Does the identification of seniors at risk (ISAR) score effectively select geriatric patients on emergency admission?

The number of older patients admitted to emergency departments (ED) increases continuously. The Identification of Seniors at Risk (ISAR) score is currently recommended to screen patients in German ED, but its appropriateness is being criticized. ISAR scores and clinical characteristics from 98 emergency admissions (EA), 80 from acute geriatrics (AG) and 89 from a geriatric rehabilitation (GR) unit were compared retrospectively. No significant differences were found between groups, being the ISAR score positive in 87.7% of EA, 94.9% of AG and 94.4% of GR cases. None of positively identified geriatric patients in the EA was transferred to the geriatric ward of competence. EA patients showed significantly higher number of functional impairments (p = 0.001) and higher BI score (p < 0.0001) compared to AG and GR groups. A higher ISAR score threshold and additional functional information might be needed to better select patients in need of prompt treatment by a geriatric team.

Analysis of cytopenia in geriatric inpatients.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral blood dyscrasias in older patients are repeatedly seen in geriatric clinical practice; however, there is substantial lack of data about the epidemiology, possible causes and treatment options in this patient group. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are extensively used in older patients and associated with leukopenia. The primary objective of this study was the assessment of encoded cytopenia prevalence in a geriatric patient cohort and the secondary objective was the assessment of putative causes and the analysis of PPI administration in patients with cytopenia. METHODS: Retrospective evaluation of patients admitted to the geriatric department of a German urban hospital between 2010 and 2012. Electronic patient data were screened for encoded diagnosis of cytopenia according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10. Inclusion criteria were ICD code D69.0-9 and/or D70.0-7, age ≥60 years and exclusion criteria were no ICD code D69.0-9 and/or D70.0-7 and age <60 years. Out of 9328 screened inpatients 54 patients remained for analysis. Study parameters included hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell count (RBC), leucocytes, platelets, mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red cell distribution width (RDW), presence of leukopenia (<4000/µl), presence of thrombocytopenia (<140,000/µl) and presence of anemia according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Substitution of blood products, medication with PPI and potential causes for dyscrasias were evaluated based on electronic patient records. RESULTS: The mean age was 78.3 ± 6.5 years (27 females, 27 males), anemia was seen in 78%, leukopenia was encoded in13% and thrombocytopenia in 44.4%. In most of the patients no substitution of blood products was documented. In most of the patients (20.4%) cytopenia was attributed to either heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or hemato-oncologic (20.4%) diseases, followed by drug association in 18.5%. In 70.8% of the study patients PPIs were administered but the indication for PPI administration remained unclear in 20.4%. CONCLUSION: The results encourage accurate assessment of blood dyscrasias and appropriate documentation as well as indication check for PPI treatment in geriatric inpatients.

Deep brain stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's dementia.

Cholinergic neurons of the medial forebrain are considered important contributors to brain plasticity and neuromodulation. A reduction of cholinergic innervation can lead to pathophysiological changes of neurotransmission and is observed in Alzheimer's disease. Here we report on six patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) treated with bilateral low-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM). During a four-week double-blind sham-controlled phase and a subsequent 11-month follow-up open label period, clinical outcome was assessed by neuropsychological examination using the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale as the primary outcome measure. Electroencephalography and [(18)F]-fluoro-desoxyglucose positron emission tomography were, besides others, secondary endpoints. On the basis of stable or improved primary outcome parameters twelve months after surgery, four of the six patients were considered responders. No severe or non-transitional side effects related to the stimulation were observed. Taking into account all limitations of a pilot study, we conclude that DBS of the NBM is both technically feasible and well tolerated.

Prescription errors in geriatric patients can be avoided by means of a computerized physician order entry (CPOE).

BACKGROUND: The implementation of a computerized physician order entry (CPOE) can help reduce prescription errors in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a CPOE for geriatric patients with the two most common conditions for drug-induced iatrogenic diseases, dysphagia and renal failure. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of actual drug prescriptions versus CPOE recommendations in the geriatric department of the St. Marien Hospital in Cologne, Germany was carried out. Actual drug prescriptions were collected for 26 patients with dysphagia (15 female, 11 male, average age 82.3 ± 8.0 years) and 35 patients with renal failure (23 female, 12 male, average age 80.5 ± 6.7 years) which were compared with recommended prescriptions by means of a CPOE and discrepancies were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Prescription errors for at least 1 drug were detected in 46 % of patients with renal failure and the administration of at least 1 drug with inadequate crushing was observed in 77 % of dysphagia patients. CONCLUSION: Prescription errors appear to be frequent to highly frequent in the medical routine even in a highly specialized geriatric setting. Inaccuracies might be reduced by the implementation of a CPOE and even more if coupled to a decision support system. Drug-drug or drug-disease interactions, which are particularly high risks in patients with multimorbidities, multidrug therapy, renal failure or malnutrition, might be kept under control through careful verification of medication indications, organ function status as well as drug administration and preparation in cases of tube feeding.

Effects of inpatient geriatric interventions in a German geriatric hospital: Impact on ADL, mobility and cognitive status.

BACKGROUND: Given the demographic changes, the need for effective geriatric intervention is obvious. Geriatric care aims to maintain the highest possible level of independence and quality of life and to reduce the risk of need for care. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the benefits of geriatric care on functional performance, mobility and cognition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study involved a retrospective analysis of clinical data from 646 patients. At hospital admission and discharge functional status was assessed using the Barthel index. Mobility was evaluated by means of the Tinetti test and cognition by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE). A follow-up was conducted on 112 patients 2-5 months after hospital discharge. Statistical analysis included t-tests including Cohen's d for effect size and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 81.1 ± 7.1 years including 439 women (68%) and 207 men (32%). There were significant average improvements for activities of daily living (ADL), mobility and cognition comparing discharge and admission scores. For functional and mobility status, effect sizes were medium to high. Regression analyses showed that ADL improvement was predicted by functional, mobile and cognitive status at admission. Follow-up analyses revealed a high percentage of former patients still living at home and an overall maintenance of ADL levels. CONCLUSION: Geriatric patients seem to experience long-term improvements during geriatric treatment, which appears to fulfill its aim of recovering independence. For a better understanding of relevant factors for the recreation of geriatric patients, further research is needed, e.g. with respect to the impact of the nutritional status.

Association of anemia and hypoalbuminemia in German geriatric inpatients: Relationship to nutritional status and comprehensive geriatric assessment.

BACKGROUND: Anemia and hypoalbuminemia (HA) are acknowledged independent risk factors for morbidity and mortality in geriatric patients and are associated with nutritional status and frailty. Data exist regarding the association between albumin and frailty, anemia and frailty as well as frailty and nutritional status; however, there is a lack of information on the association between HA, anemia and nutritional status in older people. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study retrospectively analyzed 626 patients admitted to a German geriatrics department (average age 81.1 years, 68.2% female and 31.8% male) for anemia and HA. Data from the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) and from the mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) were available in all patients. RESULTS: Patients with anemia suffered significantly more often from HA (p<0.001) than patients without anemia, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.99 (95% confidence interval CI: 1.2-3.2) and of 5.41 (CI 95%: 2.3-12.6) in patients at risk for malnutrition and in malnourished patients, respectively. A moderately significant association was seen between hemoglobin (Hb) and albumin values (Pearson's correlation r=0.330; p<0.001) as well as between albumin values and the Barthel index (Spearman's correlation r=0.210; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Anemia appears to be a risk factor for HA in inpatients with malnutrition and the observed association between albumin and Hb warrants further research. Geriatric inpatients with anemia should be evaluated in terms of the presence of malnutrition risk and HA.

[German version of the de Morton mobility index. First clinical results from the process of the cross-cultural adaptation]. / Deutsche Version des De Morton Mobility Index. Erste klinische Ergebnisse aus dem Prozess der interkulturellen Adaptation.

BACKGROUND: The English version of the de Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI) enables allied health professions in an inpatient setting to assess the mobility of geriatric patients in a reliable, valid, easy and fast way, without showing any floor or ceiling effects. The aim of this study was the DEMMI's cross-cultural adaption into German language with further analysis of some of its psychometric properties based on this process. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Translation was done in a multistage procedure following international recommendations. Within clinical pilot testing the DEMMI was routinely applied over a period of 3 weeks in a geriatric hospital. User experiences were evaluated in a qualitative way and DEMMI test results were analyzed with the focus on practicability and responsiveness. RESULTS: A German DEMMI version has been translated and performed with 133 patients. The test takes approximately 10 min to administer, is save and easy to use and does not show any floor or ceiling effects. The DEMMI is valid for the whole mobility spectrum, that is why mobility changes can be realized sufficiently in contrast to the Timed Up And Go Test. CONCLUSION: The DEMMI is already applicable in the German-speaking world. However, further research on its validity and reproducibility are desirable.

[Perioperative nutritional therapy]. / Perioperative Ernährungstherapie.

BACKGROUND: There is no difference in medical and nutritional therapy between elderly and young surgical patients. However, based on the high prevalence of malnutrition or a risk for malnutrition and the associated risk for complications, elderly surgical patients should receive special attention. AIM: This article addresses the options in perioperative nutritional therapy and gives an overview on current guidelines and study results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The article includes a literature review of current national and international guidelines in the field of surgery and geriatrics. Cochrane reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and significant single studies are also included. RESULTS: Contrary to former approaches, national and international organizations recommend to keep the duration of pre- and postoperative fasting as short as possible. The benefits of nutritional therapy in stabilization and improvement of the nutritional status of surgical patients has already been shown in several patient groups like patients undergoing major abdominal surgeries. For other patients groups, like patients with sepsis, further studies are needed to evaluate the benefit of a perioperative nutritional intervention.

[Serum hepcidin levels in geriatric patients with iron deficiency anemia or anemia of chronic diseases]. / Serumhepcidin bei Eisenmangelanämie und Anämie chronischer Erkrankungen im geriatrischen Kollektiv.

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and anemia of chronic diseases (ACD) are common in the geriatric population. However, differentiation between IDA and ACD is still problematic. Hepcidin is a key regulator of iron homeostasis: downregulation in the presence of iron deficiency allows enteral iron resorption, while upregulation in case of chronic inflammation blocks it. We aimed at studying whether serum hepcidin levels might serve as diagnostic parameter to differentiate between IDA and ACD among elderly. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 37 patients (age 69-97 years) were divided into 4 groups: group I (IDA), group II (ACD), group III (controls), and group IV (IDA/ACD). Serum hepcidin levels were analyzed using a commercially available ELISA kit (DRG Instruments, Marburg, Germany). Differences in hepcidin levels were tested with nonparametric methods. RESULTS: We could show a strong positive correlation between serum hepcidin and ferritin (Spearman rho 0.747) and a statistic significant difference of hepcidin levels among all groups (p = 0.034). Hepcidin levels between ACD and controls differed significantly (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Despite the small number of patients included in this study, which reduces the strength of the study's evidence, results conform with the current literature: it can be assumed that hepcidin will be used as a diagnostic parameter to differentiate between IDA and ACD in the future. However, more studies with larger patient groups are urgently needed to answer this question.

[Geriatric trauma centers - requirements catalog. An initiative to promote and guarantee the quality of care of elderly trauma patients receiving inpatient care]. / Alterstraumatologisches Zentrum - Anforderungskatalog. Eine Initiative zur Förderung und Sicherung der Qualität der Versorgung alterstraumatologischer Patienten in Deutschland im Bereich der stationären Versorgung.

For the care of the elderly, specific geriatric care facilities in hospitals and specialized rehabilitation centers have been established in the last 20 years throughout Germany. In addition, trauma surgery departments in hospitals and clinics also provide comprehensive care for trauma patients. The present requirements catalog was developed with the aim to ensure the standardization and quality assurance of these care facilities. Thus, the structural basics and, in particular, the structured cooperation between geriatrics and trauma surgery are described and defined in terms of structure, process, and outcome quality. The Bundesverband Geriatrie, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geriatrie, and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gerontologie und Geriatrie offer documentation for external and internal use and evaluation of the structures and processes for certification of geriatric trauma centers. Prerequisite for certification is to meet the technical requirements defined in the requirements catalogue or documents derived from it, and proof of a quality management system according to ISO 9001.

[Prevention in the elderly: position paper on pneumococcal vaccinations. Results of an expert workshop on 15 November 2013 in Cologne, Germany]. / Prävention im Alter: Stellungnahme zur Pneumokokkenimpfung. Ergebnisse eines Expertenworkshops am 15.11.2013 in Köln.

Infections due to pneumococci especially in the elderly are vastly underestimated, e.g., because non-invasive infections such as pneumonia may appear with only few symptoms. Sequential vaccination with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV13, followed by the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine, is considered as the best preventive measure for individual protection, even though clinical study data demonstrating the efficacy of this sequence are not yet available. Increase of "awareness" by use of computer-based reminder functions may result in a significant improvement of vaccination compliance.

Long-term functional success and patient-reported outcomes after female one-stage buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Female urethral strictures are a rare condition that significantly impacts patients' quality of life. Patient-reported outcomes are crucial, yet data regarding sexual function and treatment satisfaction are scarce. We aimed to provide insights from a reconstructive referral center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of women treated with ventral onlay one-stage buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty for urethral strictures between 2009-2023. We assessed objective (retreatment-free survival, ΔQmax) and subjective outcomes (validated patient-reported outcomes). RESULTS: Of 12 women, 83% and 17% had iatrogenic and idiopathic strictures, respectively. Median number of prior interventions was 6. Strictures were located meatal and mid-urethral in 25% and 75%, respectively, 22% had the bladder neck involved. Median graft length was 2 cm. At median follow-up of 66 months, 33% of patients underwent stricture retreatment, but only one case occurred within the first 2 years postoperatively. The median improvement in maximum flow rate (ΔQmax) was 10 ml/s. Median International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Modules (ICIQ-FLUTS) scores were 8 for filling symptoms, 6 for voiding symptoms, and 3 for incontinence symptoms. Median ICIQ-FLUTSsex score was 4. Higher scores indicate a higher symptom burden. Median ICIQ-Satisfaction outcome and satisfaction scores were 18 and 7, respectively, reflecting high treatment satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty by ventral onlay for female urethral strictures yields effective, durable, and positively received outcomes. However, larger studies across multiple institutions are necessary to further assess its efficacy, especially regarding patient-reported experiences and sexual function.

[Anemia in the elderly]. / Anämie im Alter.

Anemia is not physiologically associated with increasing age but a symptom of an underlying disease. The individual patient's wish, results of geriatric assessment, and therapeutic options regarding life expectancy and quality of life must be taken into consideration when determining the diagnostic steps to be taken. Prevalence of anemia is high, reaching up to 40% among geriatric inpatients. There are various reasons for anemia, but the three most frequent forms of anemia in the elderly are iron deficient anemia (IDA), anemia of chronic diseases (ACD), and unexplained anemia (UA). This article will, therefore, be limited to these forms. Until now no guidelines have been developed concerning diagnostic and therapeutic steps for anemia in the elderly. For basic diagnostics, the analysis of hematologic parameters such as hemoglobin, ferritin, and the saturation of transferrin are recommended. Therapeutic options have to be chosen according to the underlying disease.

[Anemia in the elderly. Urgent need for guidelines]. / Anämie im Alter. Dringlicher Bedarf an einer Leitlinie.

The prevalence of anemia in the elderly is high and can reach among independent community-dwelling persons > 20% and among hospitalized geriatric patients up to 40%. Anemia in the elderly has numerous causes rather than being clearly age related. Although it is widely acknowledged that anemia influences morbidity and mortality in geriatric patients in a negative manner, guidelines concerning diagnostics and therapeutic steps do not exist in Germany. We present a work-up of guidelines of German (AWMF) and international (G-I-N, NGC) specialists' societies dealing with the subject "anemia." Regarding the demographic changes with a growing population of geriatric patients with anemia, the development of a national (German) guideline for an ethically acceptable and cost-effective management of anemia in the elderly is necessary.

[Anemia and iron deficiency in the elderly. Prevalence, diagnostics and new therapeutic options]. / Anämie und Eisenmangel in der Geriatrie. Prävalenz, Diagnostik und neue Therapieoptionen.

The prevalence of anemia in geriatric patients is high. With some variation in different patient cohorts, prevalence of anemia can reach 40%. Anemia is not an age-related disease on its own, but is a symptom with multifactorial genesis and high risk potential. It directly influences mortality, morbidity, and the rate of hospitalization, particularly in older patients suffering from chronic heart failure or chronic kidney disease. The high prevalence of anemia in chronic kidney disease is explained by a combination of erythropoietin and iron deficiency. This review summarizes the recommendations of the iron symposium at the 2010 German Geriatric Society Meeting in Potsdam, Germany. It intends to provide current information on prevalence, diagnostic work-up, and therapeutic options for anemia in the rapidly growing group of elderly patients.

Xenon: effect on radiation sensitivity of HeLa cells.

HeLa cells, plated onto plastic petri dishes, were exposed to various atmospheres composed of air and carbon dioxide; helium, oxygen, and carbon dioxide; and xenon, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in a pressure vessel. Survival curves with x-rays, 280 kilovolts (peak), show that air and helium have the same effect, but that xenon potentiates x-irradiation to the extent that the dose to produce a given level of survival with xenon is 0.58 of the dose required with air.

Total serum homocysteine levels do not identify cognitive dysfunction in multimorbid elderly patients.

OBJECTIVES: Total blood homocysteine (Hcys) and folate levels have been investigated in association with cognitive dysfunction in healthy but not in multimorbid elderly patients. We hypothesized that total serum Hcys is an adequate marker to identify multimorbid elderly patients with cognitive dysfunction assessed by the Short Cognitive Performance Test (SKT) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: The study center was an acute geriatric hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 189 multimorbid elderly patients were recruited. METHODS: Cognitive dysfunction was determined according to the SKT and MMSE. Biochemical parameters (Hcys, folate, vitamin B12, hemoglobin), nutritional status (BMI, Mini Nutritional Assessment, nutritional intake), and activities of daily living were assessed. RESULTS: According to the SKT, 25.4% of patients showed no cerebral cognitive dysfunction, 21.2% had suspected incipient cognitive dysfunction, 12.7% showed mild cognitive dysfunction, 9.0% had moderate cognitive dysfunction, and 31.7% of patients were demented. The median plasma Hcys value was elevated by approximately 20% in multimorbid elderly patients, independent of cognitive dysfunction. Serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations were within normal ranges. We did not find significant differences in nutritional status, activities of daily living, numbers of diseases or medications, or selected biochemical parameters between the SKT groups. CONCLUSION: Elevated serum Hcys levels with normal plasma folate and vitamin B12 concentrations were observed in multimorbid elderly patients. The plasma Hcys level did not appear to be an important biological risk factor for cognitive dysfunction in multimorbid geriatric patients.

[Dysphagia treatment in a clinical-geriatric setting PEG and functional therapy of dysphagia]. / Behandlung der Dysphagie in einem klinisch-geriatrischen Setting: funktionelle Dysphagietherapie und PEG-Einsatz.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with dysphagia whose food intake is inadequate and who may compromise their airways need to receive nasogastric (NG) or gastrostomic (PEG) feeding. There are controversial discussions about the best time for intervention and the best method. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages. Further research is required to assess the optimum method of treating patients with dysphagia. A retrospective study was undertaken to investigate the influence of functional dysphagia therapy with or without PEG feeding. METHODS: A total of 164 patients with dysphagia were investigated in a center for geriatric medicine (EGZB) within one year. Patients were divided into two groups: those with PEG (group 1, n=59) and those without (group 2, n=105). Both groups received functional training (training of oral motor skills and sensation, compensatory swallowing techniques) by speech-language therapists.Geriatric basic assessment was used. Speech-language therapists also evaluated language, speech and swallowing disorders pre- and post-training. Diet modification for oral intake altering viscosity and texture of foods and liquids was used. Additional data on the time between being admitted to hospital and receiving a PEG tube, the hospitalization period, the number of complications and mortality were collected. RESULTS: Both groups benefited from functional dysphagia therapy. The patients of group 2 showed a significant improvement in functional oral intake post-treatment. In most of the cases, diet modification improved from pasty consistency to firm meals. Swallowing abilities were much better than those of the more severely disabled patients of group 1. Group 1 still needed PEG feeding post-treatment but could also take in some food orally. However even the patients of group 1 showed a significant increase in functional oral intake.Group 2 also showed significantly stronger improvements in communication abilities and speech intelligibility after training compared to the severely disabled patients of group 1.In terms of the clinical outcome of group 1 it was demonstrated that the sooner a PEG was placed, the more significantly functional oral intake improved. The results of a multiple regression analysis showed a small but nevertheless significant association between an early supply of PEG and improvement of functional oral intake which had been achieved by functional dysphagia therapy.Significantly more complications and significantly higher mortality occurred in group 1 (PEG feeding) compared to group 2 (exclusively oral feeding). CONCLUSION: The treatment of dysphagia in the elderly requires a multi-professional setting, differentiated assessment and functional training of oral motor skills and sensation and swallowing techniques. Compared to patients with severe dysphagia, however, patients with mild to moderate dysphagia benefit most from functional training. The results reveal the importance of precise and early diagnosis of swallowing disorders in order to introduce PEG supply early in cases of persistent dysphagia.