Thromboembolectomy for acute lower limb ischemia: Contemporary outcomes of two surgical methods from a single tertiary center.

OBJECTIVES: The current treatment of acute lower limb ischemia (ALLI) includes open surgical and percutaneous pharmaco-mechanical thromboembolectomy (TE). We hereby report our results with open surgical TE over a 10-year period and compare our outcomes using routine fluoroscopic assisted TE (FATE) with blind and selective on demand fluoroscopic-assisted TE (BSTE). METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent open surgical TE for acute lower limb ischemia at a single tertiary center between 2008 and 2018. Patients were divided into a group who underwent BSTE and another who underwent routine FATE. Data on presentation, medical history, surgery performed, and short-term outcomes were retrieved from medical record. Comparison between baseline characteristics and outcomes of both groups were made using t-test and chi-square analysis. RESULTS: Over 10 years, 108 patients underwent surgical TE. Thirty-day mortality rate and 30-day major lower extremity amputation rate in the cohort were 12.0% and 6.5%, respectively. On subgroup analysis, 53 patients were treated by BSTE and 55 patients by FATE. There was no significant difference in 30-day mortality rate (11.3% vs 12.7%, p-value = .82) and 30-day major amputation rate (9.4% vs 3.6%, p-value = .454) between the two groups. Local anesthesia was more frequently performed in patients undergoing FATE (58.2% vs 24.5%, p-value < .001). More than one arteriotomy was more frequently required in patients undergoing BSTE (2.6% vs 45.5%, p-value < .001). Patients with infrapopliteal involvement undergoing FATE required less further interventions such as patch angioplasty (2.6% vs 36.4%, p-value < .001) and bypass (2.6% vs 22.7%, p-value = .01). CONCLUSION: ALLI remains a disease of high morbidity and mortality. Open surgical TE offers an effective approach to treat ALLI. The addition of fluoroscopy to the conduction of TE could be associated with valuable benefits, especially in patients with infra-popliteal involvement. Randomized controlled trials are needed to objectively assess the therapeutic potential of FATE.

Pectoralis Minor Syndrome: Case Presentation and Review of the Literature.

We present a case of a healthy young female with axillary vein compression caused by the pectoralis minor muscle. Diagnosis was made by clinical findings and dynamic venography. After pectoralis minor tenotomy, the patient had total resolution of her symptoms. Compression of the axillary vein by the pectoralis minor is a rare entity that needs a careful exam and imaging to reach its diagnosis and establish the appropriate treatment.