Pituitary incidentalomas.

INTRODUCTION: Incidentally discovered pituitary adenomas are more and more commonly encountered in endocrinology and neurosurgical practices. Often they present as difficult problems in management strategies. This review summarizes the latest evidence and opinions in a variety of settings in which incidental pituitary tumors are discovered, including subclinical pituitary tumor apoplexy. METHODS: A systematic literature review was accomplished using a spectrum of contemporary sources for information regarding pituitary incidentalomas. RESULTS: Up to date findings regarding epidemiology, definition of pituitary incidentaloma, patient evaluation, diagnostic studies, and management are presented. CONCLUSIONS: Current experience from a multidisciplinary pituitary center is presented, with indications for treatment and longitudinal care of these challenging patients.

Adverse events associated with budesonide nasal irrigation reported to the US Food and Drug Administration: 2007 to 2022.

KEYPOINTS: Between 2007 and 2022, the FDA received 119 US-based reports mentioning budesonide nasal irrigation. Most reports were submitted by patients and alerted FDA to off-label usage of budesonide. Notable adverse events reported to the FDA included headache, dyspnea, and blurred vision.

Endoscopic endonasal approach for olfactory groove meningioma resection: Strategies and outcomes in a retrospective case series.

OBJECTIVE: Though the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) is a widely accepted treatment for skull base tumors, the specific use of EEA for olfactory groove meningiomas (OGMs) is debated, with variable outcomes reported in the literature. We review the surgical results of OGM resections for one surgeon including the operative approach, surgical nuances, and outcomes, with a focus on factors relating to patient selection which favor EEA over transcranial approaches. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed thirteen cases of endoscopic endonasal resection of olfactory groove meningiomas. Patient characteristics, clinical characteristics, surgical outcomes, and complications were analyzed. Extent of resection was determined based on volumetric analysis of pre- and postoperative MRI. RESULTS: Anatomic characteristics that render a tumor difficult to access fully are lateral extension beyond the mid-orbit and anterior extension to the falx. Simpson Grade I resection was achieved in 11/13 (84.6 %) cases. Mean pre-operative tumor volume was 8.99 cm3 (range 2.19-16.79 cm3), and 92 % of tumors were WHO grade I. We demonstrate 2 cases of smell preservation, possible with small unilateral tumors and tumors that are confined to either the anterior or posterior portion of the cribriform plate. The post-operative CSF leak rate was 7.7 %, without prophylactic lumbar CSF drainage. The mortality rate was 7.7 % (n = 1) after infectious complications following CSF leak. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic endonasal resection of olfactory groove meningiomas is an effective and safe operative method with outcomes and complication rates comparable to transcranial approaches. Key considerations include careful patient selection and familiarity with technical nuances of endoscopic endonasal approach for this specific tumor type.

Physician Turnover Among Otolaryngologists in the United States, 2014-2021.

Using publicly available Medicare data, we performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of separation between otolaryngologists and affiliated medical groups between 2014 and 2021. During this period, the cumulative turnover rate among otolaryngologists was 36.4%, with annual turnover rates ranging between 6.2%-10.2%. Otolaryngologist turnover rates varied by career stage and group size.

The Impact of Gender on Long-Term Quality of Life After Sinus Surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the impact of gender on the clinical outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) through the comparison of quality of life measures in female and male patients who undergo surgical treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study. METHODS: Patients with CRS completed the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) and EuroQol 5-Dimension Survey (EQ-5D) preoperatively and annually for 5 years following ESS. Health utility values (HUV) were calculated from EQ-5D scores. Comparisons of cohort characteristics were performed with chi-square and t-tests. A multivariable linear mixed effects model evaluated changes in SNOT-22 and HUV over time by gender. RESULTS: Among the 1268 patients (54% female) enrolled, 789 and 343 completed postoperative surveys at one and 5 years, respectively. Preoperatively, females experienced more severe symptoms: mean SNOT-22 score (51.1 ± 20.9 female vs. 44.7 ± 20.0 male, p < 0.001) and HUV (0.80 ± 0.14 female vs. 0.84 ± 0.11 male, p < 0.001). These gender differences were resolved by year one postoperatively (SNOT-22: p = 0.083; HUV: p = 0.465). Two years after surgery, however, females reported more severe symptoms (SNOT-22: 25.6 ± 20.7 female vs. 21.5 ± 17.4 male, p = 0.005; HUV: 0.88 ± 0.12 female vs. 0.90 ± 0.11 male, p = 0.018), a difference that persisted at year five. These gender-related differences remained after adjusting for age, race, ethnicity, nasal polyps, history of prior ESS, and smoking status (p < 0.001). Within-subject improvement was comparable between genders (SNOT-22: p = 0.869; HUV: p = 0.611). CONCLUSION: Females with CRS reported more severe symptoms both before and 5 years after surgery compared to their male counterparts. Understanding the mechanism behind these gender-related differences is important for optimizing CRS treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 Laryngoscope, 133:3319-3326, 2023.

Trends in price, spending, and utilization of omalizumab among Medicare beneficiaries.

KEY POINTS: Between January 2005 and January 2023, the average selling price of omalizumab increased by nearly 60%. Between 2016 and 2021, Medicare Part B and D spending on omalizumab totaled over $3.7 billion. Between 2016 and 2021, Medicare Part B and D utilization of omalizumab increased by approximately 30%.

Private Payer-Negotiated Prices for Outpatient Otolaryngologic Surgery.

In January 2021, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services began requiring hospitals to publish price transparency files listing all prices negotiated with payers. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of payer-negotiated prices for commonly performed outpatient otolaryngology surgery at all hospitals scored by the US News & World Report in otolaryngology. We compared prices among hospitals (across-center ratios) and among payers at the same hospital (within-center ratios). Price disclosure rates were low overall for otolaryngologic surgery (maximum, 26.7% for bronchoscopy). Across-center ratios ranged from 3.5 (adjacent tissue transfer/rearrangement <10 cm2; raw median price range, $1384-$7047) to 18.6 (cochlear implant placement; raw median price range, $2417-$60,255). Median within-center ratios ranged between 2.7 (intraoperative navigation) and 5.4 (total thyroidectomy). Although price variation may signal opportunities for cost savings, patients may have limited ability to comparison shop due to hospital nondisclosure. Further investigation is necessary to examine the factors affecting price variation for otolaryngologic procedures.

Defining the Health Utility Value of Medical Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Prospective Pilot Study.

The extent to which medical management of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) may improve health utility value (HUV) remains unknown. We conducted a prospective pilot study to longitudinally assess HUV via the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire in patients with CRS who were receiving medical therapy but did not undergo sinus surgery. The primary study outcome was HUV at 12-month follow-up; secondary end points included HUV at baseline and 3- and 24-month follow-up. Our study enrolled 115 patients who received the following medical treatments: saline irrigations (n = 83, 72.2%), steroid sprays (n = 93, 80.9%), antihistamines (n = 64, 55.7%), steroid irrigations (n = 29, 25.2%), and oral antibiotics (n = 58, 50.4%). There was a statistically significant improvement (mean, +0.073; P = .003) in HUV at 12 months (minimum clinically important difference, 0.055) as compared with baseline. However, there was no statistically significant trend in HUV over time between baseline and 24-month follow-up (P = .3033). These findings can inform cost-effectiveness research as new medical therapies for CRS emerge.

Indications for absorbable steroid-eluting sinus implants: Viewpoint via the Delphi method.

Absorbable steroid-eluting sinus implants provide targeted corticosteroid release over a sustained period and are designed to prevent both undesirable adhesion formation and sinus ostia restenosis. Here, we highlight the key evidence of these implants to date and query a group of experts via a Delphi process on the indications and optimal timing for intraoperative or in-office placement of these implants. Six of a total of 12 statements reached consensus and were accepted. Overall, experts largely agree that intraoperative or in-office use of steroid-eluting stents could be considered for patients: (1) who are diabetic or intolerant of oral steroids, (2) undergoing extended frontal sinus surgery, and (3) with recurrent stenosis. Given the lack of expert consensus on other key statements, clinicians should carefully consider these treatment options on a case-by-case basis after shared decision-making.

Genome-wide comparison of paired fresh frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gliomas by custom BAC and oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization: facilitating analysis of archival gliomas.

Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is a powerful tool for detecting DNA copy number alterations (CNA). Because diffuse malignant gliomas are often sampled by small biopsies, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks are often the only tissue available for genetic analysis; FFPE tissues are also needed to study the intratumoral heterogeneity that characterizes these neoplasms. In this paper, we present a combination of evaluations and technical advances that provide strong support for the ready use of oligonucleotide aCGH on FFPE diffuse gliomas. We first compared aCGH using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) arrays in 45 paired frozen and FFPE gliomas, and demonstrate a high concordance rate between FFPE and frozen DNA in an individual clone-level analysis of sensitivity and specificity, assuring that under certain array conditions, frozen and FFPE DNA can perform nearly identically. However, because oligonucleotide arrays offer advantages to BAC arrays in genomic coverage and practical availability, we next developed a method of labeling DNA from FFPE tissue that allows efficient hybridization to oligonucleotide arrays. To demonstrate utility in FFPE tissues, we applied this approach to biphasic anaplastic oligoastrocytomas and demonstrate CNA differences between DNA obtained from the two components. Therefore, BAC and oligonucleotide aCGH can be sensitive and specific tools for detecting CNAs in FFPE DNA, and novel labeling techniques enable the routine use of oligonucleotide arrays for FFPE DNA. In combination, these advances should facilitate genome-wide analysis of rare, small and/or histologically heterogeneous gliomas from FFPE tissues.

Educational utility of an online video-based teaching tool for sinus and skull base surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical education has undergone major changes in recent years, as hands-on learning opportunities have been replaced or supplemented with online tools. The goal of this project is to examine the educational impact of a surgical training website, SinusVideos.com, on otolaryngologists at various levels of training. METHODS: Visitors to the website were asked to complete a survey after viewing a narrated video of a surgical procedure. Surveys were analyzed for demographics, needs assessment, and educational impact. RESULTS: A total of 105 completed surveys were completed by 68 (64.8%) attendings/practicing physicians, 32 residents/fellows (30.5%), and 5 medical students (4.8%). Whereas 14.3% of viewers reported online videos as their primary source for surgical preparation, 70.5% considered them important secondary supplements. After viewing a video, 92.4% of respondents reported a gained confidence in performing the surgery, and 62.9% said the video altered how they would perform the surgery in the future. Viewers' ratings of their knowledge (on a 1-7 Likert scale) of a particular surgical procedure before vs after watching the observed procedure increased significantly for participants at all levels of training-medical students (2.8 before vs 5.4 after, P < .01), residents/fellows (4.8 before vs 5.8 after, P < .0001), and attendings/practicing physicians (5.6 before vs 6.4 after, P < .0001). CONCLUSION: High quality online surgical videos appear to be an effective learning tool for surgical trainees and practicing physicians alike. The educational benefit of such tools, as well as their widespread accessibility, makes them a powerful instrument for the training of surgeons worldwide. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 5.

Infection After Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy: Incidence and Implications.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EN-DCR) is an increasingly common procedure performed by otolaryngologists. While EN-DCR has a high rate of success at relieving blockage of the lacrimal system, little is known regarding associated postoperative infection (POI) rates and risk factors. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with the occurrence of postoperative orbital and rhinologic infection in a large cohort of patients undergoing EN-DCR. METHODS: A retrospective review of 582 patients who underwent EN-DCR was performed. All patients received antibiotic prophylaxis as a single intraoperative intravenous administration and a ten-day postoperative oral course. Clinical and demographic information was reviewed, including the occurrence of acute orbital or rhinologic infection within 30 days of surgery. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with POI. RESULTS: Fifteen of 582 patients (2.6%) developed POI following EN-DCR. The most common POI was acute rhinosinusitis (10/15, 66.7%), followed by acute dacryocystitis (2/15, 13.3%), preseptal cellulitis (2/15,13.3%), and acute bacterial conjunctivitis (1/15, 6.7%). The majority of patients (464/582, 79.7%) underwent concurrent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). In most cases (302/464, 65.1%), ESS was performed to address comorbid rhinosinusitis, whereas 7.8% (36/464) of patients underwent surgery to enhance surgical access to the lacrimal sac. Patients who underwent concurrent ESS were less likely to develop POI (OR: 0.17, CI: 0.04-0.80, p < 0.05). Evidence of mucopurulence at surgery increased the likelihood of POI (OR: 6.24, CI: 1.51-25.84, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Mucopurulence at the time of surgery significantly increased the risk of POI, whereas concurrent ESS, performed most commonly to address comorbid rhinosinusitis, significantly decreased the risk of POI. Awareness of risk factors for POI and appropriate surgical management of concurrent rhinosinusitis can lead to reduced infectious complications after EN-DCR.

Cost Utility Analysis of Dupilumab Versus Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps.

OBJECTIVE: Both endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and biologic therapies have shown effectiveness for medically-refractory chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) without severe asthma. The objective was to evaluate cost-effectiveness of dupilumab versus ESS for patients with CRSwNP. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort-style Markov decision-tree economic model with a 36-year time horizon. METHODS: A cohort of 197 CRSwNP patients who underwent ESS were compared with a matched cohort of 293 CRSwNP patients from the SINUS-24 and SINUS-52 Phase 3 studies who underwent treatment with dupilumab 300 mg every 2 weeks. Utility scores were calculated from the SNOT-22 instrument in both cohorts. Decision-tree analysis and a 10-state Markov model utilized published event probabilities and primary data to calculate long-term costs and utility. The primary outcome measure was incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY), which is expressed as an Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: The ESS strategy cost $50,436.99 and produced 9.80 QALYs. The dupilumab treatment strategy cost $536,420.22 and produced 8.95 QALYs. Because dupilumab treatment was more costly and less effective than the ESS strategy, it is dominated by ESS in the base case. One-way sensitivity analyses showed ESS to be cost-effective versus dupilumab regardless of the frequency of revision surgery and at any yearly cost of dupilumab above $855. CONCLUSIONS: The ESS treatment strategy is more cost effective than dupilumab for upfront treatment of CRSwNP. More studies are needed to isolate potential phenotypes or endotypes that will benefit most from dupilumab in a cost-effective manner. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2C Laryngoscope, 131:E26-E33, 2021.

A Clinical Decision Analysis for Use of Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Nonabsorbable Nasal Packing.

OBJECTIVE: Nonabsorbable nasal packing is often placed for the treatment of epistaxis or after sinonasal or skull base surgery. Antibiotics are often prescribed to prevent toxic shock syndrome (TSS), a rare, potentially fatal occurrence. However, the risk of TSS must be balanced against the major risk of antibiotic use, specifically Clostridium difficile colitis (CDC). The purpose of this study is to evaluate in terms of cost-effectiveness whether antibiotics should be prescribed when nasal packing is placed. STUDY DESIGN: A clinical decision analysis was performed using a Markov model to evaluate whether antibiotics should be given. SETTING: Patients with nonabsorbable nasal packing placed. METHODS: Utility scores, probabilities, and costs were obtained from the literature. We assess the cost-effectiveness of antibiotic use when the risk of community-acquired CDC is balanced against the risk of TSS from nasal packing. Sensitivity analysis was performed for assumptions used in the model. RESULTS: The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for antibiotic use was 334,493 US dollars (USD)/quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that not prescribing antibiotics was cost-effective in 98.0% of iterations at a willingness to pay of 50,000 USD/QALY. Sensitivity analysis showed that when the risk of CDC from antibiotics was greater than 910/100,000 or when the incidence of TSS after nasal packing was less than 49/100,000 cases, the decision to withhold antibiotics was cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS: Routine antibiotic prophylaxis in the setting of nasal packing is not cost-effective and should be reconsidered. Even if antibiotics are assumed to prevent TSS, the risk of complications from antibiotic use is of greater consequence. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3a.

Endoscopic Transoral Image-Guided Retrieval of Infratemporal Fossa Foreign Bodies.

Removal of foreign bodies from the infratemporal fossa is surgically challenging and fraught with risks. This report describes our experience with a minimally invasive transoral technique, utilizing endoscopic and image guidance technology, for retrieval of infratemporal fossa foreign bodies in 6 patients. The technique was successfully applied in all cases with identification and retrieval of the foreign bodies, which included 4 hypodermic needles broken off during dental injections, a cottonoid surgical sponge lost during a facial fracture repair, and a maxillary molar displaced during attempted extraction. Complications were limited to transient postoperative lingual and inferior alveolar nerve sensory deficits in 1 patient.

The role of routine nasolacrimal sac biopsy during endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Most patients who undergo endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) have a diagnosis of idiopathic nasolacrimal duct obstruction. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of routine biopsy of the lacrimal sac performed at time of DCR on subsequent patient diagnosis and treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. METHODS: The histopathology of nasolacrimal specimens (n = 769), obtained from 654 consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic DCR by a single surgeon over a 30-year period, were reviewed. Specific focus included the identification of unanticipated pathologic findings as they related to pertinent patient demographics, clinical presentation, radiologic findings, and intraoperative observations. RESULTS: The study population was 69.6% female, with an average age of 56.1 ± 18.2 years. Pathological findings of tissue from the nasolacrimal sac, which was routinely sampled in all cases, showed inflammation (n = 566 [73.6%]), normal histology (n = 147 [19.1%]), granulomas (n = 8 [1.0%]), and neoplastic process (n = 7 [0.9%]). Patient history, preoperative CT scan, and/or intraoperative findings alerted the surgeon to the possibility of an unusual diagnosis in 12 of the 15 patients. An unsuspected neoplastic or granulomatous cause of lacrimal obstruction was identified on intraoperative biopsy in three patients (0.46%). CONCLUSIONS: Although neoplastic and granulomatous diseases are relatively rare causes of lacrimal obstruction necessitating DCR surgery, they may be identified by through patient evaluation in most cases and by routine intraoperative biopsy of the lacrimal sac in all cases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 130:584-589, 2020.

Suction mitigation of airborne particulate generated during sinonasal drilling and cautery.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly impacted endonasal surgery, and recent experimentation has demonstrated that sinonasal drilling and cautery have significant propensity for airborne particulate generation immediately adjacent to the surgical field. In the present investigation, we assessed nasopharyngeal suctioning as a mitigation strategy to decrease particulate spread during simulated endonasal surgical activity. METHODS: Airborne particulate generation in the 1-µm to 10-µm range was quantified with an optical particle sizer in real-time during cadaveric-simulated anterior and posterior endonasal drilling and cautery conditions. To test suction mitigation, experiments were performed both with and without a rigid suction placed in the contralateral nostril, terminating in the nasopharynx. RESULTS: Both anterior (medial maxillary wall and nasal septum) and posterior (sphenoid rostrum) drilling produced significant particulate generation in the 1-µm to 10-µm range throughout the duration of drilling (p < 0.001) without the use of suction, whereas nasopharyngeal suction use eliminated the detection of generated airborne particulate. A similar effect was seen with nasal cautery, with significant particle generation (p < 0.001) that was reduced to undetectable levels with the use of nasopharyngeal suction. CONCLUSION: The use of nasopharyngeal suctioning via the contralateral nostril minimizes airborne particulate spread during simulated sinonasal drilling and cautery. In the era of COVID-19, this technique offers an immediately available measure that may increase surgical safety.

Predictors of long-term success and failure in primary and revision endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy.

BACKGROUND: Although endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (endo-DCR) is a common treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction, little is known about the determinants of surgical success and failure. The purpose of this study was to identify patient- and technique-specific factors that may influence surgical outcomes of primary and revision endo-DCR. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of 596 patients who underwent endo-DCR over a 30-year period (1989-2018). Patients' demographics and surgical techniques were assessed. RESULTS: Among the cohort of patients (n = 478) who underwent primary endo-DCR, 10% (n = 48) required revision surgery. Patients who failed primary DCR tended to be younger (p = 0.015) and were less likely to have chronic sinonasal inflammation on histopathology (p = 0.047) than the successful surgery group. After adjusting for patient demographics and comorbidities, the occurrence of a postoperative complication was significantly associated with primary DCR failure (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; p = 0.032). Among the cohort of patients (n = 118) who underwent revision endo-DCR, 8.5% (n = 10) required additional revision surgery. Patients who failed revision DCR tended to be younger (p = 0.022), more likely to have had intraoperative laser usage (p = 0.031), and more likely to have had an intraoperative complication (p = 0.013) than the successful revision surgery group. Endo-DCR failure was not associated with smoking status, middle turbinate resection, or intraoperative visualization of the internal common punctum (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: An understanding of factors associated with primary and revision endo-DCR failure can help to inform preoperative counseling, intraoperative surgical technique, and postoperative care in the treatment of patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

Airborne Aerosol Generation During Endonasal Procedures in the Era of COVID-19: Risks and Recommendations.

OBJECTIVE: In the era of SARS-CoV-2, the risk of infectious airborne aerosol generation during otolaryngologic procedures has been an area of increasing concern. The objective of this investigation was to quantify airborne aerosol production under clinical and surgical conditions and examine efficacy of mask mitigation strategies. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective quantification of airborne aerosol generation during surgical and clinical simulation. SETTING: Cadaver laboratory and clinical examination room. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Airborne aerosol quantification with an optical particle sizer was performed in real time during cadaveric simulated endoscopic surgical conditions, including hand instrumentation, microdebrider use, high-speed drilling, and cautery. Aerosol sampling was additionally performed in simulated clinical and diagnostic settings. All clinical and surgical procedures were evaluated for propensity for significant airborne aerosol generation. RESULTS: Hand instrumentation and microdebridement did not produce detectable airborne aerosols in the range of 1 to 10 µm. Suction drilling at 12,000 rpm, high-speed drilling (4-mm diamond or cutting burs) at 70,000 rpm, and transnasal cautery generated significant airborne aerosols (P < .001). In clinical simulations, nasal endoscopy (P < .05), speech (P < .01), and sneezing (P < .01) generated 1- to 10-µm airborne aerosols. Significant aerosol escape was seen even with utilization of a standard surgical mask (P < .05). Intact and VENT-modified (valved endoscopy of the nose and throat) N95 respirator use prevented significant airborne aerosol spread. CONCLUSION: Transnasal drill and cautery use is associated with significant airborne particulate matter production in the range of 1 to 10 µm under surgical conditions. During simulated clinical activity, airborne aerosol generation was seen during nasal endoscopy, speech, and sneezing. Intact or VENT-modified N95 respirators mitigated airborne aerosol transmission, while standard surgical masks did not.

National Geographical Variation in Sinus Balloon Dilation.

OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to describe national variations in sinus balloon dilation (SBD), examine the relationship between endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and SBD prevalence patterns, and evaluate associations between reimbursement rates and regional variations in sinus surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment (PUP) Part B Data from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2016. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Physicians in the PUP Part B Database Performing ESS or SBD in 2016. States were stratified into average- or high-volume utilizers based on the number of ESS procedures and SBD procedures per population and compared. RESULTS: Eight states were classified as high-volume utilizers of SBD-Florida, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, New Mexico, South Dakota, and Texas. Only 3 of these states-Kansas, Mississippi, and Nevada-were classified as high-volume utilizers of ESS. Reimbursement rates were significantly higher for SBD as compared to ESS ($1538 [interquartile range (IQR), 1473-1664] vs $335 [IQR, 261-412] per procedure, P < .001). High-volume utilizer SBD states had a higher number of otolaryngologists (13.0 [IQR, 7-16] vs 6.0 [IQR, 2-3]) otolaryngologists per state (P < .001) and a trend toward an increased rate of performing ESS procedures (19 [IQR, 19-41] vs 6.0 [IQR, 2-32], P = .034) procedures per million residents) than average-volume utilizer SBD states. CONCLUSIONS: The southern United States has a significantly higher rate of SBD procedures performed compared to the rest of the country, but these rates do not appear to be directly related to statewide variations in SBD reimbursement.