Changes in vineyard soil parameters after repeated application of organic-inorganic amendments based on spent mushroom substrate.

The changes of physicochemical and biochemical parameters of a silty loam (S1) and sandy loam (S2) vineyard soils added with spent mushroom substrate (SMS) or SMS composted with ophite (OF) as rock dust (SMS + OF) were studied. Two doses of SMS or SMS + OF (25 and 100 Mg ha-1) were applied for two consecutive years (2020-2021) and changes of soil physicochemical parameters, and dehydrogenase activity (DHA), respiration (RES), microbial biomass (BIO), and the phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) profile were assayed on a temporal basis. The results showed an increase in soil organic carbon (OC) content, total and mineralised N, P, and K, especially when the highest SMS dose was applied to soils. Repeated application caused OC content over time up to 2.3 times higher than initial content in the silty loam soil. This increase was not observed in sandy soil, possibly due to a higher bioavailability of OC, as indicated by the evolution of extractable humic acid/fulvic acid pools. In both soils, all biochemical parameters increased after amendment, being favoured both by the OC and by the presence of OF. Significant positive correlations were found between DHA, RES and BIO, and OC content especially in the first part and then levelled off after the second dose application. Total bacterial or fungal PLFAs patterns reflected the variation of BIO by SMS application. The higher growth of fungi vs. bacterial community in amended soils was recorded after the first SMS application, although the opposite effect occurred after the second application, with similar results in both soils. The findings indicate that the application of SMS or SMS + OF in vineyard soils could be an appropriate agronomic management practice for maintaining soil sustainability, although doses and application times of these amendments should first be evaluated depending on soil texture.

Mobility monitoring of two herbicides in amended soils: A field study for modeling applications.

This paper reports the mobility and total balance of chlorotoluron (CTL), flufenacet (FNC) and bromide ion (Br-) throughout a sandy soil profile after the application of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and green compost (GC). Obtaining mobility dataset is crucial to simulate the herbicides' fate under amended soil scenarios by application pesticide leaching models with regulatory application (FOCUS models). The application of organic residues is nowadays increased to improve the crop yields and there is a gap in the simulations of this kind of amended scenarios. A two-year field experiment involving unamended soil (S) and SMS- or GC-amended soil plots was conducted. CTL, FNC, and Br- were annually applied and their residual concentrations were determined in soil profiles (0-100 cm) regularly sampled. In all the treatments the order of mobility is followed as FNC < CTL < Br-. SMS and GC increased herbicide retention in the top 10 cm by the higher organic carbon (OC) content than the unamended soil, and their ability to increase the soil's water-holding capacity and to decrease water percolation. Simultaneously dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content facilitated herbicide transport being it favoured by the initial soil moisture content and the rainfall shortly after the chemicals' initial application. Over the first year, residual amounts (<2.6%) of Br-, CTL and FNC were leached down to 90-100 cm depth in the three treatments. However, over the second year low CTL and FNC amounts (<1.0%) reached the bottom layer only in S + SMS although high Br- concentrations did so in the three treatments (<20%). According to the total balance of Br-, CTL, and FNC in the soil profiles other processes (degradation, mineralisation, bound residues formation, and/or crop uptake) different from leaching below 1 m depth might play a key role in their dissipation especially in the amended soil profiles. SMS and GC are likely to be used as organic amendments to preserve the soil and water quality but in the case of SMS, its higher DOC content could imply a higher potential risk for groundwater contamination than GC.

Assessment of 14C-prosulfocarb dissipation mechanism in soil after amendment and its impact on the microbial community.

Adding organic amendments to soil could modify the bioavailability of herbicides and lead to changes in the microbial community's activity and structure. The objective here was to study the dissipation and total mass balance of 14C-labeled prosulfocarb applied at two rates (4 and 10 mg kg-1) in unamended and green compost (GC)-amended soil. Soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile analysis were determined to evaluate the effect of herbicide residues on microbial community's activity and structure over the dissipation period. The dissipation rate of prosulfocarb decreased after soil amendment due to higher herbicide adsorption by the amended soil. The 50% dissipation time (DT50) increased 1.7 times in the unamended soil when the concentration of prosulfocarb increased 2.5 times. The mass balance results indicate that the sum of water and organic extractable fractions represented the highest amounts up to the dissipation of 50% 14C-prosulfocarb. The 14C-herbicide was then mainly mineralized (up to 11%-31%) or formed non-extractable residues (up to 35%-44%). The amount of 14C-prosulfocarb residues extracted with methanol was slightly higher in amended soils than in unamended ones. 14C-prosulfocarb mineralization was higher in unamended soils than in amended ones. The formation of non-extractable residues was continuous, and increased over time. Soil DHA decreased in the unamended soil and was maintained in the GC-amended soil at the end of the assay. The microbial structure was barely disturbed over the prosulfocarb degradation process, although it was clearly influenced by the application of GC. The results obtained reveal the influence organic amendment has on herbicide bioavailability to decrease its biodegradation and buffer its impact on the soil microbial structure.

Dissipation of herbicides after repeated application in soils amended with green compost and sewage sludge.

Certain agricultural practices, such as the repeated application of herbicides or organic amendments to soil, can influence herbicide dissipation. This research has studied the effects of two repeated applications of mesotrione, pethoxamid, and triasulfuron on their dissipation rates in unamended soil (S) and soil amended with green compost (S+GC) or sewage sludge (S+SS). The dissipation experiment has also included an evaluation of the adsorption of the three herbicides by soils and of changes in soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA). The adsorption of the three herbicides by amended soils (Kf range 0.83-2.98) was higher than by unamended soil (Kf range 0.20-0.64). The adsorption coefficients (Kd) of mesotrione and triasulfuron were higher for S+SS, while that of pethoxamid was higher for S+GC, but no relationship between values for the time to 50% degradation (DT50) and adsorption coefficients could be determined. The repeated application of mesotrione decreased its dissipation rate in unamended soil (DT50 increased from 4.75 to 8.15 days) and amended soils (DT50 increased from 11.7 to 28.2 days in S+GC and from 17.7 to 37.9 in S+SS), whereas the repeated application of pethoxamid increased its dissipation rate in all the treatments, and the rate for triasulfuron increased only in amended soils. The highest DT50 values for pethoxamid (12.3 days) and triasulfuron (57.1 days) were in S+GC, and the lowest in S+SS (8.35 and 24.7 days). Soil DHA was stimulated by the presence of GC in the soil and by the first application of mesotrione. The second application of mesotrione and pethoxamid positively affected soil DHA, but this did not occur for triasulfuron. The repeated applications of herbicides and soil organic amendments have different effects on herbicide dissipation, adsorption, and soil DHA, and they should be taken into account when assessing soil quality and other potential environmental implications of pesticide use.

Development of a procedure for the multiresidue analysis of pesticides in vineyard soils and its application to real samples.

A procedure for multiresidue analysis was developed for the extraction and determination of 17 pesticides, including herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides, as well as certain degradation products, in vineyard soils from La Rioja region (Spain). Different solvents and mixtures were tested in spiked pesticide-free soils, and pesticides were comparatively evaluated by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Recoveries >70%, with relative standard deviations <9%, were obtained when a mixture of methanol/acetone or a mixture of methanol/CaCl2 0.01 M for the most polar compounds was selected as the extraction solvent. Method validation was accomplished with acceptable linearity (r(2) ≥ 0.987) within the concentration range of 0.005-1 µg/mL corresponding to 1.667-333.4 µg/kg and 0.835-167.1 µg/kg for liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, respectively, and detection limits <0.4 µg/kg for the compounds were studied. The extraction method was applied to 17 real vineyard soil samples, and terbuthylazine and its metabolite desethylterbuthylazine were the most ubiquitous compounds, as they were detected in the 100% of the soils analyzed. The presence of fungicides was also high, and the presence of insecticides was lower than other pesticides. The results confirm the usefulness of the optimized procedure for monitoring residues in vineyard soils.

Sustainable agricultural practices influence s-metolachlor, foramsulfuron and thiencarbazone-methyl degradation and their metabolites formation.

The effect of sustainable agricultural practices, such as mulching or the application of straw residues as an organic amendment, on the degradation, dissipation and persistence in the soil of S-metolachlor (SMOC), foramsulfuron (FORAM) and thiencarbazone-methyl (TCM) is still unclear. The objective here was to conduct a laboratory experiment to evaluate the impact of milled wheat straw (WS) simulating its individual use as mulch or applied as an organic amendment to two agricultural soils: unamended and WS-amended soils on the degradation kinetics of the herbicides SMOC, FORAM and TCM, and on the formation of their major metabolites at two incubation temperatures (14 °C and 24 °C). The degradation rate of SMOC on WS was 6.9-16.7 times faster than that observed for FORAM and TCM at both temperatures. The half-life (DT50) values were 1.1-10.6 times lower for FORAM than for SMOC and TCM in the unamended and WS-amended soils at 14 °C and 24 °C. The application of WS to soils increased the DT50 values from 1.1 to 11.2 times for all the herbicides at both incubation temperatures due to their higher adsorption and lower bioavailability. The herbicides recorded a faster degradation at 24 °C (1.2-3.9 times) than at 14 °C, according to Q10 values >1. SMOC metabolites were more persistent in WS-amended soils than in unamended ones, in agreement with the DT50 values recorded for the parent compound. The results indicate that the effect of the mulch applied to soils as an organic amendment was different depending on the herbicide and incubation temperature. The outcomes of this research can give key suggestions for reducing the effects of residual herbicides following sustainable agricultural practices by avoiding soil and groundwater contamination, which is one of the challenges involved in the application of chemical inputs.

Mulching vs. organic soil amendment: Effects on adsorption-desorption of herbicides.

Mulching and organic soil amendment are two agricultural practices that are being increasingly used to preserve soil from degradation, although they may modify the fate of herbicides when applied in soils subjected to these practices. This study has set out to compare the impact of both agricultural practices on the adsorption-desorption behaviour of the herbicides S-metolachlor (SMOC), foramsulfuron (FORAM), and thiencarbazone-methyl (TCM) involving winter wheat mulch residues at different stages of decomposition and particle size, and unamended soils or those amended with mulch. The Freundlich Kf adsorption constants of the three herbicides by mulches, and unamended and amended soils ranged between 1.34 and 65.8 (SMOC), 0-34.3 (FORAM), and 0.01-1.10 (TCM). The adsorption of the three compounds was significantly higher in mulches than in soils (unamended and amended). The adsorption of SMOC and FORAM increased significantly with mulch decomposition, with this positive impact also being observed on the adsorption of FORAM and TCM after mulch milling. Simple and multiple correlations between mulches, soils, and herbicide properties, and adsorption-desorption constants (Kf, Kd, Kfd) reflected the organic carbon (OC) content and/or dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content of the adsorbents as main variables controlling the adsorption and/or desorption of each herbicide. The statistic R2 revealed that >61 % of the variability in the adsorption-desorption constants could be explained by jointly considering the OC of mulches and soils and the hydrophobicity (for Kf) or water solubility of herbicides (for Kd or Kfd). The same trend observed for Kfd desorption constants as for Kf adsorption ones resulted in higher percentages of herbicide remaining adsorbed after desorption in amended soils (33 %-41 % of SMOC, 0 %-15 % of FORAM, and 2 %-17 % of TCM) than in mulches (< 10 %). The results reveal a higher efficiency of organic soil amendment than mulching as an agricultural practice for immobilising the herbicides studied when winter wheat mulch residues are used as a common adsorbent, and as a better strategy for avoiding groundwater contamination.

Pesticides and degradation products in groundwaters from a vineyard region: optimization of a multiresidue method based on SPE and GC-MS.

A reliable multiresidue method based on solid phase extraction was developed using GC-MS to determine and quantify 34 pesticides, including herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and some of their degradation products, in groundwater in a vineyard region of La Rioja (northern Spain). Different parameters were optimized and good recoveries (65-108% range) and precisions (12-19% range) were achieved with spiked water samples for a concentration of 0.1 µg/L. The experimental results showed an excellent linearity (r(2) > 0.99) over the 0.1-1.5 µg/L range. The detection limits of the proposed method were 1-37 ng/L for most of the compounds studied. The methodology has been successfully applied to the analysis of groundwater samples from vineyard areas in La Rioja and the presence of pesticides, especially fungicides and herbicides, at several concentration levels was revealed. Terbuthylazine, its metabolite desethyl-terbuthylazine, and fluometuron were the pesticides most frequently detected in higher concentrations. Overall and taking into consideration the European Union maximum residue limit of pesticides in groundwater, 16 of the 34 compounds included in this study were detected in concentrations over that limit in at least one of the samples analyzed.

Assessment of spent mushroom substrate as sorbent of fungicides: influence of sorbent and sorbate properties.

The capacity of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) as a sorbent of fungicides was evaluated for its possible use in regulating pesticide mobility in the environment. The sorption studies involved four different SMS types in terms of nature and treatment and eight fungicides selected as representative compounds from different chemical groups. Nonlinear sorption isotherms were observed for all SMS-fungicide combinations. The highest sorption was obtained by composted SMS from Agaricus bisporus cultivation. A significant negative and positive correlation was obtained between the K(OC) sorption constants and the polarity index values of sorbents and the K(OW) of fungicides, respectively. The statistic revealed that more than 77% of the variability in the K(OW) could be explained considering these properties jointly. The other properties of both the sorbent (total carbon, dissolved organic carbon, or pH) and the sorbate (water solubility) were nonsignificant. The hysteresis values for cyprodinil (log K(OW)= 4) were for all the sorbents much higher (>3) than for other fungicides. This was consistent with the remaining sorption after desorption considered as an indicator of the sorption efficiency of SMS for fungicides. Changes in the absorption bands of fungicides sorbed by SMS observed by FTIR permitted establishing the interaction mechanism of fungicides with SMS. The findings of this work provide evidence for the potential capacity of SMS as a sorbent of fungicides and the low desorption observed especially for some fungicides, although they suggest that more stabilized or humified organic substrates should be produced to enhance their efficiency in environmental applications.

Influence of pine or oak wood on the degradation of alachlor and metalaxyl in soil.

The objective of this work was to study the influence pine or oak wood added to soil as an amendment (5% w/w) had on the degradation rate of two pesticides, alachlor and metalaxyl, with different hydrophobic character. The formation of pesticide metabolites and the soil dehydrogenase activity in non-amended and amended soil samples were also monitored. The degradation of metalaxyl followed first-order kinetics, while the degradation of alachlor followed first-order or biphasic kinetics in the soil samples studied. The results indicated that the degradation rate was slower for metalaxyl than for alachlor, and for both pesticides followed the order: pine amended soil < oak amended soil < non-amended soil. The faster degradation rate in non-amended soil was attributed to the higher sorption of pesticides by wood amended soils. The alachlor ethane sulfonic acid (ESA), and two metalaxyl metabolites (2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-methoxyacetylamino]-propionic acid and N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-methoxy-acetamide) were detected during the incubation period. Soil dehydrogenase activity recorded close values in non-amended and amended soil treated with alachlor, but it was higher in wood amended soil treated with metalaxyl. Pine and oak wood increase the immobilization of the pesticides studied, but they also limit their bioavailability in soil by decreasing their degradation rate in amended soil.

Long-term variability of metals from fungicides applied in amended young vineyard fields of La Rioja (Spain).

The long-term variability of total Cu content from fungicides applied in a certified wine region of Spain (La Rioja) and of other metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) was evaluated in three young vineyard soils and subsoils unamended and amended with spent mushroom substrates (SMS) over a 3-year period (2006-2008). SMS is a promising agricultural residue as an amendment to increase the soil organic matter content but may modify the behaviour of metals from pesticide utilisation in vineyards. Fresh and composted SMS was applied each year at a rate of 25 t ha(-1) (dry-weight). Copper concentrations in the three unamended soils were 21.2-88.5, 25.5-77.1, and 29.4-78.4 mg kg(-1). They exceeded natural Cu concentrations of the region and reference sub-lethal hazardous concentration for soil organism. The concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn were largely below the sub-lethal limits. Thus, although Cu levels were lower than those of established vineyards, vine performance, and productivity might be affected. The variation in behaviour between different amendments for each soil was high, so a generic conclusion could not be drawn. The amendment practice seemed to have caused temporarily Cu mobilization respect to untreated soils. Total zinc concentrations fall within the range of the natural soil of La Rioja and were significantly affected (p < 0.05) especially by fresh state SMS addition, with increasing up to 75% respect to untreated specimen. The results indicated a build-up of fresh sites for metal retention at both surface and subsurface level, although no accumulation of metals was observed in the short-term period. However, the benefit for soils and the negative effects need to be monitored in the long run.

Field-scale dissipation of tebuconazole in a vineyard soil amended with spent mushroom substrate and its potential environmental impact.

The persistence, mobility and degradation of tebuconazole were assessed under field conditions in a sandy clay loam soil amended with spent mushroom substrate (SMS) at two rates. The aim was to evaluate the environmental impact of the simultaneous application of SMS and fungicide in a vineyard soil. SMS is the pasteurized and composted organic material remaining after a crop of mushroom is produced. SMS is generated in increasing amounts in La Rioja region (Spain), and could be used as soil amendment in vineyard soils, where fungicides are also applied in large amounts. The study was carried out in 18 experimental plots (6 treatments and 3 replicates per treatment) over one year. Laboratory experiments were also conducted to verify the changes over time in the adsorption of fungicide by soils and in soil dehydrogenase activity caused by the fungicide and/or SMS. Tebuconazole dissipation followed biphasic kinetics with a rapid dissipation phase, followed by a slow dissipation phase. Half-life (DT50) values ranged from 8.2 to 12.4 days, with lower DT50 for amended soils when compared to the non-amended controls. The distribution of tebuconazole through the soil profile (0-50 cm) determined at 124, 209 and 355 days after its application indicated the higher mobility of fungicide to deeper soil layers in amended soils revealing the influence of solid and dissolved organic matter from SMS in this process. Tebuconazole might be available for biodegradation although over time only chemical or photochemical degradation was evident in surface soils. The results obtained highlight the interest of field and laboratory data to design rational applications of SMS and fungicide when they are jointly applied to prevent the possible risk of water contamination.

Assessment of pesticide residues in waters and soils of a vineyard region and its temporal evolution.

Sustainable agriculture practices and integrated pest management for avoiding environmental pollution are necessary to maintain a high yield in vineyard areas. Pesticide residues in groundwater in a vineyard area of La Rioja (Spain) have been evaluated in previous years, and they could now have varied after farmers have adopted the different measures recommended. Accordingly, this research's objectives were (i) to evaluate the occurrence and seasonal distribution (spring, summer, and autumn samplings) of pesticides (36) plus their degradation products (DP) (11) in water and soil samples (23 + 15) in La Rioja (Northern Spain), and (ii) to compare the current water quality (2019) with that determined previously (2011). A multi-residue method based on solid phase extraction (for water samples) or solid liquid extraction (for soil samples) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was used to determine and quantify pesticides. The results reveal the presence in waters of 30 compounds from those selected (15 fungicides + 2 DP, 7 insecticides + 1 DP, and 3 herbicides +2 DP), with 14 of them at concentrations > 0.1 µg L-1 (water quality threshold for human consumption). The highest number of compounds was detected in summer (waters) and spring (soils). The pesticides most frequently detected in water samples were the fungicides metalaxyl, tebuconazole, and boscalid, with the last one being the compound found in the highest number of soil samples. The comparison of water pollution in 2011 and 2019 indicates a significant decrease in the total concentration of herbicides, fungicides and insecticides in 95-100%, 76-90%, and 42-85% of samples in the three campaigns, respectively. The results indicate that an optimized and sustainable use of pesticides in intensive and high-yield agricultural areas could reduce environmental pollution.

Transport of 14C-prosulfocarb through soil columns under different amendment, herbicide incubation and irrigation regimes.

This study sets out to evaluate the effect on the leaching of prosulfocarb through packed soil columns of applying green compost (GC) as an organic amendment (20% w/w), herbicide ageing over 28 days in the soil (incubation vs. no incubation), and two different irrigation regimes (saturated or saturated-unsaturated flows). Peak concentrations decreased after herbicide incubation in the columns for both unamended (S) and amended (S + GC) soils under both flow regimes. The leached amounts decreased when the herbicide was incubated for 28 days in S (2.1 and 1.9 times) and S + GC (2.9 and 1.6 times), under saturated or saturated-unsaturated flow, respectively. In the S columns, the total amounts retained (43.3%-60.8%) were lower than the ones obtained for the S + GC columns under saturated flow (77.4%-85.2%), suggesting a stronger interaction between the herbicide and the GC-amended soil. This behaviour was not observed under saturated-unsaturated flow, as the total amounts retained were similar in both the S and S + GC columns. Prosulfocarb was primarily retained in the first segment of the S (>28%) and S + GC (>43%) columns under all conditions. Incubation time did not greatly affect the herbicide retention, but it significantly increased the mineralized amount under saturated flow. The total balances of 14C-prosulfocarb were >73% and >80% in the S and S + GC columns, respectively, indicating that amendment decreased prosulfocarb loss by volatilization. Several factors, such as amendment, herbicide ageing and water flow, proved to be important for controlling the leaching of this herbicide through the soil profile.

Monitoring and environmental risk assessment of pesticide residues and some of their degradation products in natural waters of the Spanish vineyard region included in the Denomination of Origin Jumilla.

Water pollution by pesticides used in agriculture is currently a major concern both in Spain and in Europe as a whole, prompting the need to evaluate water quality and ecological risk in areas of intensive agriculture. This study involved monitoring pesticide residues and certain degradation products in surface and ground waters of the Denomination of Origin (DO) Jumilla vineyard area in Spain. Sixty-nine pesticides were selected and evaluated at twenty-one sampling points using a multi-residue analytical method, based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS), providing reliable results. Twenty-six compounds from those selected were detected in the samples analyzed (eleven insecticides including one degradation product, nine herbicides, and six fungicides) and fifteen of them were found in concentrations over 0.1 µg L-1 (upper threshold established by the EU for pesticides detected in waters for human consumption). Indoxacarb was present in more than 70% of the samples, being the most frequently detected compound in water samples. Some pesticides were ubiquitous in all the water samples. Ecotoxicological risk indicators, toxic units (TUs) and risk quotients (RQs), for algae, Daphnia magna and fish were calculated to estimate the environmental risk of the presence of pesticides in waters. The compounds with the highest risk were the herbicides pendimethalin, with RQ values > 1 for the three aquatic organisms, and diflufenican, posing a high risk for algae and fish, and the insecticide chlorpyrifos, with a high risk for Daphnia magna and fish. The ∑TUi determined for water at each sampling point posed only a high risk for the three aquatic organisms in a sample. These results are important for considering the selection of pesticides with less environmental risk in intensive agricultural areas.

Field measurement and modelling of chlorotoluron and flufenacet persistence in unamended and amended soils.

The dissipation and persistence of two cereals herbicides, chlorotoluron and flufenacet, were studied in a field experiment including three replicated plots of unamended soil (S), soil amended with spent mushroom substrate (S + SMS), and soil amended with green compost (S + GC), during the winter wheat cultivation campaign. The SMS and GC organic residues were applied to the soil at rates of 140 or 85 t residue ha-1, and herbicides were sprayed as Erturon® and Herold® formulations for chlorotoluron and flufenacet, respectively. Concentrations of both herbicides and of their metabolites were regularly measured in the three soil treatments (0-10 cm) from 0 to 339 days. The dissipation kinetics fitted well the single first order (SFO) model, except that of chlorotoluron that fitted the first order multi-compartment (FOMC) model better in the unamended soil. The dissipation rates of herbicides were lower in amended than in unamended soils. The results also showed that the DT50 of chlorotoluron (66.2-88.0 days) and flufenacet (117-145 days) under field conditions were higher than those previously obtained at laboratory scale highlighting the importance of the changing environmental conditions on the dissipation process. Similarly, the formation of chlorotoluron and flufenacet metabolites under field conditions was different from that previously observed in the laboratory. The performance of the MACRO pesticide fate model, parameterized with laboratory data, was then tested against field data. There was a very good agreement between measured and simulated chlorotoluron residue levels in the three soil treatments, while the ability of the model to reproduce the dissipation of flufenacet was good in the unamended soil and very good in S + SMS and S + GC soils. MACRO might be used to estimate the remaining amounts of herbicides in amended soils from degradation data previously obtained at laboratory scale. This would help to manage herbicide doses in different environmental conditions to preserve the sustainability of agricultural systems.

Organic carbon nature determines the capacity of organic amendments to adsorb pesticides in soil.

The spread of organic pollutants from soil to other environments is one important source of environmental pollution. The addition of organic amendments to soil is an interesting strategy to control pollutants leaching. However, the contribution of different carbon types of organic amendments to organic pollutants adsorption is not clear. Hence, the objective of this work was to determine the role of carbon types of organic amendments into the adsorption of four herbicides. To this extent, organic amendments were characterized by elemental analysis and 13C-NMR and adsorption-desorption isotherms of herbicides by the organic amendments and two soils amended with them were obtained. Adsorption coefficients were correlated with the organic carbon content of the organic amendments and the adsorption process was enhanced by the hydrophobicity of herbicides and the aliphatic and aromatic carbon of amendments. Organic amendments increased the adsorption of herbicides by soils but it is not possible to extrapolate results from one soil to another because organo-mineral interactions between soils and organic amendments can modify this process. Desorption isotherms of herbicides from organic amendments and/or amended soils presented hysteresis indicating the irreversible adsorption of herbicides. Desorption results indicated, the abundance of O-alkyl and N-alkyl groups in organic amendments enhanced the hysteresis in amended soils.

Modelling herbicides mobility in amended soils: Calibration and test of PRZM and MACRO.

Addition of organic residues to soil is a current farming practice but it is not considered in the modelling studies for pesticide risk assessment at regulatory level despite its potential impact on the pesticide dynamics in soil. Thus, the objective of this work was to examine and to compare the ability of PRZM and MACRO pesticide fate models to simulate soil water content, and bromide (Br-, tracer), chlorotoluron and flufenacet concentrations in the soil profiles (0-100 cm) of one agricultural soil, unamended (control soil, S), amended with spent mushroom substrate (S + SMS) or amended with green compost (S + GC). Based on a two-year field-scale dataset, the models were first calibrated against measurements of water and solutes contents in the soil profiles (first year) and then tested without any further model calibration by comparison with the field observations of the second year. In general, the performance of MACRO to simulate the whole dataset in the three soil treatments was higher than that of PRZM. MACRO simulated satisfactorily the water dynamics along the soil profiles whereas it was poorly described by the capacity model PRZM. Both models predicted very well the Br- mobility in control and amended soils after dispersion parameters were fitted to observations. No calibration was necessary to reproduce correctly herbicides vertical distribution in the control soil profile. In the amended soils, MACRO simulations were highly correlated to the observed vertical distribution of flufenacet and chlorotoluron, but calibration of the Kd of chlorotoluron was needed. On the contrary, modelling with PRZM required calibration of Kd and DT50 of both herbicides to obtain an acceptable agreement between observations and predictions in the amended soils. Kd and DT50 calibration was based on the initial dissolved organic carbon contents (DOC) of amended soils. It allowed to take into account the processes that decrease the herbicides sorption on the soil and enhance their bioavailability, but that are not described in PRZM and MACRO (such as the formation of herbicide-DOC mobile complexes). This work showed that models such as PRZM and MACRO are able to simulate the fate of pesticides in amended soils. However, before using these models as predictive tools in large amended soil conditions, and especially in the regulatory context, further modelling studies should focus on other pedoclimatic-pesticides-organic residues combinations, and on longer periods.

Holistic assessment of the microbiome dynamics in the substrates used for commercial champignon (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation.

Microorganisms strongly influence and are required to generate the selective substrate that provides nutrients and support for fungal growth, and ultimately to induce mushroom fructification under controlled environmental conditions. In this work, the fungal and bacterial microbiota living in the different substrates employed in a commercial crop (compost phase I, II and III, flush 1 and 2, and casing material on day 1, 6 and 8 after compost casing and during flush 1 and 2) have been characterized along the different stages of cultivation by metataxonomic analysis (16S rRNA and ITS2), analysis of phospholipid fatty acid content (PLFAs) and RT-qPCR. Additionally, laccase activity and the content of lignin and complex carbohydrates in compost and casing have been quantified. The bacterial diversity in compost and casing increased throughout the crop cycle boosted by the connection of both substrates. As reflected by the PLFAs, the total living bacterial biomass appears to be negatively correlated with the mycelium of the crop. Agaricus bisporus was the dominant fungal species in colonized substrates, displacing the pre-eminent Ascomycota, accompanied by a sustained increase in laccase activity, which is considered to be a major product of protein synthesis during the mycelial growth of champignon. From phase II onwards, the metabolic machinery of the fungal crop degrades lignin and carbohydrates in compost, while these components are hardly degraded in casing, which reflects the minor role of the casing for nourishing the crop. The techniques employed in this study provide a holistic and detailed characterization of the changing microbial composition in commercial champignon substrates. The knowledge generated will contribute to improve compost formulations (selection of base materials) and accelerate compost production, for instance, through biotechnological interventions in the form of tailored biostimulants and to design environmentally sustainable bio-based casing materials.

Survey of Schistosomiasis in Saint Lucia: Evidence for Interruption of Transmission.

Saint Lucia at one time had levels of schistosomiasis prevalence and morbidity as high as many countries in Africa. However, as a result of control efforts and economic development, including more widespread access to sanitation and safe water, schistosomiasis on the island has practically disappeared. To evaluate the current status of schistosomiasis in Saint Lucia, we conducted a nationally representative school-based survey of 8-11-year-old children for prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infections using circulating antigen and specific antibody detection methods. We also conducted a questionnaire about available water sources, sanitation, and contact with fresh water. The total population of 8-11-year-old children on Saint Lucia was 8,985; of these, 1,487 (16.5%) provided urine for antigen testing, 1,455 (16.2%) provided fingerstick blood for antibody testing, and 1,536 (17.1%) answered the questionnaire. Although a few children were initially low positives by antigen or antibody detection methods, none could be confirmed positive by follow-up testing. Most children reported access to clean water and sanitary facilities in or near their homes and 48% of the children reported contact with fresh water. Together, these data suggest that schistosomiasis transmission has been interrupted on Saint Lucia. Additional surveys of adults, snails, and a repeat survey among school-age children will be necessary to verify these findings. However, in the same way that research on Saint Lucia generated the data leading to use of mass drug administration for schistosomiasis control, the island may also provide the information needed for guidelines to verify interruption of schistosomiasis transmission.