RESUMO
Aims: Epidemiological studies that use dietary biomarkers to investigate the association between whole grain intake and the risk of obesity are sparse. We assessed the association between urinary alkylresorcinol metabolites including 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid (DHPPA) and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), biomarkers of whole grain wheat and rye intake, and body fat measures. Methods: We measured urinary excretion of DHPPA and DHBA, body weight, height, and circumferences of the waist and hip at the baseline and again after 1-year in a representative sample of 306 community-dwelling adults in Huoshan, China. We also measured liver fat accumulation [indicated by the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP)] and other body composition after 1 year. Multivariate-adjusted linear models and linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze single measurement and repeated measurements, respectively. Results: Each 1 µg g-1 creatinine increase in urinary DHPPA levels was associated with 0.21%, 0.23%, 3.64%, and 4.80% decrease in body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (BFM) and visceral fat level (VFL), respectively (all P < 0.05). Higher DHBA levels were inversely associated with CAP (percentage difference per 1 µg g-1 creatinine increment: -1.98%, P < 0.05). Higher total urinary alkylresorcinol metabolite (DHPPA + DHBA) levels were associated with lower body weight, BMI, BFM, VFL, and CAP, with the percentage differences per 1 µg g-1 creatinine increment of -0.27%, -0.27%, -3.79%, -5.12%, and -2.24%, respectively (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the intake of whole grain wheat and rye, reflected by urinary DHPPA and DHBA, is favorably associated with liver fat and other fat measures.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores , Fígado , Resorcinóis , Secale , Triticum , Grãos Integrais , Humanos , Secale/metabolismo , Triticum/metabolismo , Masculino , Feminino , Biomarcadores/urina , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resorcinóis/urina , Resorcinóis/metabolismo , Adulto , Fígado/metabolismo , Índice de Massa Corporal , China , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Hidroxibenzoatos/urina , Hidroxibenzoatos/metabolismo , Propionatos/urina , Propionatos/metabolismo , Obesidade/metabolismo , Obesidade/urina , FenilpropionatosRESUMO
An unprecedented N-heterocyclic carbene catalytic reductive ß,ß-carbon coupling of α,ß-nitroalkenes, by using an organic substrate to mimic the one-electron oxidation role of the pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) in living systems, has been developed. The reaction goes through a radical anion intermediate generated under a catalytic redox process. For the first time, the presence of radical anion intermediate in NHC organocatalysis is observed and clearly verified.
Assuntos
Alcenos/química , Ânions/química , Metano/análogos & derivados , Nitrocompostos/química , Piruvato Sintase/química , Elétrons , Cinética , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Metano/química , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
The first N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) mediated activation of stable carboxylate esters to generate enolate intermediates is disclosed. The catalytically generated arylacetic ester enolates undergo enantioselective reactions with α,ß-unsaturated imines.