Long-term prevalence of taste and olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to investigate the long-term prevalence of taste disorder (TD) and olfactory disorder (OD) and associated risk factors in the non-hospitalized southeastern Brazil population of COVID-19 patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional open survey evaluated possible long-term OD and TD in non-hospitalized patients who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 for more than 30 days, through an online self-report questionnaire. Demographic data, comorbidities, symptoms, and the intensity of OD and TD at the time of diagnosis and at the time of completing the questionnaire were evaluated. RESULTS: Three hundred five responses were included. The reported prevalence of OD and TD was 72.9% and 67.4%, respectively, in the moment of diagnosis; after a mean follow-up period of 179 days, 45% and 50% still had some degree of the symptoms. There was a positive correlation between age and the high prevalence of OD (p = 0.02). However, there was no correlation between age and TD (p = 0.961) and weight in relation to OD/TD (p = 0.500 and p = 0.636, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study observed a high long-term prevalence of OD and TD associated with COVID-19, with a low recovery rate during the study period. There was a positive association between older participants and the prevalence of OD.

In Vivo Evaluation of Bovine Xenograft Associated With Oxygen Therapy in Alveolar Bone Repair.

To preserve alveolar bone thickness and width after extraction, clinical strategies have been adopted to reduce or eliminate the need for future surgical interventions to increase the alveolar ridge. The use of xenogeneic biomaterials has been increasing for such application. The association of bone substitutes with active oxygen-based materials, which is essential in the wound-healing process, could accelerate bone repair, optimizing the maintenance of alveolar architecture after extraction. However, the truth of this hypothesis is not clear. The present study aimed to compare the biological response to inorganic bovine bone graft Bonefill (BF), associated or not with active oxygen-based oral gel Bluem (BF+BM), in alveolar bone repair. Twenty female Wistar rats were randomly allocated. The left upper central incisor was extracted, and the dental sockets were filled with BF in the control group (n = 10) and with BF+BM in the experimental group (n = 10). The animals were euthanized at 7 and 42 days after implantation (n = 5), and the samples were processed for descriptive histological and histomorphometric evaluations. The results showed no significant difference between the groups (P > .05). Both groups presented a time-dependent increase in newly formed bone and biosorption biomaterial (P = .0001). The association between active oxygen-based gel and inorganic bovine bone graft did not interfere with or improve bone repair during the experimental periods of alveolar bone repair in rats.

Hydrophilic surface of Ti6Al4V-ELI alloy improves the early bone apposition of sheep tibia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this preclinical study was to compare histologically and histomorphometrically both sandblasted/acid-etched implant surfaces with or without maintained in an isotonic solution of 0.9% sodium chloride in early stages of osseointegration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Both implant surfaces were composed of a titanium/aluminum/vanadium alloy (Ti6Al4V-ELI), but they had different surface chemistries: sandblasted/acid-etched titanium surface (FN) or sandblasted/acid-etched surface maintained in an isotonic solution of 0.9% sodium chloride (FA). The surface morphology, topography and chemistry were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal microscopy (CM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Dynamic contact angle (DCA) was employed for wettability evaluation. One implant from each group was placed in the left tibia of twenty healthy, skeletally mature Santa Ines sheep (n = 5). Bone area (BA) and bone-to-implant contact (BIC) were performed on thin sections (30 µm) at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after implant installation. RESULTS: Despite the roughness and morphology similarities between the groups, at the XPS evaluation, the FA group presented 2.3 times less carbon on the surface (FN: 27.3% and FA: 11.6%), sharply enhanced hydrophilicity and significantly enhanced BA and BIC at 14, 21 and 28 days of healing (P < 0.05) compared with the FN. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that the hydrophilic FA accelerates the BA apposition and BIC interface around the implants during early stages of bone formation, providing highest degree of osseointegration.

A Synergic Strategy: Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Spheroids Seeded on 3D-Printed PLA/CHA Scaffolds Implanted in a Bone Critical-Size Defect Model.

Bone critical-size defects and non-union fractures have no intrinsic capacity for self-healing. In this context, the emergence of bone engineering has allowed the development of functional alternatives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of ASC spheroids in bone regeneration using a synergic strategy with 3D-printed scaffolds made from poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and nanostructured hydroxyapatite doped with carbonate ions (CHA) in a rat model of cranial critical-size defect. In summary, a set of results suggests that ASC spheroidal constructs promoted bone regeneration. In vitro results showed that ASC spheroids were able to spread and interact with the 3D-printed scaffold, synthesizing crucial growth factors and cytokines for bone regeneration, such as VEGF. Histological results after 3 and 6 months of implantation showed the formation of new bone tissue in the PLA/CHA scaffolds that were seeded with ASC spheroids. In conclusion, the presence of ASC spheroids in the PLA/CHA 3D-printed scaffolds seems to successfully promote bone formation, which can be crucial for a significant clinical improvement in critical bone defect regeneration.

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Nanostructured Biphasic Calcium Phosphate in Granules and Putty Configurations.

Synthetic biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) granules and powder are biocompatible biomaterials with a well-known capacity for osteoconduction, presenting very satisfactory clinical and histological results. It remains unanswered if the putty configuration impacts the biological response to the material. In this study, we aimed to compare the cytocompatibility and biocompatibility of nanostructured BCP in the putty configuration (moldable nanostructured calcium phosphate, MnCaP) on the healing of critical-sized bone defects (8 mm) in rat calvaria. Cytocompatibility was determined through the viability of fibroblast cells (V-79) to the extracts of different concentrations of MnCaP. Forty-five Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 15)-clot, MnCaP, and commercial biphasic calcium phosphate in granules configurations (Nanosynt®)-and subdivided into three experimental periods (1, 3, and 6 months). Histological, histomorphometric, and microtomographic analyses allowed the evaluation of newly formed bone, residual biomaterial, and connective tissue. The in vitro evaluation showed that MnCaP was cytocompatible. The histomorphometric results showed that the Nanosynt® group granted the highest new-formed bone values at six months (p < 0.05), although the biomaterial volume did not differ between groups. The putty configuration was easier to handle, and both configurations were biocompatible and osteoconductive, presented similar biosorption rates, and preserved the calvaria architecture.

In Vivo Biological Evaluation of Biodegradable Nanofibrous Membranes Incorporated with Antibiofilm Compounds.

Guided bone regeneration involves excluding non-osteogenic cells from the surrounding soft tissues and allowing osteogenic cells originating from native bone to inhabit the defect. The aim of this work was to fabricate, analyze antibiofilm activity and evaluate in vivo biological response of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) electrospun membranes incorporated with tea tree oil and furan-2(5H)-one. Samples were exposed to Streptococcus mutans culture and after 48 h incubation, biofilm was evaluated by colony forming units (CFU/mL) followed by scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, seventy-five Balb-C mice were divided into five experimental groups for subcutaneous implantation: tea tree oil loaded PLGA electrospun fiber membrane, furanone loaded PLGA electrospun fiber membrane, neat PLGA electrospun fiber membrane, a commercially available PLGA membrane -Pratix® and Sham (no-membrane implantation). Post implantation period of each experimental group (1, 3 and 9 weeks), samples were collected and processed for by histological descriptive and semiquantitative evaluation. Results showed a significant reduction of bacterial attachment on tea tree oil and furan-2(5H)-one incorporated membranes. Macrophage counts were significant found in all the materials implanted, although giant cells were predominantly associated with electrospun fiber membranes. The incorporation of antibiofilm compounds in nanofibers membranes did not incite inflammatory response significantly different in comparison with pure PLGA electrospun membranes, indicating its potential for development of novel functionalized membranes targeting the inhibition of bacterial biofilms on membrane-grafting materials.

Evaluation of the In Vivo Biocompatibility of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate-Containing Metals.

Among the biomaterials based on calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite has been widely used due to its biocompatibility and osteoconduction. The substitution of the phosphate group by the carbonate group associated with the absence of heat treatment and low synthesis temperature leads to the formation of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA). The association of CHA with other metals (strontium, zinc, magnesium, iron, and manganese) produces amorphous calcium phosphate-containing metals (ACPMetals), which can optimize their properties and mimic biological apatite. This study aimed to evaluate the biocompatibility and biodegradation of ACPMetals in mice subcutaneous tissue. The materials were physicochemically characterized with Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Balb-C mice (n = 45) were randomly divided into three groups: carbonated hydroxyapatite, CHA (n = 15), ACPMetals (n = 15), and without implantation of material (SHAM, n = 15). The groups were subdivided into three experimental periods (1, 3, and 9 weeks). The samples were processed histologically for descriptive and semiquantitative evaluation of the biological effect of biomaterials according to ISO 10993-6:2016. The ACPMetals group was partially biodegradable; however, it presented a severe irritating reaction after 1 and 3 weeks and moderately irritating after nine weeks. Future studies with other concentrations and other metals should be carried out to mimic biological apatite.

Biological evaluation of zinc-containing calcium alginate-hydroxyapatite composite microspheres for bone regeneration.

Zinc is an important element for bone structure and metabolism. Its interaction with hydroxyapatite has been investigated for the improvement of bone repair. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo biological response to nanostructured calcium alginate-hydroxyapatite (HA) and zinc-containing HA (ZnHA). Cytocompatibility was evaluated by applying PrestoBlue reagent after exposing murine pre-osteoblast cells to extracts of each biomaterial microspheres. After physical and chemical characterization, the biomaterial microspheres were implanted in a critical size calvaria defect (8 mm) in Wistar rats (n = 30) that were randomly divided into the HA and ZnHA groups. Tissue samples were evaluated through histological and histomorphometric analyses after 1, 3, and 6 months (n = 5). The results showed cellular viability for both groups compared to the negative control, and no differences in metabolic activity were observed. The HA group presented a significant reduction of biomaterial compared with the ZnHA group in all experimental periods; however, a considerable amount of new bone formation was observed surrounding the ZnHA spheres at the 6-month time point compared with the HA group (p < .05). Both biomaterials were biocompatible, and the combination of zinc with hydroxyapatite was shown to improve bone repair.

Biomimetic Mineralization on 3D Printed PLA Scaffolds: On the Response of Human Primary Osteoblasts Spheroids and In Vivo Implantation.

This study aimed to assess the response of 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds biomimetically coated with apatite on human primary osteoblast (HOb) spheroids and evaluate the biological response to its association with Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (rhBMP-2) in rat calvaria. PLA scaffolds were produced via 3D printing, soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution to promote apatite deposition, and characterized by physical-chemical, morphological, and mechanical properties. PLA-CaP scaffolds with interconnected porous and mechanical properties suitable for bone repairing were produced with reproducibility. The in vitro biological response was assessed with human primary osteoblast spheroids. Increased cell adhesion and the rise of in vitro release of growth factors (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) was observed for PLA-CaP scaffolds, when pre-treated with fetal bovine serum (FBS). This pre-treatment with FBS was done in a way to enhance the adsorption of serum proteins, increasing the number of bioactive sites on the surface of scaffolds, and to partially mimic in vivo interactions. The in vivo analysis was conducted through the implantation of 3D printed PLA scaffolds either alone, coated with apatite (PLA-CaP) or PLA-CaP loaded with rhBMP-2 on critical-sized defects (8 mm) of rat calvaria. PLA-CaP+rhBMP2 presented higher values of newly formed bone (NFB) than other groups at all in vivo experimental periods (p < 0.05), attaining 44.85% of NFB after six months. These findings indicated two new potential candidates as alternatives to autogenous bone grafts for long-term treatment: (i) 3D-printed PLA-CaP scaffold associated with spheroids, since it can reduce the time of repair in situ by expression of biomolecules and growth factors; and (ii) 3D-printed PLA-CaP functionalized rhBMP2 scaffold, a biocompatible, bioactive biomaterial, with osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity.

The role of apoptosis associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-1 recruitment domain (ASC) in response to bone substitutes.

The apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a caspase-1 recruitment domain (ASC), present in inflammasomes, regulates inflammation events and is involved in osteogenic phenotype. Nevertheless, its function in bone repair induced by bone substitute biomaterials is unclear. This study aimed to unveil the role of ASC on osteoprogenitor and tissue response to stoichiometric-hydroxyapatite (HA), nanostructured carbonated-hydroxyapatite (CHA), and CHA containing 5% Strontium (SrCHA), characterized previously by XRD, uXRF-SR, and FTIR spectroscopy implants. Thereafter, conditioned media by the biomaterials were used later to treat pre-osteoblasts and an osteogenic stimulus was shown in response to the materials, with higher expression of Runx2, Osterix, ALP, and Collagen 1a1 genes, with significant involvement of inflammatory-related genes. Thus, to better address the involvement of inflammasome, primary cells obtained from both genotypes [Wild-Type (WT) and ASC Knockout (ASC-KO) mice] were subjected to conditioned media up to 7 days, and our data reinforces both HA and CHA induces lower levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) than SrCHA, considering both genotypes (p < 0.01), and ASC seems contribute with osteogenic stimulus promoted by SrCHA. Complimentarily, the biomaterials were implanted into both subcutaneous and bone defects in tibia. Histological analysis on 28 days after implantation of biomaterials into mice's subcutaneous tissue revealed moderate inflammatory response to them. Both histomorphometry and µCT analysis of tibias indicated that the biomaterials did not reverse the delay in bone repair of ASC KO, reinforcing the involvement of ASC on bone regeneration and bone de novo deposition. Also, the bone density in CHA was >2-fold higher in WT than ASC-KO samples. HA was virtually not resorbed throughout the experimental periods, in opposition to CHA in the WT group. CHA reduced to half-area after 28 days, and the bone deposition was higher in CHA for WT mice than HA. Taken together, our results show that biomaterials did not interfere with the healing pattern of the ASC KO, but CHA promoted higher bone deposition in the WT group, probably due to its greater biodegradability. These results reinforce the importance of ASC during bone de novo deposition and healing.

Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Nanostructured Carbonated Hydroxyapatite for Alveolar Bone Repair.

The properties of the biodegradation of bone substitutes in the dental socket after extraction is one of the goals of regenerative medicine. This double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial aimed to compare the effects of a new bioabsorbable nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) with a commercially available bovine xenograft (Bio-Oss®) and clot (control group) in alveolar preservation. Thirty participants who required tooth extraction and implant placement were enrolled in this study. After 90 days, a sample of the grafted area was obtained for histological and histomorphometric evaluation and an implant was installed at the site. All surgical procedures were successfully carried out without complications and none of the patients were excluded. The samples revealed a statistically significant increase of new bone formation (NFB) in the CHA group compared with Bio-Oss® after 90 days from surgery (p < 0.05). However, the clot group presented no differences of NFB compared to CHA and Bio-Oss®. The CHA group presented less amount of reminiscent biomaterial compared to Bio-Oss®. Both biomaterials were considered osteoconductors, easy to handle, biocompatible, and suitable for alveolar filling. Nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite spheres promoted a higher biodegradation rate and is a promising biomaterial for alveolar socket preservation before implant treatment.

Use of standards in papers published in dental journals.

This study evaluated the use de standards in papers published in Brazilian and international dental journals. Papers published from January 2006 to December 2010 in the following journals were examined: Brazilian Dental Journal (BDJ), Brazilian Oral Research (BOR), Journal of Applied Oral Sciences (JAOS), Journal of Dental Research (JDR) and Dental Materials (DM). In addition to the title and type of study, issue, volume and year of publication, the following information was recorded from each paper: identification of any standard reported in the study; in case of no reported standard, indication if a standard could be used in the study. A total of 3,046 papers were examined, being 937 from DM, 936 from JDR, 489 from JAOS, 348 from BDJ, and 336 from BOR. Considering the papers that could use some standard, DM showed the highest percentage (24.9%) of reporting standards/paper, followed by JAOS (10.3%), BOR (10.1%), BDJ (6.3%) and JDR (2.4%), meaning for example that, from 936 papers examined from the JDR, 623 could use some standard but only 15 papers reported them. From all papers examined, 309 (10.1%) reported using some standard. The ISO standards were mostly reported (57.8%), followed by ASTM standards (23.7%) and 74 (18.5%) standards from other international organizations (e.g. ADA and CIE). Despite of the high impact factors of the selected dental journals, their published papers could use standards more often. This study should assist journal editors to encourage authors to consult and refer to available standards to support the scientific papers.

Use of standards in papers published in dental journals

This study evaluated the use de standards in papers published in Brazilian and international dental journals. Papers published from January 2006 to December 2010 in the following journals were examined: Brazilian Dental Journal (BDJ), Brazilian Oral Research (BOR), Journal of Applied Oral Sciences (JAOS), Journal of Dental Research (JDR) and Dental Materials (DM). In addition to the title and type of study, issue, volume and year of publication, the following information was recorded from each paper: identification of any standard reported in the study; in case of no reported standard, indication if a standard could be used in the study. A total of 3,046 papers were examined, being 937 from DM, 936 from JDR, 489 from JAOS, 348 from BDJ, and 336 from BOR. Considering the papers that could use some standard, DM showed the highest percentage (24.9%) of reporting standards/paper, followed by JAOS (10.3%), BOR (10.1%), BDJ (6.3%) and JDR (2.4%), meaning for example that, from 936 papers examined from the JDR, 623 could use some standard but only 15 papers reported them. From all papers examined, 309 (10.1%) reported using some standard. The ISO standards were mostly reported (57.8%), followed by ASTM standards (23.7%) and 74 (18.5%) standards from other international organizations (e.g. ADA and CIE). Despite of the high impact factors of the selected dental journals, their published papers could use standards more often. This study should assist journal editors to encourage authors to consult and refer to available standards to support the scientific papers.

Este estudo avaliou o uso de normas científicas em artigos de Odontologia publicados em periódicos brasileiros e internacionais. Trabalhos publicados de janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2010 foram examinados nas seguintes revistas: Brazilian Dental Journal (BDJ), Brazilian Oral Research (BOR); Journal of Applied Oral Science (JAOS), Journal of Dental Research (JDR) e Dental Materials (DM). Além do título, tipo de estudo, volume e ano de publicação, as seguintes informações foram registradas a partir de cada artigo: identificação de normas relatadas no estudo; em caso negativo, relatar se alguma norma poderia ser aplicada no estudo. Um total de 3.046 artigos foi examinado como segue: 937 no DM, 936 no JDR, 489 no JAOS, 348 BDJ e 336 no BOR. Considerando os artigos que poderiam usar alguma norma, o DM apresentou o maior percentual (24,9%) de normas/artigos relatados, seguido pelo JAOS (10,3%), BOR (10,1%), BDJ (6,3%) e JDR (2,4%), o que significa que de 936 trabalhos analisados do JDR, 623 poderiam ter usado alguma norma, mas apenas 15 relataram o uso. De todos os trabalhos examinados, 309 (10,1%) estudos relataram alguma norma. As normas ISO foram relatadas na maior parte (57,8%), seguido pelas normas ASTM (23,7%) e 74 (18,5%) feitas por outras organizações internacionais (por exemplo, ADA e CIE). Apesar do alto fator de impacto dos periódicos selecionados, seus artigos publicados poderiam utilizar as normas com maior frequência. Este estudo deve alertar os editores de periódicos a incentivar os autores a consultar as normas disponíveis para apoiar a metodologia dos trabalhos científicos.