Smartphone addiction risk and daytime sleepiness in Korean adolescents.

AIM: Smartphone overuse can cause not only mobility problems in the wrists, fingers and neck but also interference with sleep habits. However, research on smartphone addiction and sleep disturbances is scarce. Therefore, we aimed to investigate daytime sleepiness in association with smartphone addiction risk in Korean adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey method was used in this study. The Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale was used to assess daytime sleepiness, and the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale index was used to evaluate the degree of risk for smartphone addiction. RESULTS: The analyses were performed in 1796 adolescents using smartphones, including 820 boys and 976 girls. The at-risk smartphone users made up 15.1% of boys and 23.9% of girls. Our multivariate analyses demonstrated that students who were female, consumed alcohol, had lower academic performance, did not feel refreshed in the morning and initiated sleep after 12 am were at a significantly higher risk of smartphone addiction. The at-risk smartphone user group was independently associated with the upper quartile Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale score in students with the following factors: Female gender, alcohol consumption, poor self-perceived health level, initiating sleep after 12 am, longer time taken to fall asleep and duration of night sleep less than 6 h. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of sleep in adolescence affects growth, emotional stability and learning skills. Therefore, the management of smartphone addiction seems to be essential for proper sleeping habits. There is a critical need to develop a means of preventing smartphone addiction on a social level.

Association between CACNA1C gene polymorphisms and ritodrine-induced adverse events in preterm labor patients.

PURPOSE: As a tocolytic agent, ritodrine has been used in European and Asian countries but has lost popularity due to safety concerns. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between adverse drug events caused by ritodrine and the CACNA1C polymorphisms in preterm labor patients. METHODS: Data were collected from medical records including maternal age, gestational age, body mass index, dilation score, effacement score, modified Bishop score, maximum infusion rate, and adverse drug events. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the CACNA1C gene (rs10774053, rs215994, rs215976, rs2239128, and rs2041135) were analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-six patients were included, 33 of whom had adverse drug events. A allele carriers of rs10774053 showed about 0.293-fold lower adverse drug events than GG genotype carriers (p = 0.012, absolute risk reduction = 16.5%) after adjusting for other confounding variables; the number needed to genotype for preventing one patient with GG genotype from suffering higher incidence of adverse drug events was calculated to be 14.6. Increase in maximum infusion rate of 1 mL/h was associated with a 1.03-fold (95% CI 1.01~1.06, p = 0.005) increased risk of adverse drug events. None of the patients with a CC genotype of rs215994 had adverse drug events, whereas 22.1% of the T allele carriers had adverse drug events. CONCLUSION: This study showed that CACNA1C gene polymorphisms could alter the probability of adverse drug event risk when ritodrine is used in preterm labor.