.