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1.
Genome Res ; 29(9): 1389-1401, 2019 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31481461

RESUMO

Low copy repeats (LCRs) are recognized as a significant source of genomic instability, driving genome variability and evolution. The Chromosome 22 LCRs (LCR22s) mediate nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR) leading to the 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). However, LCR22s are among the most complex regions in the genome, and their structure remains unresolved. The difficulty in generating accurate maps of LCR22s has also hindered localization of the deletion end points in 22q11DS patients. Using fiber FISH and Bionano optical mapping, we assembled LCR22 alleles in 187 cell lines. Our analysis uncovered an unprecedented level of variation in LCR22s, including LCR22A alleles ranging in size from 250 to 2000 kb. Further, the incidence of various LCR22 alleles varied within different populations. Additionally, the analysis of LCR22s in 22q11DS patients and their parents enabled further refinement of the rearrangement site within LCR22A and -D, which flank the 22q11 deletion. The NAHR site was localized to a 160-kb paralog shared between the LCR22A and -D in seven 22q11DS patients. Thus, we present the most comprehensive map of LCR22 variation to date. This will greatly facilitate the investigation of the role of LCR variation as a driver of 22q11 rearrangements and the phenotypic variability among 22q11DS patients.


Assuntos
Síndrome da Deleção 22q11/genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico/métodos , Cromossomos Humanos Par 22/genética , Sequências Repetitivas de Ácido Nucleico , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Instabilidade Cromossômica , Evolução Molecular , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Primatas/genética
2.
Dev Med Child Neurol ; 64(5): 633-640, 2022 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35830182

RESUMO

AIM: To identify additional genes associated with infantile spasms using a cohort with defined infantile spasms. METHOD: Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on 21 consented individuals with infantile spasms and their unaffected parents (a trio-based study). Clinical history and imaging were reviewed. Potentially deleterious exonic variants were identified and segregated. To refine potential candidates, variants were further prioritized on the basis of evidence for relevance to disease phenotype or known associations with infantile spasms, epilepsy, or neurological disease. RESULTS: Likely pathogenic de novo variants were identified in NR2F1, GNB1, NEUROD2, GABRA2, and NDUFAF5. Suggestive dominant and recessive candidate variants were identified in PEMT, DYNC1I1, ASXL1, RALGAPB, and STRADA; further confirmation is required to support their relevance to disease etiology. INTERPRETATION: This study supports the utility of WES in uncovering the genetic etiology in undiagnosed individuals with infantile spasms with an overall yield of five out of 21. High-priority candidates were identified in an additional five individuals. WES provides additional support for previously described disease-associated genes and expands their already broad mutational and phenotypic spectrum.


Assuntos
Espasmos Infantis , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico , Humanos , Mutação/genética , Fenótipo , Espasmos Infantis/tratamento farmacológico , Espasmos Infantis/genética , Sequenciamento do Exoma
3.
Hum Mol Genet ; 26(15): 2838-2849, 2017 08 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28449119

RESUMO

CblX (MIM309541) is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by defects in cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolism and other developmental defects. Mutations in HCFC1, a transcriptional co-regulator which interacts with multiple transcription factors, have been associated with cblX. HCFC1 regulates cobalamin metabolism via the regulation of MMACHC expression through its interaction with THAP11, a THAP domain-containing transcription factor. The HCFC1/THAP11 complex potentially regulates genes involved in diverse cellular functions including cell cycle, proliferation, and transcription. Thus, it is likely that mutation of THAP11 also results in biochemical and other phenotypes similar to those observed in patients with cblX. We report a patient who presented with clinical and biochemical phenotypic features that overlap cblX, but who does not have any mutations in either MMACHC or HCFC1. We sequenced THAP11 by Sanger sequencing and discovered a potentially pathogenic, homozygous variant, c.240C > G (p.Phe80Leu). Functional analysis in the developing zebrafish embryo demonstrated that both THAP11 and HCFC1 regulate the proliferation and differentiation of neural precursors, suggesting important roles in normal brain development. The loss of THAP11 in zebrafish embryos results in craniofacial abnormalities including the complete loss of Meckel's cartilage, the ceratohyal, and all of the ceratobranchial cartilages. These data are consistent with our previous work that demonstrated a role for HCFC1 in vertebrate craniofacial development. High throughput RNA-sequencing analysis reveals several overlapping gene targets of HCFC1 and THAP11. Thus, both HCFC1 and THAP11 play important roles in the regulation of cobalamin metabolism as well as other pathways involved in early vertebrate development.


Assuntos
Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Vitamina B 12/metabolismo , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Região Branquial/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Criança , Anormalidades Craniofaciais/genética , Fibroblastos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Fator C1 de Célula Hospedeira/química , Fator C1 de Célula Hospedeira/genética , Fator C1 de Célula Hospedeira/metabolismo , Humanos , Mutação , Cultura Primária de Células , Transcrição Gênica , Vitamina B 12/genética , Peixe-Zebra/genética
4.
Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet ; 178(2): 175-186, 2018 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30182442

RESUMO

Holoprosencephaly (HPE), a common developmental forebrain malformation, is characterized by failure of the cerebrum to completely divide into left and right hemispheres. The etiology of HPE is heterogeneous and a number of environmental and genetic factors have been identified. Cytogenetically visible alterations occur in 25% to 45% of HPE patients and cytogenetic techniques have long been used to study copy number variants (CNVs) in this disorder. The karyotype approach initially demonstrated several recurrent chromosomal anomalies, which led to the identification of HPE-specific loci and, eventually, several major HPE genes. More recently, higher-resolution cytogenetic techniques such as subtelomeric multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and chromosomal microarray have been used to analyze chromosomal anomalies. By using chromosomal microarray, we sought to identify submicroscopic chromosomal deletions and duplications in patients with HPE. In an analysis of 222 individuals with HPE, a deletion or duplication was detected in 107 individuals. Of these 107 individuals, 23 (21%) had variants that were classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic by board-certified medical geneticists. We identified multiple patients with deletions in established HPE loci as well as three patients with deletions encompassed by 6q12-q14.3, a CNV previously reported by Bendavid et al. In addition, we identified a new locus, 16p13.2 that warrants further investigation for HPE association. Incidentally, we also found a case of Potocki-Lupski syndrome, a case of Phelan-McDermid syndrome, and multiple cases of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome within our cohort. These data confirm the genetically heterogeneous nature of HPE, and also demonstrate clinical utility of chromosomal microarray in diagnosing patients affected by HPE.


Assuntos
Aberrações Cromossômicas , Estudos de Associação Genética , Holoprosencefalia/diagnóstico , Holoprosencefalia/genética , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Hibridização Genômica Comparativa , Citogenética/métodos , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Cariotipagem , Masculino , Fenótipo , Adulto Jovem
5.
Am J Hum Genet ; 96(5): 753-64, 2015 May 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25892112

RESUMO

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS; velocardiofacial/DiGeorge syndrome; VCFS/DGS) is the most common microdeletion syndrome and the phenotypic presentation is highly variable. Approximately 65% of individuals with 22q11DS have a congenital heart defect (CHD), mostly of the conotruncal type, and/or an aortic arch defect. The etiology of this phenotypic variability is not currently known. We hypothesized that copy-number variants (CNVs) outside the 22q11.2 deleted region might increase the risk of being born with a CHD in this sensitized population. Genotyping with Affymetrix SNP Array 6.0 was performed on two groups of subjects with 22q11DS separated by time of ascertainment and processing. CNV analysis was completed on a total of 949 subjects (cohort 1, n = 562; cohort 2, n = 387), 603 with CHDs (cohort 1, n = 363; cohort 2, n = 240) and 346 with normal cardiac anatomy (cohort 1, n = 199; cohort 2, n = 147). Our analysis revealed that a duplication of SLC2A3 was the most frequent CNV identified in the first cohort. It was present in 18 subjects with CHDs and 1 subject without (p = 3.12 × 10(-3), two-tailed Fisher's exact test). In the second cohort, the SLC2A3 duplication was also significantly enriched in subjects with CHDs (p = 3.30 × 10(-2), two-tailed Fisher's exact test). The SLC2A3 duplication was the most frequent CNV detected and the only significant finding in our combined analysis (p = 2.68 × 10(-4), two-tailed Fisher's exact test), indicating that the SLC2A3 duplication might serve as a genetic modifier of CHDs and/or aortic arch anomalies in individuals with 22q11DS.


Assuntos
Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA/genética , Síndrome de DiGeorge/genética , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 3/genética , Cardiopatias Congênitas/genética , Adulto , Aorta Torácica/fisiopatologia , Síndrome de DiGeorge/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Genótipo , Cardiopatias Congênitas/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único
6.
Hum Mol Genet ; 24(15): 4443-53, 2015 Aug 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25972376

RESUMO

Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by distinctive facial features, global developmental delay, intellectual disability and cardiovascular and musculoskeletal abnormalities. While mutations in KMT2D have been identified in a majority of KS patients, a few patients have mutations in KDM6A. We analyzed 40 individuals clinically diagnosed with KS for mutations in KMT2D and KDM6A. Mutations were detected in KMT2D in 12 and KDM6A in 4 cases, respectively. Observed mutations included single-nucleotide variations and indels leading to frame shifts, nonsense, missense or splice-site alterations. In two cases, we discovered overlapping chromosome X microdeletions containing KDM6A. To further elucidate the functional roles of KMT2D and KDM6A, we knocked down the expression of their orthologs in zebrafish. Following knockdown of kmt2d and the two zebrafish paralogs kdm6a and kdm6al, we analyzed morphants for developmental abnormalities in tissues that are affected in individuals with KS, including craniofacial structures, heart and brain. The kmt2d morphants exhibited severe abnormalities in all tissues examined. Although the kdm6a and kdm6al morphants had similar brain abnormalities, kdm6a morphants exhibited craniofacial phenotypes, whereas kdm6al morphants had prominent defects in heart development. Our results provide further support for the similar roles of KMT2D and KDM6A in the etiology of KS by using a vertebrate model organism to provide direct evidence of their roles in the development of organs and tissues affected in KS patients.


Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Face/anormalidades , Cardiopatias Congênitas/genética , Doenças Hematológicas/genética , Histona Desmetilases/genética , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Doenças Vestibulares/genética , Peixe-Zebra/genética , Anormalidades Múltiplas/fisiopatologia , Animais , Encéfalo/anormalidades , Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Anormalidades Craniofaciais/genética , Anormalidades Craniofaciais/fisiopatologia , Face/fisiopatologia , Cardiopatias Congênitas/fisiopatologia , Doenças Hematológicas/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Mutação , Doenças Vestibulares/fisiopatologia , Peixe-Zebra/crescimento & desenvolvimento
7.
Prenat Diagn ; 37(1): 31-36, 2017 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27859447

RESUMO

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at a significantly higher frequency than the typical population. The differentiation of ASD symptoms from those of severe intellectual disability presents diagnostic challenges, which have led to more refined methods in the clinical evaluation of ASD in DS. These improved phenotypic characterization methods not only provide better diagnosis of ASD in DS, but may also be useful in elucidating the etiology of the increased prevalence of ASD in DS. Because all individuals with the classic presentation of DS have trisomy 21, it is possible that those with co-occurring DS and ASD may have additional genetic variants which can act as modifiers of the phenotype, leading to the development of ASD. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista/complicações , Síndrome de Down/complicações , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/diagnóstico , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/genética , Síndrome de Down/genética , Variação Genética , Humanos
8.
Am J Hum Genet ; 93(3): 506-14, 2013 Sep 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24011988

RESUMO

Derivatives of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) are essential cofactors for enzymes required in intermediary metabolism. Defects in cobalamin metabolism lead to disorders characterized by the accumulation of methylmalonic acid and/or homocysteine in blood and urine. The most common inborn error of cobalamin metabolism, combined methylmalonic acidemia and hyperhomocysteinemia, cblC type, is caused by mutations in MMACHC. However, several individuals with presumed cblC based on cellular and biochemical analysis do not have mutations in MMACHC. We used exome sequencing to identify the genetic basis of an X-linked form of combined methylmalonic acidemia and hyperhomocysteinemia, designated cblX. A missense mutation in a global transcriptional coregulator, HCFC1, was identified in the index case. Additional male subjects were ascertained through two international diagnostic laboratories, and 13/17 had one of five distinct missense mutations affecting three highly conserved amino acids within the HCFC1 kelch domain. A common phenotype of severe neurological symptoms including intractable epilepsy and profound neurocognitive impairment, along with variable biochemical manifestations, was observed in all affected subjects compared to individuals with early-onset cblC. The severe reduction in MMACHC mRNA and protein within subject fibroblast lines suggested a role for HCFC1 in transcriptional regulation of MMACHC, which was further supported by the identification of consensus HCFC1 binding sites in MMACHC. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of HCFC1 expression resulted in the coordinate downregulation of MMACHC mRNA. This X-linked disorder demonstrates a distinct disease mechanism by which transcriptional dysregulation leads to an inborn error of metabolism with a complex clinical phenotype.


Assuntos
Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Aminoácidos/genética , Genes Ligados ao Cromossomo X/genética , Doenças Genéticas Ligadas ao Cromossomo X/genética , Fator C1 de Célula Hospedeira/genética , Hiper-Homocisteinemia/genética , Mutação/genética , Vitamina B 12/genética , Idade de Início , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sítios de Ligação , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Células HEK293 , Fator C1 de Célula Hospedeira/química , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Ligação Proteica/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo
9.
J Med Genet ; 52(8): 532-40, 2015 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25787132

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial disease is often suspected in cases of severe epileptic encephalopathy especially when a complex movement disorder, liver involvement and progressive developmental regression are present. Although mutations in either mitochondrial DNA or POLG are often present, other nuclear defects in mitochondrial DNA replication and protein translation have been associated with a severe epileptic encephalopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified a proband with an epileptic encephalopathy, complex movement disorder and a combined mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme deficiency. The child presented with neurological regression, complex movement disorder and intractable seizures. A combined deficiency of mitochondrial complexes I, III and IV was noted in liver tissue, along with increased mitochondrial DNA content in skeletal muscle. Incomplete assembly of complex V, using blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis and complex I, using western blotting, suggested a disorder of mitochondrial transcription or translation. Exome sequencing identified compound heterozygous mutations in CARS2, a mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Both mutations affect highly conserved amino acids located within the functional ligase domain of the cysteinyl-tRNA synthase. A specific decrease in the amount of charged mt-tRNA(Cys) was detected in patient fibroblasts compared with controls. Retroviral transfection of the wild-type CARS2 into patient skin fibroblasts led to the correction of the incomplete assembly of complex V, providing functional evidence for the role of CARS2 mutations in disease aetiology. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that mutations in CARS2 result in a mitochondrial translational defect as seen in individuals with mitochondrial epileptic encephalopathy.


Assuntos
Aminoacil-tRNA Sintetases/genética , Encefalopatias/genética , Epilepsia/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Aminoacilação , Criança , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Exoma , Humanos , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , RNA de Transferência/metabolismo , Alinhamento de Sequência
10.
Nat Genet ; 39(9): 1071-3, 2007 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17704777

RESUMO

We have identified a recurrent de novo pericentromeric deletion in 16p11.2-p12.2 in four individuals with developmental disabilities by microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis. The identification of common clinical features in these four individuals along with the characterization of complex segmental duplications flanking the deletion regions suggests that nonallelic homologous recombination mediated these rearrangements and that deletions in 16p11.2-p12.2 constitute a previously undescribed syndrome.


Assuntos
Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Par 16/genética , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Aberrações Cromossômicas , Transtornos Cromossômicos/genética , Transtornos Cromossômicos/patologia , Feminino , Genoma Humano , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Síndrome
11.
Dev Biol ; 396(1): 94-106, 2014 Dec 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25281006

RESUMO

Mutations in HCFC1 (MIM300019), have been recently associated with cblX (MIM309541), an X-linked, recessive disorder characterized by multiple congenital anomalies including craniofacial abnormalities. HCFC1 is a transcriptional co-regulator that modulates the expression of numerous downstream target genes including MMACHC, but it is not clear how these HCFC1 targets play a role in the clinical manifestations of cblX. To begin to elucidate the mechanism by which HCFC1 modulates disease phenotypes, we have carried out loss of function analyses in the developing zebrafish. Of the two HCFC1 orthologs in zebrafish, hcfc1a and hcfc1b, the loss of hcfc1b specifically results in defects in craniofacial development. Subsequent analysis revealed that hcfc1b regulates cranial neural crest cell differentiation and proliferation within the posterior pharyngeal arches. Further, the hcfc1b-mediated craniofacial abnormalities were rescued by expression of human MMACHC, a downstream target of HCFC1 that is aberrantly expressed in cblX. Furthermore, we tested distinct human HCFC1 mutations for their role in craniofacial development and demonstrated variable effects on MMACHC expression in humans and craniofacial development in zebrafish. Notably, several individuals with mutations in either HCFC1 or MMACHC have been reported to have mild to moderate facial dysmorphia. Thus, our data demonstrates that HCFC1 plays a role in craniofacial development, which is in part mediated through the regulation of MMACHC expression.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Transporte/fisiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Fator C1 de Célula Hospedeira/fisiologia , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/fisiologia , Animais , Padronização Corporal/genética , Região Branquial/fisiologia , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Diferenciação Celular , Movimento Celular , Condrócitos/citologia , Anormalidades Craniofaciais/genética , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Fator C1 de Célula Hospedeira/genética , Humanos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Mutação , Crista Neural/citologia , Crista Neural/fisiologia , Oxirredutases , Fenótipo , Células-Tronco/citologia , Vitamina B 12/metabolismo , Peixe-Zebra/genética , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/genética
12.
Nature ; 459(7249): 987-91, 2009 Jun 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19536264

RESUMO

Common copy number variations (CNVs) represent a significant source of genetic diversity, yet their influence on phenotypic variability, including disease susceptibility, remains poorly understood. To address this problem in human cancer, we performed a genome-wide association study of CNVs in the childhood cancer neuroblastoma, a disease in which single nucleotide polymorphism variations are known to influence susceptibility. We first genotyped 846 Caucasian neuroblastoma patients and 803 healthy Caucasian controls at approximately 550,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms, and performed a CNV-based test for association. We then replicated significant observations in two independent sample sets comprised of a total of 595 cases and 3,357 controls. Here we describe the identification of a common CNV at chromosome 1q21.1 associated with neuroblastoma in the discovery set, which was confirmed in both replication sets. This CNV was validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, fluorescent in situ hybridization and analysis of matched tumour specimens, and was shown to be heritable in an independent set of 713 cancer-free parent-offspring trios. We identified a previously unknown transcript within the CNV that showed high sequence similarity to several neuroblastoma breakpoint family (NBPF) genes and represents a new member of this gene family (NBPF23). This transcript was preferentially expressed in fetal brain and fetal sympathetic nervous tissues, and the expression level was strictly correlated with CNV state in neuroblastoma cells. These data demonstrate that inherited copy number variation at 1q21.1 is associated with neuroblastoma and implicate a previously unknown neuroblastoma breakpoint family gene in early tumorigenesis of this childhood cancer.


Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos Par 1/genética , Dosagem de Genes/genética , Variação Genética/genética , Neuroblastoma/genética , Criança , Quebra Cromossômica , Feto/metabolismo , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Genótipo , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , População Branca/genética
13.
Am J Med Genet A ; 164A(4): 950-7, 2014 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24458743

RESUMO

Blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in FOXL2. We identified an individual with BPES and additional phenotypic features who did not have a FOXL2 mutation. We used whole exome sequencing to identify a de novo mutation in KAT6B (lysine acetyltransferase 6B) in this individual. The mutation was a 2-bp insertion leading to a frameshift which resulted in a premature stop codon. The resulting truncated protein does not have the C-terminal serine/methionine transcription activation domain necessary for interaction with other transcriptional and epigenetic regulators. This mutation likely has a dominant-negative or gain-of-function effect, similar to those observed in other genetic disorders resulting from KAT6B mutations, including Say-Barber-Biesecker-Young-Simpson (SBBYSS) and genitopatellar syndrome (GTPTS). Thus, our subject's phenotype broadens the spectrum of clinical findings associated with mutations in KAT6B. Furthermore, our results suggest that individuals with BPES without a FOXL2 mutation should be tested for KAT6B mutations. The transcriptional and epigenetic regulation mediated by KAT6B appears crucial to early developmental processes, which when perturbed can lead to a wide spectrum of phenotypic outcomes.


Assuntos
Blefarofimose/genética , Códon sem Sentido , Mutação da Fase de Leitura , Histona Acetiltransferases/genética , Anormalidades da Pele/genética , Proteína Forkhead Box L2 , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/genética , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Fenótipo , Anormalidades Urogenitais
14.
Hum Mol Genet ; 20(5): 880-93, 2011 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21147756

RESUMO

Rare copy number variations (CNVs) are a recognized cause of common human disease. Predicting the genetic element(s) within a small CNV whose copy number loss or gain underlies a specific phenotype might be achieved reasonably rapidly for single patients. Identifying the biological processes that are commonly disrupted within a large patient cohort which possess larger CNVs, however, requires a more objective approach that exploits genomic resources. In this study, we first identified 98 large, rare CNVs within patients exhibiting multiple congenital anomalies. All patients presented with global developmental delay (DD), while other secondary symptoms such as cardiac defects, craniofacial features and seizures were varyingly presented. By applying a robust statistical procedure that matches patients' clinical phenotypes to laboratory mouse gene knockouts, we were able to strongly implicate anomalies in brain morphology and, separately, in long-term potentiation as manifestations of these DD patients' disorders. These and other significantly enriched model phenotypes provide insights into the pathoetiology of human DD and behavioral and anatomical secondary symptoms that are specific to DD patients. These enrichments set apart 103 genes, from among thousands overlapped by these CNVs, as strong candidates whose copy number change causally underlies approximately 46% of the cohort's DD syndromes and between 59 and 80% of the cohort's secondary symptoms. We also identified significantly enriched model phenotypes among genes overlapped by CNVs in both DD and learning disability cohorts, indicating a congruent etiology. These results demonstrate the high predictive potential of model organism phenotypes when implicating candidate genes for rare genomic disorders.


Assuntos
Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/genética , Animais , Estudos de Coortes , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/psicologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Aprendizagem , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Fenótipo
15.
Am J Hum Genet ; 87(2): 209-18, 2010 Aug 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20673865

RESUMO

Palindrome-mediated genomic instability has been associated with chromosomal translocations, including the recurrent t(11;22)(q23;q11). We report a syndrome characterized by extremity anomalies, mild dysmorphia, and intellectual impairment caused by 3:1 meiotic segregation of a previously unrecognized recurrent palindrome-mediated rearrangement, the t(8;22)(q24.13;q11.21). There are at least ten prior reports of this translocation, and nearly identical PATRR8 and PATRR22 breakpoints were validated in several of these published cases. PCR analysis of sperm DNA from healthy males indicates that the t(8;22) arises de novo during gametogenesis in some, but not all, individuals. Furthermore, demonstration that de novo PATRR8-to-PATRR11 translocations occur in sperm suggests that palindrome-mediated translocation is a universal mechanism producing chromosomal rearrangements.


Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos Par 22/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 8/genética , Sequências Repetidas Invertidas/genética , Meiose/genética , Não Disjunção Genética , Translocação Genética/genética , Sequência Rica em At/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Sequência de Bases , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Quebra Cromossômica , Feminino , Dosagem de Genes/genética , Genótipo , Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fenótipo , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Espermatogênese/genética , Espermatozoides/metabolismo
16.
Am J Med Genet A ; 161A(12): 3137-43, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24038875

RESUMO

Proximal interstitial 6q deletion involving Single-minded 1 (SIM1) gene causes a syndromic form of obesity mimicking Prader-Willi syndrome. In addition to obesity, Prader-Willi syndrome includes several other endocrinopathies, such as hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The endocrine phenotype of interstitial 6q deletion remains largely unknown, although clinical similarities between Prader-Willi syndrome and interstitial 6q deletion suggest endocrine abnormalities also may contribute to the interstitial 6q deletion phenotype. This report describes the endocrine phenotype in a propositus with the Prader-Willi-like syndrome associated with an interstitial 6q deletion including the SIM1 gene. Detailed endocrine evaluation of the propositus during childhood and adolescence revealed hypopituitarism, though initial endocrine evaluations during infancy were unremarkable. Our patient raises the possibility that hypopituitarism may be part of the phenotype, especially short stature, caused by interstitial 6q deletion. SIM1 plays an important role in the development of neuroendocrine lineage cells, implicating SIM1 haploinsufficiency in the pathophysiology of hypopituitarism seen in our propositus. Early identification of endocrine abnormalities can improve clinical outcome by allowing timely introduction of hormone replacement therapy. Hence, we suggest that detailed endocrine evaluation and longitudinal endocrine follow up be performed in individuals with proximal interstitial 6q deletion involving SIM1.


Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 6/genética , Hipotireoidismo/genética , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Adolescente , Criança , Deleção Cromossômica , Sistema Endócrino/patologia , Haploinsuficiência/genética , Humanos , Hipotireoidismo/complicações , Hipotireoidismo/fisiopatologia , Lactente , Masculino , Obesidade/genética , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/complicações , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/fisiopatologia
17.
Am J Med Genet A ; 161A(3): 527-33, 2013 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23401415

RESUMO

Haploinsufficiency of the elastin gene (ELN) on 7q11.23 is responsible for supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) and other arteriopathies in patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS). These defects occur with variable penetrance and expressivity, but the basis of this is unknown. To determine whether DNA variations in ELN could serve as genetic modifiers, we sequenced the 33 exons and immediately surrounding sequence of the ELN gene (9,455 bp of sequence) in 49 DNAs from patients with WBS and compared cardiovascular phenotypes. Four missense, and four novel intronic variants were identified from a total of 24 mostly intronic single nucleotide variations and one indel. Two missense changes were present in one patient each, one published, p.Gly610Ser in exon 27 (MAF, 0.003) and one novel, p.Cys714Tyr, in exon 33 (MAF, 0.001), were rare in the general population. To identify a statistical association between the variants identified here and cardiovascular phenotypes a larger cohort would be needed.


Assuntos
Elastina/genética , Síndrome de Williams/genética , Adolescente , Estenose Aórtica Supravalvular/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose Aórtica Supravalvular/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Estudos de Associação Genética , Variação Genética , Haploinsuficiência , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Ultrassonografia , Síndrome de Williams/diagnóstico por imagem
18.
Genome Med ; 15(1): 35, 2023 05 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37165454

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: High sequence identity between segmental duplications (SDs) can facilitate copy number variants (CNVs) via non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR). These CNVs are one of the fundamental causes of genomic disorders such as the 3q29 deletion syndrome (del3q29S). There are 21 protein-coding genes lost or gained as a result of such recurrent 1.6-Mbp deletions or duplications, respectively, in the 3q29 locus. While NAHR plays a role in CNV occurrence, the factors that increase the risk of NAHR at this particular locus are not well understood. METHODS: We employed an optical genome mapping technique to characterize the 3q29 locus in 161 unaffected individuals, 16 probands with del3q29S and their parents, and 2 probands with the 3q29 duplication syndrome (dup3q29S). Long-read sequencing-based haplotype resolved de novo assemblies from 44 unaffected individuals, and 1 trio was used for orthogonal validation of haplotypes and deletion breakpoints. RESULTS: In total, we discovered 34 haplotypes, of which 19 were novel haplotypes. Among these 19 novel haplotypes, 18 were detected in unaffected individuals, while 1 novel haplotype was detected on the parent-of-origin chromosome of a proband with the del3q29S. Phased assemblies from 44 unaffected individuals enabled the orthogonal validation of 20 haplotypes. In 89% (16/18) of the probands, breakpoints were confined to paralogous copies of a 20-kbp segment within the 3q29 SDs. In one del3q29S proband, the breakpoint was confined to a 374-bp region using long-read sequencing. Furthermore, we categorized del3q29S cases into three classes and dup3q29S cases into two classes based on breakpoints. Finally, we found no evidence of inversions in parent-of-origin chromosomes. CONCLUSIONS: We have generated the most comprehensive haplotype map for the 3q29 locus using unaffected individuals, probands with del3q29S or dup3q29S, and available parents, and also determined the deletion breakpoint to be within a 374-bp region in one proband with del3q29S. These results should provide a better understanding of the underlying genetic architecture that contributes to the etiology of del3q29S and dup3q29S.


Assuntos
Genômica , Duplicações Segmentares Genômicas , Humanos , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Síndrome , Haplótipos , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA
19.
Hum Mutat ; 33(1): 165-79, 2012 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21948486

RESUMO

We report 24 unrelated individuals with deletions and 17 additional cases with duplications at 10q11.21q21.1 identified by chromosomal microarray analysis. The rearrangements range in size from 0.3 to 12 Mb. Nineteen of the deletions and eight duplications are flanked by large, directly oriented segmental duplications of >98% sequence identity, suggesting that nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR) caused these genomic rearrangements. Nine individuals with deletions and five with duplications have additional copy number changes. Detailed clinical evaluation of 20 patients with deletions revealed variable clinical features, with developmental delay (DD) and/or intellectual disability (ID) as the only features common to a majority of individuals. We suggest that some of the other features present in more than one patient with deletion, including hypotonia, sleep apnea, chronic constipation, gastroesophageal and vesicoureteral refluxes, epilepsy, ataxia, dysphagia, nystagmus, and ptosis may result from deletion of the CHAT gene, encoding choline acetyltransferase, and the SLC18A3 gene, mapping in the first intron of CHAT and encoding vesicular acetylcholine transporter. The phenotypic diversity and presence of the deletion in apparently normal carrier parents suggest that subjects carrying 10q11.21q11.23 deletions may exhibit variable phenotypic expressivity and incomplete penetrance influenced by additional genetic and nongenetic modifiers.


Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Aberrações Cromossômicas , Fatores de Crescimento Neural/genética , Duplicações Segmentares Genômicas/genética , Deleção de Sequência , Proteínas Vesiculares de Transporte de Acetilcolina/genética , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos Humanos Par 10 , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/complicações , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/genética , Feminino , Variação Genética , Recombinação Homóloga , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Lactente , Deficiência Intelectual/complicações , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Masculino , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Penetrância
20.
Am J Hum Genet ; 84(6): 780-91, 2009 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19500772

RESUMO

Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACD/MPV) is a rare, neonatally lethal developmental disorder of the lung with defining histologic abnormalities typically associated with multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). Using array CGH analysis, we have identified six overlapping microdeletions encompassing the FOX transcription factor gene cluster in chromosome 16q24.1q24.2 in patients with ACD/MPV and MCA. Subsequently, we have identified four different heterozygous mutations (frameshift, nonsense, and no-stop) in the candidate FOXF1 gene in unrelated patients with sporadic ACD/MPV and MCA. Custom-designed, high-resolution microarray analysis of additional ACD/MPV samples revealed one microdeletion harboring FOXF1 and two distinct microdeletions upstream of FOXF1, implicating a position effect. DNA sequence analysis revealed that in six of nine deletions, both breakpoints occurred in the portions of Alu elements showing eight to 43 base pairs of perfect microhomology, suggesting replication error Microhomology-Mediated Break-Induced Replication (MMBIR)/Fork Stalling and Template Switching (FoSTeS) as a mechanism of their formation. In contrast to the association of point mutations in FOXF1 with bowel malrotation, microdeletions of FOXF1 were associated with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and gastrointestinal atresias, probably due to haploinsufficiency for the neighboring FOXC2 and FOXL1 genes. These differences reveal the phenotypic consequences of gene alterations in cis.


Assuntos
Displasia Broncopulmonar/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 16/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/genética , Deleção de Genes , Inativação Gênica , Mutação/genética , Alvéolos Pulmonares/patologia , Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Capilares/anormalidades , Pré-Escolar , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Doxorrubicina/análogos & derivados , Feminino , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Alvéolos Pulmonares/irrigação sanguínea , Veias Pulmonares/anormalidades
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