Changes in social inequalities in excess body weight and body dissatisfaction among adolescents in Barcelona, Spain, 2016-2021.

OBJECTIVES: Adolescence is a crucial life stage that can lead to excess weight and body dissatisfaction. Social inequalities in these issues may have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to analyze the presence of socioeconomic inequalities and their changes in these inequalities stratified by sex in 13- to 19-year-olds in a large Mediterranean city (Barcelona, Spain). STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional population-based study. METHODS: We used data from the 2016 and 2021 editions of the FRESC survey, which is a representative citywide survey that captures various aspects of adolescent health. Excess weight was determined by objective body mass index measurements. Body dissatisfaction was defined as the discrepancy between perceived and desired body shape. Socioeconomic status was divided into five pseudo-quintiles by using the Family Affluence Scale. We calculated the corresponding prevalence estimates and fitted robust Poisson regression models to estimate both simple and complex measures of inequality, including relative and absolute differences between the two survey years. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of excess weight increased from 25.3% [23.9-26.6] to 29.8% [28.2-31.4] between 2016 and 2021. Similarly, body dissatisfaction increased from 44.2% [42.6-45.8] to 60.4% [58.7-62]. Socioeconomic inequalities in excess weight significantly increased in girls (adjusted ratio of the relative index of inequalities = 1.72 [1.08; 2.74] but not in boys. No significant changes were detected in body dissatisfaction in either girls or boys. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the presence of a sex-specific change in socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent well-being regarding excess weight and body dissatisfaction. These results underscore the need for local public policies to improve social equity in adolescent health.

Evaluation of effectiveness of an art-based museum intervention in reducing loneliness among older adults (ArtGran): a quasi-experimental study.

OBJECTIVES: Loneliness is a public health issue among older adults. We designed an intervention offering 10 sessions with diverse artistic methods (ArtGran). This study assessed the effectiveness of ArtGran in reducing loneliness and its negative effects on health in community-dwelling older adults in 2022 in Barcelona. STUDY DESIGN: Quasi-experimental study, with an intervention group (IG) and a comparison group (CG). METHODS: The sample included residents aged ≥70 years from 6 selected neighbourhoods of Barcelona. In each neighbourhood, an IG and a CG was formed with participants who reported loneliness and without special mobility needs. The participants were referred from primary care centres, social services, and community health centres. We included 138 participants (IG = 63, CG = 75). We collected data on loneliness, quality of life (QoL-5D), mood, and self-perceived health before and after the intervention through validated questionnaires. To assess the effect of the intervention, we built Poisson models with robust variance and linear regression models. RESULTS: At the end of the intervention, participants in the IG were more likely than those in the CG to be able to perform their usual activities without problems (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.45). Compared with the CG, participants in the IG attending more than half of the sessions had lower levels of loneliness (aPR = 1.36; 95%CI: 1.07-1.73), a better ability to perform their usual activities (aPR [95%CI] = 1.24 [1.05-1.48]), and higher happiness scores (ß = 0.73; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of the intervention was more pronounced when participants had high attendance. Our results suggest that high attendance of the ArtGran program was helpful in shielding older individuals from loneliness, fostering positive moods, and preserving their functional status.

Dietary changes and food habits: social and clinical determinants in a cohort of women diagnosed with breast cancer in Barcelona (DAMA cohort).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of social determinants on changes in dietary habits before and after diagnosis of breast cancer in women (Barcelona, 2003-2013). METHODS: We performed a cohort study with 2,235 women diagnosed with breast cancer. The information was obtained from an ad hoc questionnaire based on recommendations from the Spanish Society of Community Nutrition. We conducted a descriptive bivariate analysis and fit logistic regression models. The dependent variable was the change in dietary habits (food groups) and the independent variables were a selection of social and clinical variables (age, social class, cohabitation, years since diagnosis, history of replaces, and treatment with chemotherapy). RESULTS: While 5.8% of women followed a healthy diet (consumption of vegetables, fruits, farinaceous, lean meat, and seafood) before diagnosis, 9.5% did so after diagnosis. We observed statistically significant changes in consumption of all food groups (p < 0.001) after diagnosis. The greatest change in consumption patterns was observed in women aged < 50 years and those from non-manual classes (high classes) [e.g., legume consumption: OR<50 years/>65 years = 2.9 (95% CI 1.78-4.81); ORnon-manual/manual = 2.5 (95% CI 1.38-4.36)]. The occurrence of relapses and chemotherapy was associated with greater changes in dietary habits. CONCLUSION: Women with breast cancer change their eating habits after diagnosis, and these changes are conditioned by social and clinical determinants.

Cancer-related fatigue and its determinants in a cohort of women with breast cancer: the DAMA Cohort.

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is one of the most prolonged discomforts suffered by people who have had cancer. Seventy-eight to ninety-six percent of cancer patients experience fatigue, especially while undergoing treatment. CRF is related to insomnia, anxiety, depression, and also varies depending on age. However, little is known about the factors contributing to CRF and better understanding of determinants of CRF makes it easier to identify early patients at risk and in designing intervention planning. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of precipitating factors (diagnosis of breast cancer and other clinical aspects) and perpetuating factors (social network, quality of life, mental disorders) on the presence of chronic fatigue in women from our cultural context, by social class each other determinants. METHODS: It was carried out a mixed cohort study (prospective and retrospective) using a convenience sample of women diagnosed with breast cancer. The information sources were data from the Brief Fatigue Inventory questionnaire and hospital medical records. The dependent variable was fatigue and the independent variables were age, social class, time since diagnoses, cohabitation, comorbidity, relapse, body mass index, mental health (anxiety and depression), social network, social support, and quality of life. RESULTS: Seventy-two percent of the women in the DAMA cohort reported moderate to severe fatigue. Risk of suffering from severe fatigue was greatest among individuals with low social class, those aged under 50 years, those with chronic disorders who had relapsed, and those with symptoms of anxiety and depression. In our study, CRF did not appear to be related to the stage of the cancer at diagnosis, or to the time since diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: CRF is an element that the professionals responsible for the control and monitoring of women should take into account as another element to be taken into consideration.

Evaluation of an intervention to improve the management of allergens in school food services in the city of Barcelona.

BACKGROUND: An intervention to promote the development of an allergen control plan (ACP) and preventive measures for the management of allergens in school food services was implemented in all schools of Barcelona city over a three-year period (2013-2015) by the public health services. The present study aimed to assess changes regarding the management of food allergens in school food services in Barcelona after an intervention conducted by the public health services of the city. METHODS: School meal operators of a random sample of 117 schools were assessed before and after the intervention using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire collected general information on the students and their demand for special menus, and included 17 closed questions regarding the implementation of specific preventive measures for the management of allergens. Based on these 17 questions, a food safety score was calculated for each school. The improvement in these scores was evaluated. RESULTS: The results showed positive increments in the percentage of implementation of 12 of the 17 preventive measures assessed. The percentage of school food services with an implemented ACP increased by 49%. Schools with external and internal food supplies increased their scores by 16.5% and 19.6%, respectively. The greatest improvements were observed in smaller food services and in schools located in districts with low gross household incomes. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention was effective in improving school food services' management of allergens and in reducing the differences found among food services in the pre-intervention survey. We must also focus efforts on reducing socio-economic inequalities linked to the management of allergens.

Anxiety and depression in women with breast cancer: Social and clinical determinants and influence of the social network and social support (DAMA cohort).

BACKGROUND: Anxiety and depression are the most prevalent mental health pathologies among women with breast cancer. Social, clinical and contextual variables may influence emotional stress among women with breast cancer. The aim of this work is to study anxiety and depression in a cohort of women diagnosed with breast cancer between 2003 and 2013 in Barcelona. We evaluate social and clinical determinants. METHODS: We performed a mixed cohort study (prospective and retrospective) using a convenience sample of women diagnosed with breast cancer. The information sources were the Hospital Anxiety and Depression questionnaire and hospital medical records. Dependent variables were anxiety and depression; independent variables were social class, age, employment status, tumour stage at diagnosis, time since diagnosis, social network and social support. We performed a descriptive analysis, a bivariate analysis, and a multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1086 (48.6%) women had some degree of anxiety-related problem. As for depression. In the case of depression, 225 (15%) women had some degree of depression-related problem. Low emotional support and social isolation were clear risk factors for having more anxiety and depression. Low social class was also a risk factor, and age also played a role. DISCUSSION: Our results show that women long period of cancer survival have high prevalences of anxiety than depression, and this prevalence of anxiety is higher than the general population. In addition, we found inequalities between social classes and the isolation and social support are worse too in low social class.

Telomerase and telomere dynamics in ageing and cancer: current status and future directions.

This review will focus on the clinical utilities of telomerase for human cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Much attention has been focused on control of telomerase activity in early and late stage tumours. Telomerase stabilisation may be required for cells to escape replicative senescence and to proliferate indefinitely. Because of a very strong association between telomerase and malignancy, both clinicians and pathologists expect this molecule to be a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker and a new therapeutic target. These data have greatly inspired the development of various strategies to target telomere and telomerase for cancer therapy. Finally, evidence is now emerging that G-quadruplex ligands produce rapid senescence and selective cell death. A summary of recent experimental works with new small molecules as potential inhibitors of telomerase is presented.

Comparability between ICD-9 and ICD-10 for the leading causes of death in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Implementation of a new Revision of the International Classification of Diseases can create discontinuity in mortality statistics. Revisions are nevertheless essential to ensure international comparability of health statistics. The purpose of this work was to describe the effects of the 10th Revision on mortality statistics by sex and age for leading causes of death in Spain. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of leading causes of death was carried out when the underlying cause of death was coded using both the 9th and 10th Revisions of the International Classification of Diseases in 88,044 death certificates completed in five Autonomous Communities of Spain (Andalusia, Cantabria, Murcia, Navarra, the Basque Country), and the city of Barcelona during the year 1999. Changes introduced by the 10th Revision were described by simple correspondence, percentage of change, Kappa index and comparability ratios between the 10th and the 9th Revision along with their 95% confidence intervals by sex and five-year age group, for the leading causes of death. RESULTS: Under the 10th Revision, AIDS deaths rose by 3.6% (comparability ratio (CR): 1.036; 95% confidence interval (CI):1.015-1.058), arteriosclerosis by 7.1% (CR: 1.071; 95% CI: 1.052-1.090), and drug overdose by 5.2% (CR: 1.052; 95% CI: 0.964-1.140). Mortality due to vascular and senile dementia and non specific dementia declined by 3.2% under the 10th (CR: 0.969; 95% CI: 0.950-0.988). In all the other causes of death the percentage of change regardless of direction was less than 2%. CONCLUSION: The present study found good agreement between ICD-9 and ICD-10 on the leading causes of death and premature mortality in Spain. Causes of death which present differences between Revisions were AIDS, arteriosclerosis, drug overdose and senile dementia. For these causes, the comparability ratios must be taken into account when interpreting mortality statistics.

[Perception of healthcare professionals on the Breast Cancer Screening Programme in Barcelona]. / Percepción de los profesionales de salud sobre el Programa de Detección Precoz del Cáncer de Mama en Barcelona.

OBJECTIVE: A good communication plan is vital for optimal results in any screening programme. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, involvement and opinion of health professionals regarding the Breast Cancer Screening Programme in Barcelona in 2008. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study using an anonymous and self-administered questionnaire. The study population (N = 960) were health professionals from Primary Health-care (PH), Programs for Sexual and Reproductive Health (PSRH), and Community Pharmacies (CP). The dependent variables were: knowledge of the Programme, professional involvement and opinion of the Programme. The independent variables were: sex, age, qualifications, employment status, and health team. A descriptive and bivariate analysis was performed. Using multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for age, an Odds Ratios (OR) were obtained along with the 95% confidence intervals (CI 95%). RESULTS: PSRH professionals know the target population better; 80.2% versus 26.1% PH, and 14.0% CP, respectively. Professional involvement was related to the health care team (ORCP/PH: 0.32, CI 95%: 0.22-0.43) being observed more in PH. The opinion on the Programme in reducing breast cancer mortality was similar in the three teams (61.6% PH, 59.3% PSRH, and 56.5% CP). CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare professionals are unaware of some aspects of Programme, such as age range or periodicity. There is great professional involvement and belief that the Programme has helped disseminate information and knowledge on the early detection of breast cancer.

Inequalities in caesarean section: influence of the type of maternity care and social class in an area with a national health system.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the impact of social class inequalities and type of maternity unit in the use of caesarean sections (CSs) among residents in an urban area of Southern Europe. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of 2186 women resident in Barcelona city who gave birth to an infant without any birth defect during 1994-2003. The dependent variable was the type of delivery. Maternal age, social class and type of maternity unit (public or private) were independent variables. Maternal age-adjusted logistic regression models were used. RESULTS: 30% of deliveries ended in CS; 70% of less privileged women delivered in public maternity units and 72% of more privileged women delivered in private centres. A relationship between CS and social class was observed (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1 to 1.7), but disappeared when the analysis was done separately for each stratum of type of maternity unit (both ORs 1.0). In contrast, a relationship between CS and type of maternity unit was found (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.9 to 2.7), which persisted when the analysis was done separately for each stratum of social class. CONCLUSION: Although strongly related to higher social class, the main determinant of the high proportion of CSs was delivering in private maternity units.

Trends in socioeconomic mortality inequalities in a southern European urban setting at the turn of the 21st century.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse trends in mortality inequalities by educational level for main causes of death among men and women in Barcelona, Spain, at the turn of the 21st century (1992-2003). METHODS: The population of reference was all Barcelona residents older than 19 years. All deaths between 1992-2003 were included. Educational level was obtained through record linkage between the mortality register and the municipal census of Barcelona city. Variables studied were age, sex, educational level, period of death (four periods of 3 years) and cause of death. Age-standardised mortality rates for each educational level, sex and period were calculated. Poisson regression models were fitted to obtain relative index of inequality (RII) for educational level, adjusted for age for the time-periods. RESULTS: RII for all causes of death was constant (around 1.5), but rate differences were higher in 1995-7 (715.6 per 100,000 in men and 352.8 in women) than in other periods and tended to decrease in men over the periods. Analysis of inequality trends by specific causes of death shows a stable trend for the majority of causes, with higher mortality among those with less education for all causes of death except lung cancer and breast cancer among women having RII below 1. CONCLUSIONS: Relative inequalities in total mortality by sex in Barcelona did not change during the 12 years studied, whereas absolute inequalities tended to decrease in men. Our study fills an important gap in southern Europe and Spanish literature on trends during this period.