Cucumis melo var. momordica as a Potent Antidiabetic, Antioxidant and Possible Anticovid Alternative: Investigation through Experimental and Computational Methods.

Diabetes mellitus is a typical life threatening of disease, which generate due to the dysfunction of ß cells of pancreas. In 2014, WHO stated that 422 million people were infected with DM. The current pattern of management of diabetes included synthetic or plant based oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin but drug resentence is become a very big issues in antidiabetic therapy. Thus, it's very earnest to discover now medication for this disease. Now the days, it is well acknowledged that diabetic patients are more prone towards covid and related complications. Thus, medical practitioners reformed the methodology of prescribing medication for covid infected antidiabetic therapy and encouraging the medication contains dual pharmacological properties. It is also well know that polyphenols specifically hold a significant role in oxidative stress and reduced the severity of many inflammatory diseases. Cucumis melo has rich history as ethano-pharmacological use in Indian subcontinent. The fruit and seed are well-known for the treatment of various diseases due to the presence of phenolics. Therefore, in this study, the combined mixture of flower and seeds were used for the extraction of polyphenolic rich extract and tested for antidiabetic activity through the antioxidant and in vivo experiments. The antioxidant potential measurement exhibited that the selected plant extract has the significant competence to down-regulate oxidative stress (DPPH scavenging IC50 at 60.7±1.05 µg/mL, ABTS IC50 at 62.15±0.50 µg/mL). Furthermore, the major polyphenolic phyto-compounds derived from the Cucumis melo were used for in silico anticovid activity, docking, and complementarity studies. The anticovid activity prognosis reflected that selected phyto-compounds amentoflavone and vanillic acid have optimal possibility to interact with 3C-like protease and through this moderate anticovid activity can be exhibit. The docking experiments established that the selected compounds have propensity to interact with protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, 11ß-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase ß-glucuronidase receptor. In vivo experiments showed that 500 mg/kg, Cucumis melo extract ominously amplified body weight, plasma insulin, high-density lipoprotein levels, and biochemical markers. Furthermore, extract significantly downregulate the blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein.

Targeting cyclin-dependent kinase 6 by vanillin inhibits proliferation of breast and lung cancer cells: Combined computational and biochemical studies.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) is a member of serine/threonine kinase family, and its overexpression is associated with cancer development. Thus, it is considered as a potential drug target for anticancer therapies. This study showed the CDK6 inhibitory potential of vanillin using combined experimental and computational methods. Structure-based docking and 200 ns molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed that the binding of vanillin stabilizes the CDK6 structure and provides mechanistic insights into the binding mechanism. Enzyme inhibition and fluorescence-binding studies showed that vanillin inhibits CDK6 with an half maximal inhibitory concentration = 4.99 µM and a binding constant (K) 4.1 × 107 M-1 . Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements further complemented our observations. Studies on human cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and A549) showed that vanillin decreases cell viability and colonization properties. The protein expression studies have further revealed that vanillin reduces the CDK6 expression and induces apoptosis in the cancer cells. In conclusion, our study presents the CDK6-mediated therapeutic implications of vanillin for anticancer therapies.

Oxazinethione Derivatives as a Precursor to Pyrazolone and Pyrimidine Derivatives: Synthesis, Biological Activities, Molecular Modeling, ADME, and Molecular Dynamics Studies.

In this study, we used oxazinethione as a perfect precursor to synthesize new pyrimidine and pyrazole derivatives with potent biological activities. Biological activities were determined for all compounds against A. flavus, E. coli, S. aureus, and F. moniliform. Compounds 3, 4a-b, and 5 exhibited higher activities toward A. flavus, E. coli, S. aureus, and F. moniliform; this was indicated through the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration). At the same time, anticancer activities were determined through four cell lines, Ovcar-3, Hela, MCF-7, and LCC-MMk. The results obtained indicated that compound 5 was the most potent compound for both cell lines. Molecular docking was studied by the MOE (molecular operating environment). The in silico ADME of compounds 2 and 5 showed good pharmacokinetic properties. The present research strengthens the applicability of these compounds as encouraging anticancer and antibacterial drugs. Moreover, JAGUAR module MD simulations were carried out at about 100 ns. In addition, spectroscopic studies were carried out to establish the reactions of the synthesized structure derivatives.

Computational Approaches for the Design of Novel Anticancer Compounds Based on Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine Derivatives as TRAP1 Inhibitor.

In the present in-silico study, various computational techniques were applied to determine potent compounds against TRAP1 kinase. The pharmacophore hypothesis DHHRR_1 consists of important features required for activity. The 3D QSAR study showed a statistically significant model with R2 = 0.96 and Q2 = 0.57. Leave one out (LOO) cross-validation (R2 CV = 0.58) was used to validate the QSAR model. The molecular docking study showed maximum XP docking scores (-11.265, -10.532, -10.422, -10.827, -10.753 kcal/mol) for potent pyrazole analogs (42, 46, 49, 56, 43), respectively, with significant interactions with amino acid residues (ASP 594, CYS 532, PHE 583, SER 536) against TRAP1 kinase receptors (PDB ID: 5Y3N). Furthermore, the docking results were validated using the 100 ns MD simulations performed for the selected five docked complexes. The selected inhibitors showed relatively higher binding affinities than the TRAP1 inhibitor molecules present in the literature. The ZINC database was used for a virtual screening study that screened ZINC05297837, ZINC05434822, and ZINC72286418, which showed similar binding interactions to those shown by potent ligands. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) analysis showed noticeable results. The results of the study may be helpful for the further development of potent TRAP1 inhibitors.

Ellagic Acid Controls Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells via Inhibition of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 (CDK6) plays an important role in cancer progression, and thus, it is considered as an attractive drug target in anticancer therapeutics. This study presents an evaluation of dietary phytochemicals, capsaicin, tocopherol, rosmarinic acid, ursolic acid, ellagic acid (EA), limonene, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid for their potential to inhibit the activity of CDK6. Molecular docking and fluorescence binding studies revealed appreciable binding affinities of these compounds to the CDK6. Among them, EA shows the highest binding affinity for CDK6, and thus a molecular dynamics simulation study of 200 ns was performed to get deeper insights into the binding mechanism and stability of the CDK6-EA complex. Fluorescence binding studies revealed that EA binds to the CDK6 with a binding constant of K = 107 M-1 and subsequently inhibits its enzyme activity with an IC50 value of 3.053 µM. Analysis of thermodynamic parameters of CDK6-EA complex formation suggested a hydrophobic interaction driven process. The treatment of EA decreases the colonization of cancer cells and induces apoptosis. Moreover, the expression of CDK6 has been downregulated in EA-treated human breast cancer cell lines. In conclusion, this study establishes EA as a potent CDK6 inhibitor that can be further evaluated in CDK6 directed anticancer therapies.

Effect of pH on the structure, function, and stability of human calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV: combined spectroscopic and MD simulation studies.

Human calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CAMKIV) is a member of Ser/Thr protein kinase family. It is regulated by the calcium-calmodulin dependent signal through a secondary messenger, Ca(2+), which leads to the activation of its autoinhibited form. The over-expression and mutation in CAMKIV as well as change in Ca(2+) concentration is often associated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. We have successfully cloned, expressed, and purified a functionally active kinase domain of human CAMKIV. To observe the effect of different pH conditions on the structural and functional properties of CAMKIV, we have used spectroscopic techniques such as circular diachroism (CD) absorbance and fluorescence. We have observed that within the pH range 5.0-11.5, CAMKIV maintained both its secondary and tertiary structures, along with its function, whereas significant aggregation was observed at acidic pH (2.0-4.5). We have also performed ATPase activity assays under different pH conditions and found a significant correlation between the structure and enzymatic activities of CAMKIV. In-silico validations were further carried out by modeling the 3-dimensional structure of CAMKIV and then subjecting it to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to understand its conformational behavior in explicit water conditions. A strong correlation between spectroscopic observations and the output of molecular dynamics simulation was observed for CAMKIV.

Structural analyses and classification of novel isoniazid resistance coupled mutational landscapes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a combined molecular docking and MD simulation study.

Drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis has become a major challenge to the current regime of treatment as well as to the containment of the disease globally. The molecular and genetic studies identified frequently occurring point mutations in the virulent protein such as KatG of M. tuberculosis resulted in the development of isoniazid tolerance in the pathogen. This study aims to analyze the structural basis of the disease mutations available in the literature as well as to predict novel alteration in the KatG which may cause similar deleterious effects. Around 15 experimentally derived mutations were included in this study and pathogenic mutational landscapes containing 60 site-specific alterations were predicted using the available in silico techniques. The effects of these mutations on the stability of the protein were studied and an exhaustive docking study was conducted for each classified perturbations, which identify the highest changes in the binding energies in p.Meth255Ile among experimental and p.Ala222Arg in computationally predicted mutations. Furthermore, the structural effects on these substitutions were analyzed using the principles of molecular dynamic simulations each for a 100 ns time scale, which validated the interaction studies. The outcome of this study may enable the identification of the novel drug resistance-associated point mutations which were not previously reported and may contribute significantly in a variety of experimental studies as well as facilitate the process of drug design and discovery.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Repurposing Based Identification of Novel Inhibitors against MmpS5-MmpL5 Efflux Pump of Mycobacterium smegmatis: A Combined In Silico and In Vitro Study.

In the current era of a pandemic, infections of COVID-19 and Tuberculosis (TB) enhance the detrimental effects of both diseases in suffering individuals. The resistance mechanisms evolving in Mycobacterium tuberculosis are limiting the efficiency of current therapeutic measures and pressurizing the stressed medical infrastructures. The bacterial efflux pumps enable the development of resistance against recently approved drugs such as bedaquiline and clofazimine. Consequently, the MmpS5-MmpL5 protein system was selected because of its role in efflux pumping of anti-TB drugs. The MmpS5-MmpL5 systems of Mycobacterium smegmatis were modelled and the virtual screening was performed using an ASINEX library of 5968 anti-bacterial compounds. The inhibitors with the highest binding affinities and QSAR based highest predicted inhibitory concentration were selected. The MmpS5-MmpL5 associated systems with BDE_26593610 and BDD_27860195 showed highest inhibitory parameters. These were subjected to 100 ns Molecular Dynamics simulations and provided the validation regarding the interaction studies. The in vitro studies demonstrated that the BDE_26593610 and BDD_27860195 can be considered as active inhibitors for M. smegmatis MmpS5-MmpL5. The outcomes of this study can be utilized in other experimentation aimed at drug design and discovery against the drug resistance strains of M. tuberculosis.

Drug repurposing through virtual screening and in vitro validation identifies tigecycline as a novel putative HCV polymerase inhibitor.

The repurposing of marketed drugs for new indications is an elegant strategy to quickly and cost-efficiently address unmet medical needs. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) has been shown to be a valid drug target. We performed structure-based virtual screening to assess the off-label utilization of existing drugs as novel HCV inhibitors. The virtual screen showed that tigecycline could potentially dock with high affinity to the palm site of the HCV RdRp. In vitro validation showed that tigecycline had therapeutic indexes (CC50/EC50) greater than 13 and 6.5 against infectious HCV and subgenomic HCV replicons, respectively. Furthermore, tigecycline displayed synergistic activity with sofosbuvir and daclatasvir against HCV. In silico screening identified tigecycline as a putative inhibitor of HCV RdRp, which was validated in vitro and demonstrated synergistic effects in combination with first-line anti-HCV therapies.

Electronic properties investigation of human dihydrofolate reductase complexes with ligands.

Despite the fact that there are already drugs for cancer, they still show strong toxicity to the human organism. That is why it is necessary to establish the factors affecting activity in order to develop new, more effective drugs aimed at tumor cells, minimizing harm to healthy cells. The present research is based on electronic properties calculation of the complexes using AlteQ approach. In the focus of this study are complexes of human dihydrofolate reductase (hDHFR) with a series of known inhibitors bound in the active site. Further, a statistical analysis was performed to establish the relationships between a myriad electronic characteristics and IC50. The change in total volume and the change of own electrons number of hydrogen atoms in their atomic basins are identified as the descriptors correlating the most with the hDHFR inhibition potency. Additionally, two lipophilic parts of protein (Thr56, Ser59, Ile60 and Ile7, Val8, Ala9) were found, which act as a key factor in decreasing bioactivity. The depth analysis of intermolecular interactions showed that the interactions between water molecules and ligand play a crucial role in hDHFR inhibition. Furthermore, the molecular dynamics simulations were used for deeper understanding of the structural inhibition, each for 50 ns time scale in explicit water conditions. Thus, the AlteQ approach made it possible to determine the factors influencing the activity and evaluate them not only qualitatively, but also quantitatively.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Peptides-based therapeutics: Emerging potential therapeutic agents for COVID-19.

SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense RNA virus and it is the causative agent of the global COVID-19 outbreak. COVID-19 is similar to the previous outbreaks for instance SARS in 2002-2003 and MERS in 2012. As the peptides have many advantages, peptide-based therapeutics might be one of the possible ways in the development of COVID-19 specific drugs. SARS-CoV-2 enters into a human via its S protein by attaching with human hACE2 present on the cell membrane in the lungs and intestines of humans. hACE2 cleaves S protein into the S1 subunit for viral attachment and the S2 subunit for fusion with the host cell membrane. The fusion mechanism forms a six-helical bundle (6-HB) structure which finally fuses the viral envelope with the host cell membrane. hACE2 based peptides such as SBP1 and Spikeplug have shown their potential as antiviral agents. S protein-hACE2 interaction and the SARS-CoV-2 fusion machinery play a crucial part in human viral infection. It is evident that if these interactions could be blocked successfully and efficiently, it could be the way to find the drug for COVID-19. Several peptide-based inhibitors are potent inhibitors of S protein-hACE2 interaction. Similarly, the antiviral activity of the antimicrobial peptide, lactoferrin makes it an important candidate for the COVID-19 drug development process. A candidate drug, RhACE2-APN01 based on recombinant hACE2 peptide has already entered phase II clinical trials. This review sheds light on different aspects of the feasibility of using peptide-based therapeutics as the promising therapeutic route for COVID-19.

A computational study on active constituents of Habb-ul-aas and Tabasheer as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease.

A respiratory pandemic known as coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has created havoc since it emerged from Wuhan, China. COVID-19 is caused by a newly emerged SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) with increased pathogenicity named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Due to the lack of understanding of the mechanism of pathogenesis, an effective therapeutic option is unavailable. Epidemics described in Unani ancient literature include nazla-e-wabai and humma-e-wabai, and most of the symptoms of COVID-19 resemble nazla-e-wabai. Hence, in light of Unani literature, the treatment of COVID-19 can be managed with the composites prescribed in Unani medicine for nazla-e-wabai. In this study, a structure-based drug design approach was carried out to check the effectiveness of the pharmacologically active constituents of the Unani composites prescribed to treat nazla-e-wabai against SARS-CoV-2. We performed molecular docking of the active constituents of these composites against the main protease (Mpro), a potential drug target in SARS-CoV-2. Using detailed molecular docking analysis, Habb-ul-aas and Tabasheer were identified as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The active constituents of both these composites bind to the substrate-binding pocket of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, forming interactions with key residues of the binding pocket. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation suggested the binding of active constituents of Habb-ul-aas with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro with a strong affinity as compared to the constituents of Tabasheer. Thus, this study sheds light on the use of these Unani composites in COVID-19 therapeutics.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Current Perspectives in the Discovery of Newer Medications Against the Outbreak of COVID-19.

A rapid and increasing spread of COVID-19 pandemic disease has been perceived worldwide in 2020. The current COVID-19 disease outbreak is due to the spread of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain of coronavirus that has spike protein on the envelope. The spike protein of the virus binds with the ACE-2 receptor of the human lungs surface for entering into the host. Therefore, the blocking of viral entry into the host by targeting the spike protein has been suggested to be a valid strategy to treat COVID-19. The patients of COVID-19 were found to be asymptomatic, cold, mild to severe respiratory illness, and leading to death. The severe illness has been noted mainly in old age people, cardiovascular disease patients, and respiratory disease patients. However, the long-term health effects due to COVID-19 are not yet known. Recently, the vaccines were authorized to protect from COVID-19. However, the researchers have put an effort to discover suitable targets and newer medications in the form of small molecules or peptides, based on in-silico methods and synthetic approaches. This manuscript describes the current perspectives of the causative agent, diagnostic procedure, therapeutic targets, treatment, clinical trials, and development of potential clinical candidates of COVID-19. The study will be useful to identify the potential newer medications for the treatment of COVID-19.

In silico repurposing of a Novobiocin derivative for activity against latency associated Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug target nicotinate-nucleotide adenylyl transferase (Rv2421c).

Nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyl transferase (Rv2421c) was selected as a potential drug target, because it has been shown, in vitro, to be essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. It is conserved between mycobacterium species, is up-regulated during dormancy, has a known 3D crystal structure and has no known human homologs. A model of Rv2421c in complex with nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide and magnesium ion was constructed and subject tovirtual ligand screening against the Prestwick Chemical Library and the ZINC database, which yielded 155 potential hit molecules. Of the 155 compounds identified five were pursued further using an IC50 based 3D-QSAR study. The 3D-QSAR model validated the inhibition properties of the five compounds based on R2 value of 0.895 and Q2 value of 0.944 compared to known inhibitors of Rv2421c. Higher binding affinities was observed for the novel ZINC13544129 and two FDA approved compounds (Novobiocin sodium salt, Sulfasalazine). Similarly, the total interaction energy was found to be the highest for Cromolyn disodium system (-418.88 kJ/mol) followed by Novobiocin (-379.19 kJ/mol) and Sulfasalazine with (-330.13 kJ/mol) compared to substrate DND having (-185.52 kJ/mol). Subsequent in vitro testing of the five compounds identified Novobiocin sodium salt with activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis at 50 µM, 25µM and weakly at 10µM concentrations. Novobiocin salt interacts with a MG ion and active site residues His20, Thr86, Gly107 and Leu164 similar to substrate DND of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2421c. Additional in silico structural analysis of known Novobiocin sodium salt derivatives against Rv2421c suggest Coumermycin as a promising alternative for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis based on large number of hydrogen bond interactions with Rv2421c similar in comparison to Novobiocin salt and substrate DND.

Corrigendum: Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Novel Indole Derivatives and Their in silico Screening on Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.637989.].

Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Novel Indole Derivatives and Their in silico Screening on Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2.

This work investigated the interaction of indole with SARS-CoV-2. Indole is widely used as a medical material owing to its astounding biological activities. Indole and its derivatives belong to a significant category of heterocyclic compounds that have been used as a crucial component for several syntheses of medicine. A straightforward one-pot three-component synthesis of indole, coupled with Mannich base derivatives 1a-1j, was synthesized without a catalyst. The products were confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, mass spectra, and elemental analysis. The indole derivatives were tested for cytotoxic activity, using three cancer cell lines and normal cell lines of Human embryonic kidney cell (HEK293), liver cell (LO2), and lung cell (MRC5) by MTT assay using doxorubicin as the standard drug. The result of cytotoxicity indole compound 1c (HepG2, LC50-0.9 µm, MCF-7, LC50-0.55 µm, HeLa, LC50-0.50 µm) was found to have high activity compared with other compounds used for the same purpose. The synthesized derivatives have revealed their safety by exhibiting significantly less cytotoxicity against the normal cell line (HEK-293), (LO2), and (MRC5) with IC50 > 100 µg/ml. Besides, we report an in silico study with spike glycoprotein (SARS-CoV-2-S). The selective molecules of compound 1c exhibited the highest docking score -2.808 (kcal/mol) compared to other compounds. This research work was successful in synthesizing a few compounds with potential as anticancer agents. Furthermore, we have tried to emphasize the anticipated role of indole scaffolds in designing and discovering the much-awaited anti-SARS CoV-2 therapy by exploring the research articles depicting indole moieties as targeting SARS CoV-2 coronavirus.

Transcriptomic Profile of Mycobacterium smegmatis in Response to an Imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine Reveals Its Possible Impact on Iron Metabolism.

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria, is one of the most pressing health problems. The development of new drugs and new therapeutic regimens effective against the pathogen is one of the greatest challenges in the way of tuberculosis control. Imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines have shown promising activity against M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis strains. Mutations in MSMEG_1380 lead to mmpS5-mmpL5 operon overexpression, which provides M. smegmatis with efflux-mediated resistance to imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines, but the exact mechanism of action of these compounds remains unknown. To assess the mode of action of imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines, we analyzed the transcriptomic response of M. smegmatis to three different concentrations of 3a compound: 1/8×, 1/4×, and 1/2× MIC. Six groups of genes responsible for siderophore synthesis and transport were upregulated in a dose-dependent manner, while virtual docking revealed proteins involved in siderophore synthesis as possible targets for 3a. Thus, we suggest that imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazines may affect mycobacterial iron metabolism.

Antennal Enriched Odorant Binding Proteins Are Required for Odor Communication in Glossina f. fuscipes.

Olfaction is orchestrated at different stages and involves various proteins at each step. For example, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are soluble proteins found in sensillum lymph that might encounter odorants before reaching the odorant receptors. In tsetse flies, the function of OBPs in olfaction is less understood. Here, we investigated the role of OBPs in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes olfaction, the main vector of sleeping sickness, using multidisciplinary approaches. Our tissue expression study demonstrated that GffLush was conserved in legs and antenna in both sexes, whereas GffObp44 and GffObp69 were expressed in the legs but absent in the antenna. GffObp99 was absent in the female antenna but expressed in the male antenna. Short odorant exposure induced a fast alteration in the transcription of OBP genes. Furthermore, we successfully silenced a specific OBP expressed in the antenna via dsRNAi feeding to decipher its function. We found that silencing OBPs that interact with 1-octen-3-ol significantly abolished flies' attraction to 1-octen-3-ol, a known attractant for tsetse fly. However, OBPs that demonstrated a weak interaction with 1-octen-3-ol did not affect the behavioral response, even though it was successfully silenced. Thus, OBPs' selective interaction with ligands, their expression in the antenna and their significant impact on behavior when silenced demonstrated their direct involvement in olfaction.

A novel nano therapeutic using convalescent plasma derived exosomal (CPExo) for COVID-19: A combined hyperactive immune modulation and diagnostics.

Extracellular vesicles like exosomes are important therapeutic tactics for treating COVID -19. By utilizing convalescent plasma derived exosomes (CPExo) from COVID-19 recovered persistence could accelerate the treatment strategies in the current state of affairs. Adequate literature has shown that administering the exosome to the in vivo system could be beneficial and could target the pathogens in an effective and precise manner. In this hypothesis we highlight the CPExo instead of convalescent plasma (CP), perhaps to dispense of exosomes are gratified and it's more effectively acquired immune response conferral through antibodies. COVID-19 convalescent plasma has billions of exosomes and it has aptitudes to carry molecular constituents like proteins, lipids, RNA and DNA, etc. Moreover, exosomes are capable of recognizing antigens with adequate sensitivity and specificity. Many of these derivatives could trigger an immune modulation into the cells and act as an epigenetic inheritor response to target pathogens through RNAs. COIVID-19 resistance activated plasma-derived exosomes are either responsible for the effects of plasma beyond the contained immune antibodies or could be inhibitory. The proposed hypothesis suggests that preselecting the plasma-derived antibodies and RNAs merged exosomes would be an optimized therapeutic tactic for COVID-19 patients. We suggest that, the CPExo has a multi-potential effect for treatment efficacy by acting as immunotherapeutic, drug carrier, and diagnostic target with noncoding genetic materials as a biomarker.

Unravelling the unfolding pathway of human Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase induced by urea.

Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase (FASTK) is a mitochondria-associated nuclear protein that inhibits Fas- and UV-induced apoptosis. This protein is generally activated during Fas-mediated apoptosis by phosphorylating a nuclear RNA-binding protein T-cell intracellular antigen-1 and thus considered as a modulator of apoptosis. In the present study, we have examined the equilibrium unfolding and conformational stability of the kinase domain of FASTK (FASTK353-444). The kinase domain of FASTK353-444 was cloned, expressed, and purified. The folding ↔ unfolding transitions of urea-induced denaturation was monitored with the help of circular dichroism, intrinsic fluorescence, and UV absorption spectroscopies. Analysis of transition curves obtained from different probes revealed a coincidence of denaturation curves, suggesting that folding/unfolding of FASTK follows a two-state process with the midpoint (Cm) value at 3.50 ± 0.1 M. Urea-induced denaturation curves were further analyzed to estimate change in the Gibbs free energy in the absence of urea (ΔGD0) associated with the equilibrium of denaturation. To get atomistic insights into the urea-induced denaturation of FASTK, we performed an all-atom molecular dynamics simulation for 100 ns. A close agreement was noticed between experimental and computational studies. This study will help to understand the unfolding mechanism and structural stability of the kinase domain of FASTK.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.