Neonatal invasive candidiasis in low- and middle-income countries: Data from the NeoOBS study.

Neonatal invasive candidiasis (NIC) has significant morbidity and mortality. Reports have shown a different profile of those neonates affected with NIC and of fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. isolates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared to high-income countries (HICs). We describe the epidemiology, Candida spp. distribution, treatment, and outcomes of neonates with NIC from LMICs enrolled in a global, prospective, longitudinal, observational cohort study (NeoOBS) of hospitalized infants <60 days postnatal age with sepsis (August 2018-February 2021). A total of 127 neonates from 14 hospitals in 8 countries with Candida spp. isolated from blood culture were included. Median gestational age of affected neonates was 30 weeks (IQR: 28-34), and median birth weight was 1270 gr (interquartile range [IQR]: 990-1692). Only a minority had high-risk criteria, such as being born <28 weeks, 19% (24/127), or birth weight <1000 gr, 27% (34/127). The most common Candida species were C. albicans (n = 45, 35%), C. parapsilosis (n = 38, 30%), and Candida auris (n = 18, 14%). The majority of C. albicans isolates were fluconazole susceptible, whereas 59% of C. parapsilosis isolates were fluconazole-resistant. Amphotericin B was the most common antifungal used [74% (78/105)], followed by fluconazole [22% (23/105)]. Death by day 28 post-enrollment was 22% (28/127). To our knowledge, this is the largest multi-country cohort of NIC in LMICs. Most of the neonates would not have been considered at high risk for NIC in HICs. A substantial proportion of isolates was resistant to first choice fluconazole. Understanding the burden of NIC in LMIC is essential to guide future research and treatment guidelines.

Our study describes neonates from low- and middle-income countries with neonatal invasive candidiasis (NIC). Most of them were outside the groups considered at high risk for NIC described in high-income countries. Candida spp. epidemiology was also different. The mortality was high (22%). Further research in these settings is required.

Concordance between the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Surveillance Criteria and Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) Criteria for Diagnosis of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia (VAP).

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most common hospital-acquired infections among mechanically ventilated patients and the incidence rates are widely used as an index of quality of care given in an ICU. Since there is no gold standard method available to diagnose VAP, the incidence rate varies based on different criteria used for calculation. Therefore, we conducted a study to determine the concordance between the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) surveillance criteria and clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) criteria for the diagnosis of VAP. Materials and methods: This was a prospective study that evaluated patients in the medical intensive care units (MICUs) of a tertiary care hospital, India, who were intubated for >48 hours between October 2018 and September 2019. All the patients (n = 273) were followed up daily and assessed using both CPIS and NHSN surveillance criteria for diagnosing VAP. Results: Of these 273 patients, 93 patients (34.1%) had VAP according to CPIS criteria as compared with 33 patients (12.1%) using the NHSN criteria. The corresponding rates of VAP were 39.59 vs 11.53 cases per 1,000 ventilator days, respectively. The agreement of the two sets of criteria was fairly good (kappa statistics, 0.42) Conclusion: The NHSN surveillance criteria have a lower sensitivity in detecting VAP cases and have to be modified to achieve better results. How to cite this article: Gunalan A, Sistla S, Sastry AS, Venkateswaran R. Concordance between the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Surveillance Criteria and Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) Criteria for Diagnosis of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia (VAP). Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(3):296-298.

Increasing Trend of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci Bacteremia in a Tertiary Care Hospital of South India: A Three-year Prospective Study.

Introduction: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are emerging as an important multidrug-resistant pathogen causing nosocomial infections, predominantly bacteremia and urinary tract infections. VRE bacteremia has caused a significant increase in the duration of the hospital stay and mortality and had caused high public health threat due to limited treatment options. Materials and methods: Between October 2017 and September 2020, all consecutive patients with culture-proven bloodstream infection with Enterococcus species, isolated for the first time, were included in the study. A total of 427 Enterococcus species were identified, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed and interpreted using Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. Results: Of the total 427 Enterococcus species isolated, 63 (45.6%) were VRE. Among them, 51/63 (81%) were Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) and 5/63 (8%) were Enterococcus faecalis. There was an increased trend of VRE rate in the bloodstream infections of 6.12% (2018), 13.2% (2019), and 19.2% (2020). The majority of the VRE patients [43/63 (68%)] were admitted to the intensive care units (ICUs). Vancomycin A (VanA) is the most common phenotype isolated from 51/63(81%) patients. Conclusion: This increasing trend of VRE bacteremia is a red alert to the clinicians and the infection control practitioners, so that strict antibiotic policies and proper adherence to the infection control practices can be initiated to reduce the VRE rate. How to cite this article: Sivaradjy M, Gunalan A, Priyadarshi K, Madigubba H, Rajshekar D, Sastry AS. Increasing Trend of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci Bacteremia in a Tertiary Care Hospital of South India: A Three-year Prospective Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(8):881-885.

Feasibility of Using Ceftazidime-Avibactam as a Therapeutic Option for Bloodstream Infections Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Based on Its Susceptibility Profile.

Background In the era of increased antimicrobial resistance, there are limited therapeutic options available for the treatment of bacteremia caused by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). This study aims to find out the feasibility of using ceftazidime/avibactam (CZA) as a therapeutic option for bloodstream infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on its susceptibility profile. Materials and methods The isolates were routinely subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) by an automated AST system (VITEK-2). Those isolates found as MDR (resistant to at least one drug for ≥3 antimicrobial classes) were tested against CZA by Kirby-Bauer's disk diffusion (kb-DD) method. Results A total number of 293 MDR Enterobacterales and 31 MDR P. aeruginosa isolates were included. Of these, 87.3% of isolates were found as carbapenem-resistant (CR), whereas 12.7% of isolates were found as carbapenem susceptible. About 30.6% of MDROs were susceptible to CZA. Among carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs), CR Klebsiella pneumoniae(33.5%) is most susceptible to CZA, compared to CR P. aeruginosa(0%)and CREscherichia coli(3.2%). Among the MDR isolates that were susceptible to CZA (30.6%), the majority had poor susceptibility against other ß-lactam-ß-lactamase inhibitor (BL-BLI) agents. Among all antimicrobial agents tested against CROs, colistin (96%) was found to have the best susceptibility profile. Conclusion It is observed that CZA is an acceptable therapeutic option for the treatment of bacteremia caused by MDROs, especially CROs. Therefore, it is important for the laboratories to perform the AST for CZA if the healthcare settings intend to use CZA for the management of such "difficult-to-treat" bloodstream infections.

Procalcitonin for Detecting Culture-Positive Sepsis in Neonates: A Prospective, Multicenter Study.

INTRODUCTION: It is unclear if serum procalcitonin (PCT) estimated at sepsis suspicion can help detect culture-positive sepsis in neonates. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of PCT in culture-positive sepsis in neonates. METHODS: This was a prospective study (February 2016 to September 2020) conducted in four level-3 units in India. We enrolled neonates suspected of sepsis in the first 28 days of life. Neonates with birth weight <750 g, asphyxia, shock, and major malformations were excluded. Blood for PCT assay was drawn along with the blood culture at the time of suspicion of sepsis and before antibiotic initiation. The investigators labeled the neonates as having culture-positive sepsis or "no sepsis" based on the culture reports and clinical course. PCT assay was performed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, and the clinicians were masked to the PCT levels while assigning the label of sepsis. Primary outcomes were the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios to identify culture-positive sepsis. RESULTS: The mean birth weight (SD) and median gestation (IQR) were 2,113 (727) g and 36 (32-38) weeks, respectively. Of the 1,204 neonates with eligible cultures, 155 (12.9%) had culture-positive sepsis. Most (79.4%) were culture-positive within 72 h of birth. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios at 2 ng/mL PCT threshold were 52.3% (95% confidence interval: 44.1-60.3), 64.5% (60.7-68.1), 1.47 (1.23-1.76), and 0.74 (0.62-0.88), respectively. Adding PCT to assessing neonates with 12.9% pretest probability of sepsis generated posttest probabilities of 18% and 10% for positive and negative test results, respectively. CONCLUSION: Serum PCT did not reliably identify culture-positive sepsis in neonates.

A Rare Case Report of Non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae Bloodstream Infection in an Uncontrolled Diabetic With Peripheral Vascular Disease.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae usually causes respiratory diphtheria, which is considered as a disease of toxemia but never bacteremia. Over the last few decades, cutaneous diphtheria has been increasingly reported owing to the emergence of the non-toxigenic strain, which causes locally necrotic and ulcerative lesions. Bacteremia is very rare, but the existing evidence in the literature suggests that the organism can rarely cause invasive infections such as septicemia, endocarditis, and osteoarthritis. Here, we present a rare case of C. diphtheriae causing bloodstream infections in an elderly diabetic with peripheral vascular disease, which was diagnosed incidentally on routine blood culture owing to automated identification systems viz matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) confirmed with conventional methods, and susceptibility was performed using automated VITEK 2 system (BioMérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, France), which has aided in the timely management.

A Case Report of Cardiobacterium hominis Endocarditis in a Pregnant Woman.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is an infrequent endovascular disease, which can result in significant mortality and morbidity. Staphylococcus aureus and viridans streptococci remain the most common etiological agent. Cardiobacterium hominis, a member of the HACEK (Haemophilus species, Aggregatibacter species, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella species) group of fastidious gram-negative bacillus, is a part of normal upper respiratory flora and a rare cause implicated in IE. Cases of Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis are being increasingly reported in last few years due to advancement in automated blood culture system such as BacT/ALERT Virtuo® and identification system such as MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry). We herein report a first case of Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis in a pregnant woman at 20 weeks of gestation. Following spontaneous abortion and evacuation of the fetus, appropriate surgical intervention under heparinized condition and pathogen-directed medical intervention was initiated in this patient. This case report highlights the importance of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, which augments earlier resolution of the disease.

Evaluation of performance of direct disk diffusion test from positively flagged blood culture broth: A large scale study from South India.

BACKGROUND: Rapid turnaround time of blood culture reports should be the main motive for a clinical microbiologist for optimal patient care. Categorical agreement (CA) between direct disk diffusion (dDD) and reference disk diffusion (rDD) may vary between laboratories. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine the CA and understand various types of errors associated with antibiotic organism combination, so that caution can be derived while interpreting and reporting dDD results in the earliest meaningful time frame. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, dDD results were compared to the rDD results from the positive blood culture bottles. CA and various types of errors were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 965 pathogens and 7106 organism antibiotic combinations were evaluated in this study. Overall, there was a CA of 96% which was extremely satisfactory. The categorical disagreement was found only in 4% of organism antibiotic combinations; majority of which were major error (ME, 2.1%) followed by very ME (1%) and minor error (0.9%). The errors were marginally high for Enterobacteriaceae testing against ß lactam- ß lactamase inhibitor combinations, for Pseudomonas species against aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin and Staphylococcus species against cefoxitin, one should be vigilant while reporting dDD result of these antibiotic organism combinations. CONCLUSION: dDD is of paramount importance for early institution of targeted therapy and is considered as one of the key stewardship intervention. Our study gives an insight that every laboratory must perform dDD for positively flagged blood culture specimens; the result of which should be confirmed later by performing rDD. One should be vigilant while reporting dDD result of BL BLI for Enterobacteriaceae; aminoglycosides and CF for Pseudomonas species; cefoxitin for Staphylococcus species and HLG for Enterococcus species. Supplementary tests such as MRSA latex should be included when necessary.