Untangling the complex food webs of tropical rainforest streams.

Food webs depict the tangled web of trophic interactions associated with the functioning of an ecosystem. Understanding the mechanisms providing stability to these food webs is therefore vital for conservation efforts and the management of natural systems. Here, we first characterised a tropical stream meta-food web and five individual food webs using a Bayesian Hierarchical approach unifying three sources of information (gut content analysis, literature compilation and stable isotope data). With data on population-level biomass and individually measured body mass, we applied a bioenergetic model and assessed food web stability using a Lotka-Volterra system of equations. We then assessed the resilience of the system to individual species extinctions using simulations and investigated the network patterns associated with systems with higher stability. The model resulted in a stable meta-food web with 307 links among the 61 components. At the regional scale, 70% of the total energy flow occurred through a set of 10 taxa with large variation in body masses. The remaining 30% of total energy flow relied on 48 different taxa, supporting a significant dependency on a diverse community. The meta-food web was stable against individual species extinctions, with a higher resilience in food webs harbouring omnivorous fish species able to connect multiple food web compartments via weak, non-specialised interactions. Moreover, these fish species contributed largely to the spatial variation among individual food webs, suggesting that these species could operate as mobile predators connecting different streams and stabilising variability at the regional scale. Our results outline two key mechanisms of food web stability operating in tropical streams: (i) the diversity of species and body masses buffering against random and size-dependent disturbances and (ii) high regional diversity and weak omnivorous interactions of predators buffering against local stochastic variation in species composition. These mechanisms rely on high local and regional biodiversity in tropical streams, which is known to be strongly affected by human impacts. Therefore, an urgent challenge is to understand how the ongoing systematic loss of diversity jeopardises the stability of stream food webs in human-impacted landscapes.

As teias alimentares representam um emaranhado de interações tróficas associadas ao funcionamento de um ecossistema. Compreender os mecanismos que proporcionam estabilidade a estas teias alimentares é, portanto, vital para os esforços de conservação e gestão dos sistemas naturais. Aqui, primeiro caracterizamos uma meta teia alimentar de riachos tropicais e cinco teias alimentares individuais usando uma abordagem hierárquica Bayesiana unificando três fontes de informação (análise de conteúdo estomacal, compilação de literatura, dados de isótopos estáveis). Com dados sobre biomassa em nível populacional e massa corporal medida individualmente, aplicamos um modelo bioenergético e avaliamos a estabilidade da cadeia alimentar usando um sistema de equações Lotka­Volterra. Em seguida, avaliamos a resiliência do sistema às extinções de espécies individuais usando simulações e investigamos os padrões de rede associados a sistemas com maior estabilidade. O modelo resultou em uma meta teia alimentar estável com 307 ligações entre os 61 componentes. Na escala regional, 70% do fluxo total de energia ocorreu através de um conjunto de dez taxa com grande variação nas massas corporais. Os restantes 30% do fluxo total de energia dependiam de 47 taxa diferentes, apoiando uma dependência significativa de uma comunidade diversificada. A meta teia alimentar foi estável contra extinções de espécies individuais, com uma maior resiliência em teias alimentares que abrigam espécies de peixes onívoros capazes de conectar múltiplos compartimentos da teia alimentar através de interações fracas e não especializadas. Além disso, estas espécies de peixes contribuíram amplamente para a variação espacial entre as cadeias alimentares individuais, sugerindo que estas espécies poderiam operar como predadores móveis conectando diferentes riachos e estabilizando a variabilidade à escala regional. Nossos resultados descrevem dois mecanismos principais de estabilidade da cadeia alimentar operando em riachos tropicais: (i) a diversidade de espécies e massas corporais que protegem contra distúrbios aleatórios e dependentes do tamanho (ii) alta diversidade regional e fracas interações onívoras de predadores que protegem contra a variação estocástica local na composição de espécies. Estes mecanismos dependem de uma elevada biodiversidade local e regional em riachos tropicais, que são conhecidos por serem fortemente afetados pelos impactos humanos. Portanto, um desafio urgente é compreender como a contínua perda sistemática de diversidade põe em risco a estabilidade das teias alimentares em paisagens impactadas pelo homem.

Effects of lower-limb intermittent pneumatic compression on sports recovery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) applied to lower limbs is becoming a popular postexercise recovery technique; however, it still lacks strong scientific support. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyse the effects of lower-limb IPC on sports recovery, as well as to identify the most used protocols to optimize it. A systematic search was conducted across athletic and healthy populations, following the PRISMA guidelines, covering the databases: PubMed, Web of Science, SportDiscus, Academic Search Complete, and Science Direct; using the search terms: ("Pneumatic compression" OR "Intermittent pneumatic compression" OR "Recov* boot*") AND (Recover*). Data was extracted, and standardized mean differences were calculated with 95% confidence and prediction interval. The pooled data analysis was conducted using a random-effects model, with heterogeneity assessed using I2. A total of 17 studies (319 participants) were included. The studies' methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale, ranging from fair to good. Results indicate a trivial to small benefit towards lower-limb IPC in enhancing muscular function, as well as a trivial to moderate effect for pain and soreness measurements, and a highly variable effect on muscle damage markers. Moreover, protocols of about 20 to 30 minutes and pressures of about 80 mmHg appear to be the most used option to optimize recovery. In summary, lower-limb IPC might be a method with potential effects for recovery in sports, mainly reducing perceived soreness.

Effects of changing the head coach on soccer team's performance: A systematic review.

The aim of this review was to identify and synthesise the most significant literature addressing the effects of changing the HC on soccer team's performance, identifying the most frequently researched outcomes and characterizing their methodologies. A systematic review of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA, 2020) guidelines. The following keywords and synonyms were entered in various combinations in the title, abstract or keywords: "football*" OR soccer AND "coach*" OR "manager*" AND "replacement" OR "turnover" OR "substitution*" OR "change". Solely original articles written in English that contained data about the effects of the change in the HC on performance in professional male soccer were included. A total of 94 titles were identified, of which 24 met the eligibility criteria. The quality of the studies was considered excellent. The most common topic of analysis was the effects of the HC on match outcomes (i.e., win, draw, loss, points won, goals average). Some studies suggest that the HCs dismissal has small but positive impacts on a team's short-term performance, while other findings suggest that little-to-no impact is observed following HC departure. The dismissal of the HC does not guarantee increase success of an underperforming team. Some studies suggest that hiring an appropriate coach could positively affect match performance in the short-term. Due to limited variations in study designs, further research is needed before robust conclusions can be drawn.

Contemporary practices of Portuguese and Brazilian soccer coaches in designing and applying small-sided games.

This descriptive study aimed to investigate the current practices of Portuguese and Brazilian soccer coaches in the design and implementation of small-sided games (SSGs) in soccer. A total of 187 male coaches participated in the online survey, consisting of 82 Portuguese and 105 Brazilian individuals. These coaches held various positions within the technical staff, with 63 serving as head coaches, 38 as assistant coaches, 38 as physical trainers, and 48 in other roles related to the technical staff. Additionally, the participants represented both youth (n = 102) and adult competitive levels (n = 59), along with some who were not currently associated with a specific group. The survey consisted of 32 questions divided into three main sections: (i) the timing of SSG application, (ii) the methods used for applying SSGs, and (iii) the reasons for applying SSGs. The Chi-square test revealed a statistically significant association between nationality and the frequency of SSGs used in training sessions during the pre-season (p = 0.039) and in-season (p < 0.001). Moreover, significant association between nationality and the time allocated to employing SSGs for targeting aerobic training (p < 0.001) was found. There was a significant association between nationality and the weekly frequency of SSGs use for targeting sprint training (p = 0.019). The Chi-square test identified significant associations between nationality and the use of SSGs for targeting technical training (p = 0.002), as well as for tactical training (p = 0.002). In summary, this study underscores that SSGs are primarily employed to enhance aerobic fitness, change of direction, technical skills, and tactical behaviors. Coaches generally favor employing SSGs two to three times a week, with typical sessions lasting between 16 to 30 minutes. Notably, the major discrepancies between nationalities lie in the importance assigned to the use of SSGs. However, in practice, the formats and objectives for implementing SSGs remain relatively similar.

Bacterial Communities Along Environmental Gradients in Tropical Soda Lakes.

Soda lake environments are known to be variable and can have distinct differences according to geographical location. In this study, we investigated the effects of different environmental conditions of six adjacent soda lakes in the Pantanal biome (Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil) on bacterial communities and their functioning using a metagenomic approach combined with flow cytometry and chemical analyses. Ordination analysis using flow cytometry and water chemistry data from two sampling periods (wet and dry) clustered soda lakes into three different profiles: eutrophic turbid (ET), oligotrophic turbid (OT), and clear vegetated oligotrophic (CVO). Analysis of bacterial community composition and functioning corroborated this ordination; the exception was one ET lake, which was similar to one OT lake during the wet season, indicating drastic shifts between seasons. Microbial abundance and diversity increased during the dry period, along with a considerable number of limnological variables, all indicative of a strong effect of the precipitation-evaporation balance in these systems. Cyanobacteria were associated with high electric conductivity, pH, and nutrient availability, whereas Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria were correlated with landscape morphology variability (surface water, surface perimeter, and lake volume) and with lower salinity and pH levels. Stress response metabolism was enhanced in OT and ET lakes and underrepresented in CVO lakes. The microbiome dataset of this study can serve as a baseline for restoring impacted soda lakes. Altogether, the results of this study demonstrate the sensitivity of tropical soda lakes to climate change, as slight changes in hydrological regimes might produce drastic shifts in community diversity.

Predictors of linear sprint performance in professional football players.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between sprint performance (time), and strength and power capabilities in football players. A total of 33 professional Portuguese football players performed isokinetic strength assessments, countermovement jumps (CMJ), squat jumps (SJ), and 10, 20 and 30 m sprints. Pearson's correlation (r) was used to determine the relationships between variables. Concentric knee extensor torque at 180° · s-1 was largely-to-very largely correlated with 10 m (r = -0.726), 20 m (-0.657) and 30 m sprints (r = -0.823). Moderate inverse correlation were observed between CMJ (r = -0.425 and r = -0.405) and SJ height (r = -0.417 and r = -0.430), and 20 m and 30 m sprint performance, respectively. Multiple linear regression combining KEcon 180° · s-1 and KFcon 180° · s-1 demonstrated that the model was significant for predicting 10 m sprint time (F (2, 8) = 5.886; R 2 = 0.595). The model combining SJ, CMJ and KEcon 180° · s-1 was also significant for predicting 20 and 30 m sprint times (F (3, 7) = 2.475; R 2 = 0.515 and F (3, 7) = 5.282; R 2 = 0.562; respectively). In conclusion, peak torque at higher velocities and vertical jump performance correlates significantly with linear sprint performance (time). For practitioners seeking to improve linear sprint performance in football players, evaluation of high speed strength and vertical jump indices should be undertaken.

Predicting resting energy expenditure among athletes: a systematic review.

Resting energy expenditure (REE) is often estimated in athletes using equations developed from the general population however, the application in athletic-specific populations is questionable. The aim of this systematic review was to compare measured REE and estimations of REE obtained from non-sport participants and athletes. Inclusion criteria met PICO criteria: population - participants involved in organized sport; intervention - resting energy expenditure was obtained by calorimetry; comparator - equations to estimate REE; outcomes - comparisons between measured REE and predicted REE. The search was conducted in Web of Science all databases, PubMed and Scopus. Comparisons between measured REE and predicted REE as well the potential models to estimate REE developed among athletes were summarized. Allowing for variation among studies, equations developed within general populations were not comparable to REE measured by calorimetry in athletes. Equations across athletic samples were obtained but, few studies tested their validity across independent samples of sport participants. Nevertheless, equations developed within athlete populations seem to be widely unused in sports nutrition literature and practice. De Lorenzo and ten Haaf equations appear to present an acceptable agreement with measured REE. Finally, equations used among adults should not be generalised for youth sport participants.

Effects of re-warm-up protocols on the physical performance of soccer players: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

This systematic review aimed to (1) identify and summarize studies that have examined the effects of re-warm-up (RWU) protocols on the physical performance of soccer players (vertical jump height and sprint time) and (2) establish a meta-comparison between performing a re-warm-up and not performing one regarding the outcomes of the aforementioned outcomes. A systematic review of EBSCO, PubMed, SciELO, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed on 12 January, 2021, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 892 studies initially identified, four studies were reviewed, and three of these were included in the present meta-analysis. Compared to a control condition, there was a moderate effect of RWU on vertical jump height (ES = 0.66; p = 0.001; I2 = 0.0%). However, compared to a control condition, there was a trivial effect of RWU on linear sprint time (ES = 0.19; p = 0.440; I2 = 38.4%). The nature of RWU enhances the performance of players with an emphasis on actions requiring vertical jumps. Therefore, the results provide essential information that soccer coaching staff can use to improve the performance of their teams. The limited number of studies available for the meta-analysis may have magnified the impact of heterogeneity on linear sprint time findings. More high-quality studies, with homogeneous study designs, may help to clarify the potential benefits of RWU for linear sprint time.

Arbitrary absolute vs. individualized running speed thresholds in team sports: A scoping review with evidence gap map.

The aims of this scoping review were (i) to characterize the main methodological approaches to assessing individualized running speed thresholds in team sports players; (ii) to assess the use of traditional arbitrary (absolute) thresholds compared to individualized running speed thresholds in team sports players; (iii) to provide an evidence gap map (EGM) about the approaches and study designs employed in investigations in team sports and (iv) to provide directions for future research and practical applications for the strength and conditioning field. Methods studies were searched for in the following databases: (i) PubMed; (ii) Scopus; (iii) SPORTDiscus and (iv) Web of Science. The search was conducted on 15/07/2022. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS). From 3,195 potentially relevant articles, 36 were eligible for inclusion in this review. Of the 36 included articles, 27 (75%) focused on the use of arbitrary and individualized running speed thresholds to describe the locomotor demands (e.g., high intensity running) of players. Thirty-four articles used individualized speed running thresholds based on physical fitness assessments (e.g., 40-m linear sprint) or physical performance (e.g., maximal acceleration). This scoping review supported the need for a greater focus to be placed on improving the methodological aspects of using individualized speed running thresholds in team sports. More than just creating alternatives to arbitrary thresholds, it is essential to increase the replicability of methodological conditions whilst ensuring that research comparing the most adequate measures and approaches to individualization takes into consideration the population and context of each study.

Effects of pitch size on soccer players' physiological, physical, technical, and tactical responses during small-sided games: a meta-analytical comparison.

One of the most often-used task constraints in designing small-sided games (SSGs) is the manipulation of pitch size to promote increases or decreases in the relative area per player. Such adjustments cause changes in the acute responses during SSGs. This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to compare the effects of smaller vs. larger pitch sizes on soccer players' physiological, physical, technical, and tactical responses during SSGs. Comparisons between smaller and larger pitches were not considered based on a specific size, but also between using at least two dimensions in the same comparative study, aiming to understand differences between using smaller and larger (independently of the specific dimensions). The data sources utilized were PubMed, PsycINFO, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. The database search initially yielded 249 titles. From those, 41 articles were eligible for the systematic review and meta-analysis. Results revealed that, compared to smaller pitches, SSGs played on larger pitches induced greater values for heart rate (p < 0.001; ES = 0.50), rate of perceived exertion (p < 0.001; ES = 0.70), total distance (p < 0.001; ES = 1.95), high-speed running (p < 0.001; ES = 1.20), stretch index (p < 0.001; ES = 1.02) and surface area (p < 0.001; ES = 1.54). No significant differences were found between pitch size regarding the numbers of accelerations (p = 0.232; ES = 0.45), decelerations (p = 0.111; ES = 0.85), passes (p = 0.897; ES = 0.02), dribbles (p = 0.823; ES = -0.05), or positional centroid (p = 0.053; ES = 0.56). Larger pitch sizes can be implemented as a meaningful task constraint to increase the internal and external load experienced by soccer players during SSGs, as well as to increase the dispersion of players while acting together. These results were found independent of format and age group.

The association between physical activity and mental health during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: The Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic affected countries worldwide and has changed peoples' lives. A reduction in physical activity and increased mental health problems were observed, mainly in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, this systematic review aims to examine the association between physical activity and mental health during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: In July 2021, a search was applied to PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria included cross-sectional, prospective, and longitudinal study designs and studies published in English; outcomes included physical activity and mental health (e.g., depressive symptoms, anxiety, positive and negative effects, well-being). RESULTS: Thirty-one studies were included in this review. Overall, the studies suggested that higher physical activity is associated with higher well-being, quality of life as well as lower depressive symptoms, anxiety, and stress, independently of age. There was no consensus for the optimal physical activity level for mitigating negative mental symptoms, neither for the frequency nor for the type of physical activity. Women were more vulnerable to mental health changes and men were more susceptive to physical activity changes. CONCLUSION: Physical activity has been a good and effective choice to mitigate the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health policies should alert for possibilities to increase physical activity during the stay-at-home order in many countries worldwide.

Variability of internal and external loads and technical/tactical outcomes during small-sided soccer games: a systematic review.

Small-sided games (SSGs) are widely used in soccer training. However, some of the typical outcomes related to human responses during these games (namely internal and external load) may vary between sessions for similar practice conditions. Thus, the study of intra- and inter-bout variability in response to SSGs is progressively growing. This systematic review aimed to (1) identify studies that have examined the intra- and inter-session bouts' variability levels regarding the internal and external load and technical/tactical outcomes during SSGs and (2) summarize the main evidence. A systematic review of PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. From the 486 studies initially identified, 24 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures were extracted and analyzed. Sixteen studies analyzed internal load, 13 studies analyzed external load variables, six studies analyzed technical execution, and two studies analyzed tactical behavior. All studies included SSGs with a range number of players between 2 to 14 (1 vs. 1 to 7 vs. 7 SSGs). Internal load and low-speed external load variables presented a low variability, while high variations were reported regarding the technical execution and high-speed external loads.

Recovery following the extra-time period of soccer: practitioner perspectives and applied practices.

Research has demonstrated that the extra-time (ET) period of soccer negatively impacts recovery. However, it is not known to what extent recovery practices are being adapted by practitioners following ET and where gaps exist between research and practice. Therefore, this study explored soccer practitioner perceptions of recovery practices following ET matches. A total of 72 practitioners from across different levels of soccer and several countries completed a bespoke online survey. Inductive content analysis of the responses identified five higher-order themes: 'conditioning', 'player monitoring', 'recovery practices', 'training', and 'future research directions'. Mixed responses were received in relation to whether practitioners condition players in preparation for ET, though 72% allowed players to return to training based on fatigue markers following this additional 30-min period. Sixty-three (88%) practitioners believed that ET delays the time-course of recovery, with 82% highlighting that practices should be adapted following ET compared with a typical 90-min match. Forty-nine practitioners (68%) reduce training loads and intensities for up to 48 hr post ET matches, though training mostly recommences as 'normal' at 72 hr. Sixty-three (88%) practitioners believed that more research should be conducted on recovery following ET, with 'tracking players physiological and physical responses', 'nutritional interventions to accelerate recovery' and 'changes in acute injury-risk' being the three areas of research that practitioners ranked as most important. These data suggest practitioners and coaches adjust recovery practices following ET matches compared to 90 min. Further research on the efficacy of recovery strategies following ET matches is required to inform applied practice.

Effect of exercise-conditioned human serum on the viability of cancer cell cultures: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Numerous epidemiological studies have shown the existence of a relationship between exercise and reduced risk of different types of cancer. In vitro studies have identified a direct effect of exercise-conditioned human serum on cancer cell lines of the lung, breast, prostate, and colon. The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis (SRM) was to estimate the magnitude of the effect that exercise-conditioned human serum produced on the viability of cancer cell cultures. The design followed the PRISMA guidelines and the TREND statement to assess the quality of information (QoI) in each study. Nine in vitro studies were included in the SRM, involving a total of nine cancer cell lines and serum from 244 individuals from different countries, including namely healthy sedentary individuals, at risk of prostate cancer individuals and cancer patients, with ages ranging from 18 to 73 years. The impact of exerciseconditioned human serum on the viability of cancer cell cultures was analysed by a variety of assays, using pre-exercise human serum for comparison purposes. Globally, cultures of cancer cell lines exposed to human serum conditioned by exercise of various intensities exhibited a reduced viability, when compared with control cultures, with an overall effect size of -1.126 (95% CI; -1.300 to -0.952; p < 0.001). When the analysis only included human serum conditioned by high intensity exercise, the effect became more pronounced (ES -1.350; -1.522 to -1.179 (95% CI); p < 0.001). These results are in line with the hypothesis that changes in human serum induced by exercise might play a role in the beneficial effects of physical activity in cancer prevention and management and that these effects depend on exercise intensity.

Local and Geographic Factors Shape the Occupancy-Frequency Distribution of Freshwater Bacteria.

Species prevalence across the landscape is related to their local abundance, which is a result of deterministic and stochastic processes that select organisms capable of recolonizing sites where they were once extinct, a process known as the rescue effect. The occupancy-frequency distribution (OFD) describes these patterns and has been extensively used to understand organism's distribution but has been poorly tested on microorganisms. In order to test OFD on freshwater bacteria, we collected data from 60 shallow lakes distributed across a wide area in southeastern Brazil, to determine the bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that were present in all sites (core) and at only one site (satellite). Then, we analyzed the spatial abundance distributions of individual OTUs to understand the influence of local abundances on regional occupancy patterns. Finally, we tested the environmental factors that influenced occupancy and abundance. We found a significant bimodal OFD for freshwater bacteria using both OTUs (97% clustering) and amplicon sequence variants (ASVs, unique sequences), with 13 core OTUs and 1169 satellite OTUs, but only three core ASVs. Core organisms had a bimodal or gamma abundance distribution. The main driver of the core community was pH, while nutrients were key when the core community was excluded and the rest of the community (mild and satellite taxa) was considered. This study demonstrates the close relationship between local environmental conditions and the abundance and dispersion of microorganisms, which shapes their distribution across the landscape.

Effects of high-intensity interval training in men soccer player's physical fitness: A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized-controlled and non-controlled trials.

This systematic review with meta-analysis (SRMA) was conducted to assess the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programmes on men soccer players' aerobic fitness (maximal oxygen uptake and aerobic performance), repeated sprint ability (RSA), vertical jump height (VJH), and linear sprinting time (ST). An electronic search yielded 1,714 articles, 33 of which were included in the present study. Meta-analyses revealed significant benefits of HIIT compared to controls in maximal oxygen uptake (p = 0.018), AP (p = 0.041), and RSA (p = 0.049). No significant effects were found in terms of ST (p = 0.080). The meta-analyses of non-controlled studies revealed significant improvements after HIIT in maximal oxygen uptake (p = 0.001), AP (p = 0.007), RSA (p = 0.001), and ST (p < 0.001). However, no significant improvements in VHJ were found (p = 0.063). Furthermore, no significant differences were found in sub-group analysis (comparisons between HIIT types). In conclusion, HIIT is effective for improving maximal oxygen uptake, AP, and RSA regardless of the HIIT type. For VHJ and ST outcomes, it seems reasonable to complement the HIIT since it might not be enough to achieve significant changes.

Scoping review of tests to assess tactical knowledge and tactical performance of young soccer players.

This scoping review aimed to systematically map studies/tests for assessing the tactical domain of young soccer players. The study followed the PRISMA-ScR and Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. The databases searched were Scopus, SPORTDiscus, SciELO, LILACS, and BDTD. The eligibility criteria were defined based on the elements of population, context, and concept, without restrictions on the period, language, and type of publication. Twenty-four papers were included, from 1997 to 2020, totalling 29 tests/instruments for the assessment of the tactical domain, with the majority of studies having an European sample. Twelve terms were used to nominate the tactical component, regardless of the assessment method and approach. Six tests met eight or nine criteria in the critical appraisal: TCTOF, TACSIS Spanish version, Semi-Structured Interview, TCTP-OE, GPET, and FUTSAT. Thus, it is concluded that studies and tests for the assessment of the tactical domain of young soccer players are recent and mainly European; there is no consensus about the adopted terminology; and few tests met the majority of the quality criteria. Therefore, we suggest: a) the construction/adaptation of tests with samples from other continents; b) the use of the proposed criteria; and c) that the terms tactical knowledge and tactical performance are adopted.

Relationships between Fitness Status and Match Running Performance in Adult Women Soccer Players: A Cohort Study.

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was twofold: (i) to analyze the relationships between fitness status (repeated-sprint ability (RSA), aerobic performance, vertical height jump, and hip adductor and abductor strength) and match running performance in adult women soccer players and (ii) to explain variations in standardized total distance, HSR, and sprinting distances based on players' fitness status. Materials and Methods: The study followed a cohort design. Twenty-two Portuguese women soccer players competing at the first-league level were monitored for 22 weeks. These players were tested three times during the cohort period. The measured parameters included isometric strength (hip adductor and abductor), vertical jump (squat and countermovement jump), linear sprint (10 and 30 m), change-of-direction (COD), repeated sprints (6 × 35 m), and intermittent endurance (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1). Data were also collected for several match running performance indicators (total distance covered and distance at different speed zones, accelerations/decelerations, maximum sprinting speed, and number of sprints) in 10 matches during the cohort. Results: Maximal linear sprint bouts presented large to very large correlations with explosive match-play actions (accelerations, decelerations, and sprint occurrences; r = -0.80 to -0.61). In addition, jump modalities and COD ability significantly predicted, respectively, in-game high-intensity accelerations (r = 0.69 to 0.75; R2 = 25%) and decelerations (r = -0.78 to -0.50; R2 = 23-24%). Furthermore, COD had significant explanatory power related to match running performance variance regardless of whether the testing and match performance outcomes were computed a few or several days apart. Conclusion: The present investigation can help conditioning professionals working with senior women soccer players to prescribe effective fitness tests to improve their forecasts of locomotor performance.

Combining small-sided soccer games and running-based methods: A systematic review.

Small-sided games (SSGs) are often used in soccer to produce acute physiological and physical responses, while a tactical/technical stimulus is also employed. However, due to some limitations of SSGs, researchers have been testing this method combined with running-based training methods. This systematic review was conducted to assess the effects of combined SSG and running-based methods on soccer players' acute responses and adaptations after training interventions. A systematic review of Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The database search initially identified 782 titles. From those, five articles were deemed eligible for the systematic review. The five included studies presented data from training load, reporting inconsistent greater values in combined SSG and running-based methods when compared to SSG-only formats. Considering the adaptations, studies comparing combined SSG and running-based methods with SSG-only methods revealed inconsistent differences in terms of the effects on aerobic performance and sprinting. Combining SSG and running-based methods can increase the acute mechanical load and high-intense running stimuli in players when compared to interventions that use only SSGs. However, the adaptations promoted by both methods are similar, and the differences are unclear. The order of combination (SSG and running-based method) does not seem to impact players' adaptations; however, the frequency of sessions did have a meaningful impact.

Session-to-session variations in external load measures during small-sided games in professional soccer players.

The aims of this study were 1) to analyse session-to-session variations in different external load measures and 2) to examine differences in within-session intervals across different small-sided game (SSG) formats in professional players. Twenty professional soccer players (mean ± SD; age 28.1 ± 4.6 years, height 176.7 ± 4.9 cm, body mass 72.0 ± 7.8 kg, and body fat 10.3 ± 3.8%) participated in 3v3, 4v4, and 6v6 SSGs under different conditions (i.e., touch limitations and presence of goalkeepers vs. free touch and ball possession drill) over three sessions. Selected external load measures-including total distance (TD), high-intensity running (HIR, distance covered > 14.4 km.h-1), high-speed running (HSR, distance covered > 19.8 km.h-1), and mechanical work (MW, accelerations and deceleration > 2.2 m.s2)-were recorded using GPS technology during all SSG sessions. Small to large standardized typical errors were observed in session-to-session variations of selected measures across SSGs. TD.min-1 showed less variability, having a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.2 to 4.6%, while all other selected external load measures had CV values ranging from 7.2% to 29.4%. Trivial differences were observed between intervals in TD.min-1 and HIR.min-1 for all SSGs, as well as in HSR.min-1 and MW.min-1 for most SSG formats. No reductions or incremental trends in session-to-session variations were observed when employing touch limitations or adding goalkeepers. The increased noise observed in higher speed zones (e.g., high-speed running) suggests a need for more controlled, running-based conditional drills if the aim is greater consistency in these measures.