Surgical Versus Percutaneous Closure of PDA in Preterm Infants: Procedural Charges and Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Studies comparing percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with surgical ligation tend to exclude premature infants and have not assessed procedural charges. We compared our contemporary outcomes and charges of device closure to surgical ligation of PDA in preterm infants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Preterm infants who underwent isolated PDA closure during their newborn hospitalization (January 2014 to September 2017) were grouped based on intention to treat (surgery versus device closure). Patient demographics, procedural details, and immediate postprocedural outcomes were compared. Procedural charges for device closure versus surgical ligation were compared. RESULTS: Compared with the device group (n = 33), patients undergoing surgical ligation (n = 39) were younger, smaller, and required more preoperative support (P < 0.05). The procedure time was shorter for surgical ligation (P < 0.01). Although there was no procedural mortality in either group, the complication rate was higher for device closure than for surgical ligation (15.2% versus 0%; P = 0.02). The proportion of patients returning to preprocedural respiratory support by 48 h after procedure was similar. There was a higher proportion of surgical patients who required increased inotropic support in the first 24 h after procedure (P = 0.19). The procedural charges for transcatheter device closure were twice as expensive as those for surgical ligation. CONCLUSIONS: In our early experience with percutaneous PDA closure, we found a percutaneous approach in preterm infants feasible and well tolerated. Both surgical ligation and device closure were associated with perioperative or postoperative complications. Procedural charges were higher for percutaneous closure, driven by device charge and catheterization room utilization. Further investigation is needed to establish guidelines for first-line therapy for PDA closure in preterm infants, including cost-benefit analysis.

Endovascular and Open Repair of Ruptured Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysms at a Tertiary Care Center.

BACKGROUND: The mortality of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAAs) has been reported as high as 90%. Loss of consciousness and a systolic blood pressure of <80 mm Hg on presentation are the most important predictors of mortality after emergent open repair (OR). Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR) has reduced short-term operative mortality and morbidity for elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, and may be advocated for wider application of EVAR for rAAA. The objective of this study is to compare our experience with OR and EVAR management of rAAA. METHODS: Retrospective review of all rAAAs presenting to a tertiary care center between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2011 was performed. Patients were grouped based on the surgical approach (OR versus EVAR). Patient demographics, intraoperative details, and postoperative mortality and morbidity rates were compared. Statistical analyses were conducted with Stata, version 12. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-six patients presented with rAAA over the study period. Patients who declined repair (n = 14) or died before repair (n = 13) were excluded from this study. Of the 99 patients who underwent repair, 25 patients (25.3%) received EVAR and 74 (74.7%) underwent OR. One patient required conversion to OR from EVAR (1.0%). Overall, 30-day and 1-year mortality was 35.4% and 41.4%, respectively, with no difference seen between the 2 types of repair (30-day mortality: EVAR = 24.0%, OR = 39.2%, P = 0.17; 1-year mortality: EVAR = 32.0%, OR = 44.6%, P = 0.27). Major morbidity also did not differ between the 2 repair procedures (EVAR = 60.0%, OR = 60.8%, P = 0.94). However, patients undergoing EVAR had significantly less estimated blood loss (median: 0.3 vs. 3.0 L, P < 0.0001) and transfusion requirement (median: 5.0 vs. 9.0 U, P = 0.0041). Furthermore, although there was no significant difference in length of overall hospital stay between the 2 groups (8.5 vs. 15 days in the OR group, P = 0.18), significantly more patients in the EVAR group were discharged to home (66.7% vs. 57.1% in the OR group, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to recently published series, this series shows no differences in morbidity or mortality between EVAR or OR of rAAAs. EVAR is appropriate in stable patients with a rAAA and favorable anatomy.

Elevated Cardiac Troponin I in Preservation Solution Is Associated With Primary Graft Dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Although primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity early post-heart transplant, relatively little is known regarding mechanisms involved in PGD development. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined the relationship between cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations in the preservation solution from 43 heart transplant procedures and the development of PGD. Donor hearts were flushed with cold preservation solution (University of Wisconsin [UW] or Custodiol) and stored in the same solution. cTnI concentrations were measured utilizing the i-STAT System and normalized to left ventricular mass. Recipient medical records were reviewed to determine PGD according to the 2014 ISHLT consensus conference. Nineteen patients developed PGD following cardiac transplantation. For both UW and Custodiol, normalized cTnI levels were significantly increased (P = .031 and .034, respectively) for those cases that developed PGD versus no PGD. cTnI levels correlated with duration of ischemic time in the UW group, but not for the Custodiol group. Donor age and donor cTnI (obtained prior to organ procurement) did not correlate with preservation cTnI levels in either UW or Custodiol. CONCLUSIONS: Increased preservation solution cTnI is associated with the development of PGD suggesting preservation injury may be a dominant mechanism for the development of PGD.

Role of cardiac evaluation before thoracic endovascular aortic repair.

BACKGROUND: Patients with thoracic aortic disease undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) often have concomitant coronary artery disease and are at risk for perioperative adverse cardiac events. Despite this risk, the need for and extent of preoperative cardiac workup before TEVAR remain undefined. This study seeks to assess the adequacy of a limited cardiac evaluation before TEVAR, including assessment of cardiac symptoms, resting electrocardiography (ECG), and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), as well as to estimate the incidence of perioperative cardiac events in patients undergoing TEVAR. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained Institutional Review Board-approved database was performed for all patients undergoing TEVAR at a single referral institution between May 2002 and June 2013. The analysis identified 463 TEVAR procedures. All procedures involving median sternotomy were excluded, and 380 procedures (343 patients) were included in the final analysis. Degree of cardiac workup was classified on the basis of the highest level of preoperative testing: no workup, resting ECG only, resting TTE, exercise/pharmacologic stress testing, or coronary angiography. Standard workup consisted of cardiac symptom assessment along with resting ECG or TTE, with further workup indicated for unstable symptoms, significantly abnormal findings on ECG or TTE, or multiple cardiac risk factors. Categorical and continuous variables were compared by Fisher's exact test and analysis of variance, respectively. RESULTS: No preoperative cardiac workup was performed for 28 patients (7.4%); 127 patients (33.4%) had resting ECG only, 208 patients (54.7%) had resting echocardiography, 12 patients (3.2%) underwent stress testing, and five patients (1.3%) had coronary angiography. Patients undergoing stress testing or coronary angiography were older and had a higher incidence of known coronary artery disease (P < .01) and prior myocardial infarction (P = .01). Complex hybrid aortic repairs and TEVAR for aneurysmal disease were more likely to have an extensive workup, whereas nonelective procedures more commonly had no workup. A total of nine patients (2.4%) experienced a perioperative cardiac event (myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest), with no significant difference noted among all groups (P = .45), suggesting that the extent of cardiac workup was appropriate. The incidence of 30-day/in-hospital mortality (5.5%) and cardiac-specific mortality (0.8%) was similar among all groups. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of a postoperative cardiac event after TEVAR is low (2.4%), and initial screening with either resting TTE or ECG, in addition to assessment of cardiac symptom status, appears adequate for most TEVAR patients. As such, we recommend resting TTE or ECG as the initial cardiovascular screening mechanism in patients undergoing TEVAR, with subsequent more invasive studies if initial screening reveals cardiovascular abnormalities.

Changes in Risk Profile and Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement From the Pre- to Post-Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Eras.

BACKGROUND: With initiation of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) programs, centers may see changes in surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) populations and related outcomes because of more high-risk patients undergoing TAVR rather than SAVR. Little data exist on the potential changes in the risk profiles and outcomes of SAVR patients from the pre- to post-TAVR eras. As such, this study sought to evaluate changes in the SAVR population at a tertiary referral center after TAVR program initiation. METHODS: Using a single-center valve surgical database, annual volume, patient characteristics, operative details, and predicted and observed mortality for patients undergoing isolated SAVR or SAVR + coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) from 2006 to 2013 were evaluated. Patients were divided into 3 eras: (1) pre-TAVR (January 2006-June 2009), (2) transition (July 2009-March 2011), and (3) TAVR (April 2011-June 2013). The primary analysis compared predicted and observed mortality in pre-TAVR and TAVR eras. RESULTS: From 2006 to 2013, 1,380 SAVR patients were identified, with 505 (36.6%), 330 (23.9%), and 545 (39.5%) patients from the pre-TAVR, transition, and TAVR eras, respectively. SAVR case volume increased from 131 to 256 cases per year (95.4% increase) from the pre-TAVR to the post-TAVR eras. Predicted risk of mortality (PROM) for SAVR patients from the pre-TAVR to TAVR eras by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS)-PROM was stable near 3.8% (p = 0.82). Crude 30-day SAVR mortality trended down from 2.8% in the pre-TAVR era to 1.5% in the post-TAVR era (p = 0.23). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with previous studies, initiation of a TAVR program was associated with increased SAVR volume. Risk profiles for SAVR patients in the TAVR era remained similar by the STS-PROM, indicating generally stable risk among surgical patients after launching a TAVR program. These data suggest that significant changes in the risk profiles of SAVR patients should not be expected with the initiation of a TAVR program. Further research will need to reevaluate these changes once TAVR becomes more widely available.

Early Experience with a Novel Cannulation Strategy for Left Ventricular Decompression during Nonpostcardiotomy Venoarterial ECMO.

Advances in technology for the delivery of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) have allowed for its expanded utilization in the treatment of patients with advanced cardiogenic shock, particularly through the use of peripheral cannulation strategies. However, peripheral VA-ECMO continues to be hampered by several major limitations including inadequate decompression of the left ventricle, lower limb ischemia, and the inability to mobilize patients. Here, we present a case series of three patients who were treated with a hybrid peripheral-central cannulation strategy accompanied by direct decompression of the left ventricle through a right anterior mini-thoracotomy. This novel approach ameliorates several of the current limitations to peripheral VA-ECMO therapy and thereby holds potential for improving outcomes in VA-ECMO patients.

Prolonged postoperative respiratory support after proximal thoracic aortic surgery: Is deep hypothermic circulatory arrest a risk factor?

PURPOSE: In addition to the pulmonary risks associated with cardiopulmonary bypass, thoracic aortic surgery using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) may subject the lungs to further injury. However, this topic has received little investigation to date. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort review was performed on all patients undergoing proximal thoracic aortic surgery with (n = 478) and without (n = 135) DHCA between July 2005 and February 2013 at a single institution. The primary outcome was prolonged postoperative respiratory support (PPRS), defined as any of the following: >1 day of mechanical ventilation at either fraction of inspired oxygen >0.4 and/or positive end-expiratory pressure >5 mm Hg, >2 days of supplemental O2 requirement of at least 2.5 L/min, or discharge with new O2 requirement. Independent risk factors for PPRS were identified using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Postoperative respiratory support was required in 100 patients (20.9%) with and 30 patients (22.2%) without DHCA (P = .74). Independent predictors of PPRS after proximal aortic surgery included the following: age, diabetes, history of stroke, preoperative creatinine, American Society of Anesthesiologists class 4, redo-sternotomy, total arch replacement, and transfusion requirement. Use of DHCA was not an independent risk factor for PPRS in the entire cohort. Subanalysis of only DHCA patients revealed that longer DHCA times were independently associated with PPRS. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged postoperative respiratory support is common after proximal aortic surgery. The use of DHCA was not associated with this complication in the overall cohort, although longer DHCA times were predictive when only the subset of patients undergoing DHCA was analyzed. Knowledge of the risk factors for PPRS after proximal aortic surgery should improve preoperative risk stratification and postoperative management of these patients.

Long-Term Survival After Bovine Pericardial Versus Porcine Stented Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve Replacement: Does Valve Choice Matter?

BACKGROUND: Bioprosthetic options are increasingly used for surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR). However, current decision making regarding bioprosthetic valve choice is not data-driven given incomplete information on comparative long-term outcomes after stented bovine pericardial (BoAVR) vs porcine (PoAVR) AVR. As such, this study sought to examine the effect of bioprosthetic valve choice on long-term survival and reoperation after AVR. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all stented bioprosthetic AVRs, with or without coronary artery bypass grafting procedures, at a single tertiary referral institution from 1980 to 2013 was conducted using a prospectively maintained database. Procedures were classified as BoAVR or PoAVR. The effect of valve type on long-term survival was assessed with Kaplan-Meier analysis and a Cox proportional hazard model. Subanalyses stratifying by valve size and patient age at the time of AVR assessing mortality and reoperation were also conducted. RESULTS: We identified 2,010 stented bioprosthetic AVR patients, comprising 1,411 BoAVRs (70.2%) and 599 PoAVRs (29.8%), 868 (43.2%) of whom underwent concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting. Kaplan-Meier analysis (p = 0.12) and Cox models (hazard ratio BoAVR vs PoAVR, 1.08; p = 0.40) demonstrated no difference in long-term survival or need for reoperation after BoAVR vs PoAVR. Subanalyses of valve size and patient age also failed to show any association between valve choice and long-term survival or need for reoperation. CONCLUSIONS: For patients undergoing AVR with a stented bioprosthetic valve, with or without coronary artery bypass grafting, the choice of a porcine vs bovine pericardial bioprosthesis does not appear to affect long-term survival or need for reoperation, regardless of valve size or patient age. As such, stented bioprosthetic valves would appear to be fungible, and therefore, valve choice should be driven by local market factors similar to other commodities.

Improved early survival with a nonsternotomy approach for continuous-flow left ventricular assist device replacement.

BACKGROUND: Even in the modern era of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF LVADs), device replacement may be required. Nonsternotomy (NS) approaches are being used more commonly for replacement procedures. Outcomes after this less invasive approach compared with those after a reoperative sternotomy (RS) have not been extensively studied. Furthermore, the clinical impact of concurrent cardiac procedures during device replacement has not been examined. METHODS: From 2005 to 2013, all consecutive implantable LVAD procedures were reviewed, and those using CF devices as both the initial and replacement device were identified. These CF LVAD replacement procedures were divided into those using an RS and those using an NS approach. Periprocedural morbidity and mortality were compared between the groups. RESULTS: A total of 42 CF LVAD replacements were performed in 39 patients, with 20 using an RS approach and 22 using an NS approach. Eleven of the 20 replacement procedures performed by RS included a concurrent cardiac procedure. Relative to the RS cohort, the NS approach was associated with shorter cardiopulmonary bypass time, reduced length of mechanical ventilation, decreased transfusion requirements, less inotropic support, decreased incidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and shorter intensive care unit (ICU) and overall hospital stays. An NS approach was also associated with improved 30- and 90-day survival (100% versus 79.0% in the RS group; p = 0.048). RS replacement procedures appeared to be associated with increased morbidity, regardless of whether they included concurrent cardiac procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who did not require an RS approach and who underwent CF LVAD replacement through an NS approach had improved survival and reduced morbidity compared with those who required an RS.

Outcomes in kidney transplant recipients from older living donors.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies demonstrate that graft survival from older living kidney donors (LD; age>60 years) is worse than younger LD but similar to deceased standard criteria donors (SCD). Limited sample size has precluded more detailed analyses of transplants from older LD. METHODS: Using the United Network for Organ Sharing database from 1994 to 2012, recipients were categorized by donor status: SCD, expanded criteria donor (ECD), or LD (by donor age: <60, 60-64, 65-69, ≥70 years). Adjusted models, controlling for donor and recipient risk factors, evaluated graft and recipient survivals. RESULTS: Of 250,827 kidney transplants during the study period, 92,646 were LD kidneys, with 4.5% of these recipients (n=4,186) transplanted with older LD kidneys. The use of LD donors 60 years or older increased significantly from 3.6% in 1994 to 7.4% in 2011. Transplant recipients with older LD kidneys had significantly lower graft and overall survival compared to younger LD recipients. Compared to SCD recipients, graft survival was decreased in recipients with LD 70 years or older, but overall survival was similar. Older LD kidney recipients had better graft and overall survival than ECD recipients. CONCLUSIONS: As use of older kidney donors increases, overall survival among kidney transplant recipients from older living donors was similar to or better than SCD recipients, better than ECD recipients, but worse than younger LD recipients. With increasing kidney donation from older adults to alleviate profound organ shortages, the use of older kidney donors appears to be an equivalent or beneficial alternative to awaiting deceased donor kidneys.

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair for chronic DeBakey IIIb aortic dissection.

BACKGROUND: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for chronic DeBakey IIIb dissection with associated descending aneurysm remains controversial. This study examines long-term results of TEVAR for this disorder including examination of anatomic features associated with TEVAR outcomes. METHODS: Between July 2005 and January 2013, 32 patients underwent TEVAR for chronic (>30 days) DeBakey IIIb dissection involving the descending thoracic aorta at a single institution and constituted the study cohort. RESULTS: The mean interval from dissection to TEVAR was 32 ± 44 months (range, 1 to 146 months). There were no 30-day or in-hospital deaths, strokes, or paraplegia. During a 54-month median follow-up, there were no aortic-related deaths. Significant thoracic aneurysm sac regression (>1 cm) in the intervened segment was observed in 89%. Thoracic remodeling was not correlated with the number of visceral vessels arising from the true lumen or the number or size of residual distal fenestrations; failure of thoracic remodeling was associated with fenestrations distal to the endograft(s) in the descending thoracic aorta, most often stent graft-induced new entry tears. Complete resolution of the thoracic and abdominal false lumen after TEVAR was observed in 15.6% (n = 5). All patients in this group had all visceral vessels arising from the true lumen and fewer than three residual distal fenestrations. CONCLUSIONS: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair is effective for chronic DeBakey IIIb dissection with associated descending aneurysm, with excellent 30-day and long-term outcomes and significant aortic remodeling in the vast majority of patients. Thoracic remodeling does not appear dependent on distal anatomic characteristics of the true and false lumens, although care should be taken to cover all thoracic fenestrations and avoid creation of stent graft-induced new entry tears to ensure clinical success. Complete aortic remodeling was observed only in the setting of all visceral vessels off the true lumen with fewer than three residual distal fenestrations, and this would appear the ideal anatomy for TEVAR in this scenario.

Frailty and risk in proximal aortic surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Although frailty has recently been examined in various populations as a predictor of morbidity and mortality, its effect on thoracic aortic surgery outcomes has not been studied. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of frailty in predicting postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing proximal aortic replacement surgery. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database was performed for all patients undergoing elective and nonelective proximal aortic operations (root, ascending aorta, and/or arch) at a single-referral institution from June 2005 to December 2012. A total of 581 patients underwent proximal aortic surgery, of whom 574 (98.8%) were included in the present analysis; 7 were excluded because of incomplete data. Frailty was evaluated using an index consisting of age >70 years, body mass index <18.5 kg/m(2), anemia, history of stroke, hypoalbuminemia, and total psoas volume in the bottom quartile of the population. One point was given for each criterion met to determine a frailty score of 0 to 6. Frailty was defined as a score of ≥2. Risk models for length of stay >14 days, discharge to other than home, 30-day composite major morbidity, 30-day composite major morbidity/mortality, and 30-day and 1-year mortality were calculated using multivariate regression modeling. RESULTS: Of the 574 patients, 148 (25.7%) were defined as frail (frailty score ≥2). The unadjusted 30-day/in-hospital and long-term outcomes were significantly worse for the frail versus nonfrail patients in all but 1 of the outcomes analyzed; no difference was found in the 30-day readmission rates between the 2 groups. In the multivariate model, a frailty score of ≥2 was associated with discharge to other than home and 30-day and 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Frailty, as defined using a 6-component frailty index, can serve as an independent predictor of discharge disposition and early and late mortality risk in patients undergoing proximal aortic surgery. These frailty markers, all of which are easily assessed preoperatively, could provide valuable information for patient counseling and risk stratification before proximal aortic replacement.

Outcomes after implantable left ventricular assist device replacement procedures.

As the duration of support increases for patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), device replacement may still be necessary for a variety of indications. Outcomes after replacement LVAD surgeries have not been extensively described, and whether these patients experience outcomes similar to primary LVAD implant patients remains unclear. From 2003 to 2012, 342 consecutive implantable LVAD procedures took place at a single institution, of which 201 were considered destination therapy. Within this larger group, 30 patients underwent 35 replacement procedures. The three major indications for replacement LVAD procedures were mechanical/electrical failure (57%), hemolysis/thrombosis (29%), and infection (14%). Propensity matching using preoperative characteristics was used to generate a primary implant control group to determine the impact of the replacement status on outcomes. Thirty-day and 1-year survival after LVAD replacement was 90% and 48%, respectively. Survival outcomes were worse for patients undergoing device replacement compared with the matched primary cohort (p = 0.03). The need for transfusion and the incidence of postoperative right ventricular and renal dysfunction were similar between the two groups, as was length of hospitalization. There was no difference between the rates of postoperative infection or stroke. Emergent replacement procedures had a higher mortality than those done nonemergently. Given these findings, earlier timing for replacement, temporary stabilization with an extracorporeal device, and use of a nonsternotomy surgical approach should be investigated as strategies to improve outcomes.

Pseudoaneurysm formation after medtronic freestyle porcine aortic bioprosthesis implantation: a word of caution.

BACKGROUND: A growing literature describes aneurysmal deterioration after implantation of the stentless porcine aortic Medtronic Freestyle bioprosthesis (MFB; Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, MN), with some suggesting inadequate tissue fixation with immune response as a cause. However, disjointed reports make the significance of these findings difficult to interpret. We address this concern by aggregating available data. METHODS: We reviewed institutional data, the Food and Drug Administration's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience registry, and the medical literature for mention of aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm after MFB. Case details were aggregated, and the rate of aneurysmal deterioration was estimated. Immunohistopathologic examination of institutional explanted specimens was performed to elucidate a cause. RESULTS: We found 42 cases of aneurysmal deterioration with adequate detail for analysis; all occurred with full root replacement and valve sizes ranging from 23 to 29 mm. The rate of aneurysmal deterioration considering all data sources was 1.1% (9 of 851; 95% confidence interval, 0.5% to 2.0%) vs 4.7% (4 of 86; 95% confidence interval, 1.3% to 11.5%) at our institution, where yearly surveillance imaging is performed. Rate of aneurysmal deterioration appeared constant until 5 years after the operation; however, events are reported out to 10 years. Consistent with previous reports, histopathology demonstrated an immune cell infiltrate in areas of MFB wall breakdown. CONCLUSIONS: Aneurysmal deterioration is an increasingly described complication of MFB implantation as a full root, with an incidence as high as 4.7%. Given the observed immune reaction and lack of occurrence in smaller (19-mm and 21-mm) valve sizes, inadequate pressure fixation of larger valves is a potential etiology. Patients with MFB require annual surveillance imaging, and consideration of this complication should factor into preoperative decision making because treatment mandates redo root replacement, which may not be feasible in high-risk patients.

An isolated working heart system for large animal models.

Since its introduction in the late 19(th) century, the Langendorff isolated heart perfusion apparatus, and the subsequent development of the working heart model, have been invaluable tools for studying cardiovascular function and disease(1-15). Although the Langendorff heart preparation can be used for any mammalian heart, most studies involving this apparatus use small animal models (e.g., mouse, rat, and rabbit) due to the increased complexity of systems for larger mammals(1,3,11). One major difficulty is ensuring a constant coronary perfusion pressure over a range of different heart sizes - a key component of any experiment utilizing this device(1,11). By replacing the classic hydrostatic afterload column with a centrifugal pump, the Langendorff working heart apparatus described below allows for easy adjustment and tight regulation of perfusion pressures, meaning the same set-up can be used for various species or heart sizes. Furthermore, this configuration can also seamlessly switch between constant pressure or constant flow during reperfusion, depending on the user's preferences. The open nature of this setup, despite making temperature regulation more difficult than other designs, allows for easy collection of effluent and ventricular pressure-volume data.

Antegrade versus retrograde cerebral perfusion for hemiarch replacement with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest: does it matter? A propensity-matched analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The choice of cerebral perfusion strategy for aortic arch surgery has been debated, and the superiority of antegrade (ACP) or retrograde (RCP) cerebral perfusion has not been shown. We examined the early and late outcomes for ACP versus RCP in proximal (hemi-) arch replacement using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA). METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database was performed for all patients undergoing elective and nonelective hemiarch replacement at a single referral institution from June 2005 to February 2013. Total arch cases were excluded to limit the analysis to shorter DHCA times and a more uniform patient population for whom clinical equipoise regarding ACP versus RCP exists. A total of 440 procedures were identified, with 360 (82%) using ACP and 80 (18%) using RCP. The endpoints included 30-day/in-hospital and late outcomes. A propensity score with 1:1 matching of 40 pre- and intraoperative variables was used to adjust for differences between the 2 groups. RESULTS: All 80 RCP patients were propensity matched to a cohort of 80 similar ACP patients. The pre- and intraoperative characteristics were not significantly different between the 2 groups after matching. No differences were found in 30-day/in-hospital mortality or morbidity outcomes. The only significant difference between the 2 groups was a shorter mean operative time in the RCP cohort (P = .01). No significant differences were noted in late survival (P = .90). CONCLUSIONS: In proximal arch operations using DHCA, equivalent early and late outcomes can be achieved with RCP and ACP, although the mean operative time is significantly less with RCP, likely owing to avoidance of axillary cannulation. Questions remain regarding comparative outcomes with straight DHCA and lesser degrees of hypothermia.

Efficacy and durability of central oversewing for treatment of aortic insufficiency in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices.

BACKGROUND: Aortic insufficiency (AI) in patients supported with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVAD) results in regurgitant volume returning from the aorta to the left ventricle, increased LVAD pump volume and reduced systemic cardiac output. One common strategy to address AI during CF-LVAD support is central oversewing of the aortic valve, which allows some opening between the valve leaflets laterally. However, the long-term durability of this technique has not been extensively described. METHODS: All patients who underwent central oversewing of the aortic valve during CF-LVAD support between January 2006 and March 2013 were included in this analysis. Pre- and post-procedure intra-operative transesophageal echocardiograms (TEEs) were reviewed to determine the efficacy of the surgical technique, whereas all subsequent transthoracic echocardiograms (TTEs) were reviewed to assess durability. AI severity was graded using the vena contracta (VC) width and the ratio between the VC and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) diameter. RESULTS: Nineteen patients with central aortic valve oversewing were identified. Median follow-up was 560 days (range 46 to 954 days). All but 1 patient had their aortic insufficiency reduced to "none/trace" on post-operative TEE. There was no statistically significant increase in the VC width and VC/LVOT ratio between the first and last follow-up echocardiograms, and only 2 patients developed more than mild aortic insufficiency after central oversewing. Central oversewing of the aortic valve did not adversely affect outcomes after LVAD implantation. CONCLUSION: Central oversewing of the aortic valve is an effective and durable means of addressing greater than mild AI in patients with CF-LVAD.

Phosphoproteomic profiling of human myocardial tissues distinguishes ischemic from non-ischemic end stage heart failure.

The molecular differences between ischemic (IF) and non-ischemic (NIF) heart failure are poorly defined. A better understanding of the molecular differences between these two heart failure etiologies may lead to the development of more effective heart failure therapeutics. In this study extensive proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiles of myocardial tissue from patients diagnosed with IF or NIF were assembled and compared. Proteins extracted from left ventricular sections were proteolyzed and phosphopeptides were enriched using titanium dioxide resin. Gel- and label-free nanoscale capillary liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution accuracy mass tandem mass spectrometry allowed for the quantification of 4,436 peptides (corresponding to 450 proteins) and 823 phosphopeptides (corresponding to 400 proteins) from the unenriched and phospho-enriched fractions, respectively. Protein abundance did not distinguish NIF from IF. In contrast, 37 peptides (corresponding to 26 proteins) exhibited a ≥ 2-fold alteration in phosphorylation state (p<0.05) when comparing IF and NIF. The degree of protein phosphorylation at these 37 sites was specifically dependent upon the heart failure etiology examined. Proteins exhibiting phosphorylation alterations were grouped into functional categories: transcriptional activation/RNA processing; cytoskeleton structure/function; molecular chaperones; cell adhesion/signaling; apoptosis; and energetic/metabolism. Phosphoproteomic analysis demonstrated profound post-translational differences in proteins that are involved in multiple cellular processes between different heart failure phenotypes. Understanding the roles these phosphorylation alterations play in the development of NIF and IF has the potential to generate etiology-specific heart failure therapeutics, which could be more effective than current therapeutics in addressing the growing concern of heart failure.

Natural history and clinical effect of aortic valve regurgitation after left ventricular assist device implantation.

OBJECTIVES: Aortic valve regurgitation reduces left ventricular assist device mechanical efficiency. Evidence has also suggested that left ventricular assist device implantation can induce or exacerbate aortic valve regurgitation. However, this has not been compared with aortic valve regurgitation progression in a nonsurgical end-stage heart failure population. Furthermore, its clinical effect is unclear. We sought to characterize the development and progression of aortic valve regurgitation in left ventricular assist device recipients and to identify its clinical effect. METHODS: A review of all consecutive patients who received an intracorporeal left ventricular assist device at Duke University Medical Center from January 2004 to January 2011 was conducted. Cases of previous or concomitant aortic valve surgery were excluded. Data from the remaining implants (n = 184) and a control group of contemporaneous nonsurgical patients with end-stage heart failure (n = 132) were analyzed. Serial transthoracic echocardiography was used to characterize aortic valve regurgitation as a function of time. RESULTS: Left ventricular assist device implantation was associated with worsening aortic valve regurgitation, defined as an increase in aortic valve regurgitation grade, relative to the nonsurgical patients with end-stage heart failure (P < .0001). The recipients of continuous flow left ventricular assist devices were more likely than recipients of pulsatile left ventricular assist devices to develop worsening aortic valve regurgitation (P = .0348). Moderate or severe aortic valve regurgitation developed in 21 left ventricular assist device recipients; this was unrelated to the type of device implanted (continuous vs pulsatile; P = .754) or aortic valve regurgitation grade before left ventricular assist device implantation (P = .42). Five patients developed severe aortic valve regurgitation; all of whom underwent aortic valve procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Native aortic valve regurgitation developed and/or progressed after left ventricular assist device implantation, with this effect being more pronounced in continuous flow left ventricular assist device recipients. However, the preoperative aortic valve regurgitation grade failed to correlate with the development of substantial aortic valve regurgitation after left ventricular assist device implantation. After left ventricular assist device implantation, aortic valve regurgitation had a small, but discernible, clinical effect, with some patients developing severe aortic valve regurgitation and requiring aortic valve procedures. These data have implications for the long-term management of left ventricular assist device recipients, in particular as the durability of implantable continuous flow left ventricular assist device therapy improves.

Regional versus general anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy: the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program perspective.

BACKGROUND: The ideal anesthetic technique for carotid endarterectomy remains a matter of debate. This study used the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program to evaluate the influence of anesthesia modality on outcomes after carotid endarterectomy. METHODS: Postoperative outcomes were compared for American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy between 2005 and 2009 with either general or regional anesthesia. A separate analysis was performed on a subset of patients matched on propensity for undergoing carotid endarterectomy with regional anesthesia. RESULTS: For the entire sample of 24,716 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy and the propensity-matched cohort of 8,050 patients, there was no difference in the 30-day postoperative composite stroke/myocardial infarction/death rate based on anesthetic type. Within the matched cohort, the rate of other complications did not differ (2.8% regional vs. 3.6% general anesthesia; P = .07), but patients receiving regional anesthesia had shorter operative (99 ± 36 minutes vs 119 ± 53 minutes; P < .0001) and anesthesia times (52 ± 29 minutes vs. 64 ± 37 minutes; P < .0001) and were more likely to be discharged the next day (77.0% vs 64.4%; P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Anesthesia technique does not impact patient outcomes after carotid endarterectomy, but may influence overall cost of care.