The OsWRKY72-OsAAT30/OsGSTU26 module mediates reactive oxygen species scavenging to drive heterosis for salt tolerance in hybrid rice.

Hybrid rice (Oryza sativa) generally outperforms its inbred parents in yield and stress tolerance, a phenomenon termed heterosis, but the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. Here, we combined transcriptome, proteome, physiological, and heterosis analyses to examine the salt response of super hybrid rice Chaoyou1000 (CY1000). In addition to surpassing the mean values for its two parents (mid-parent heterosis), CY1000 exhibited a higher reactive oxygen species scavenging ability than both its parents (over-parent heterosis or heterobeltiosis). Nonadditive expression and allele-specific gene expression assays showed that the glutathione S-transferase gene OsGSTU26 and the amino acid transporter gene OsAAT30 may have major roles in heterosis for salt tolerance, acting in an overdominant fashion in CY1000. Furthermore, we identified OsWRKY72 as a common transcription factor that binds and regulates OsGSTU26 and OsAAT30. The salt-sensitive phenotypes were associated with the OsWRKY72paternal genotype or the OsAAT30maternal genotype in core rice germplasm varieties. OsWRKY72paternal specifically repressed the expression of OsGSTU26 under salt stress, leading to salinity sensitivity, while OsWRKY72maternal specifically repressed OsAAT30, resulting in salinity tolerance. These results suggest that the OsWRKY72-OsAAT30/OsGSTU26 module may play an important role in heterosis for salt tolerance in an overdominant fashion in CY1000 hybrid rice, providing valuable clues to elucidate the mechanism of heterosis for salinity tolerance in hybrid rice.

Rice MutLγ, the MLH1-MLH3 heterodimer, participates in the formation of type I crossovers and regulation of embryo sac fertility.

The development of embryo sacs is crucial for seed production in plants, but the genetic basis regulating the meiotic crossover formation in the macrospore and microspore mother cells remains largely unclear. Here, we report the characterization of a spontaneous rice female sterile variation 1 mutant (fsv1) that showed severe embryo sacs abortion with low seed-setting rate. Through map-based cloning and functional analyses, we isolated the causal gene of fsv1, OsMLH3 encoding a MutL-homolog 3 protein, an ortholog of HvMLH3 in barley and AtMLH3 in Arabidopsis. OsMLH3 and OsMLH1 (MutL-homolog 1) interact to form a heterodimer (MutLγ) to promote crossover formation in the macrospore and microspore mother cells and development of functional megaspore during meiosis, defective OsMLH3 or OsMLH1 in fsv1 and CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout lines results in reduced type I crossover and bivalent frequency. The fsv1 and OsMLH3-knockout lines are valuable germplasms for development of female sterile restorer lines for mechanized seed production of hybrid rice.

Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil Compounds (Geraniol and Citral) and Inhibitory Mechanisms on Grain Pathogens (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus).

The grain contamination by Aspergillus spp. has been a serious issue. This study exhibited the excellent antifungal effects of the essential oil compounds (EOCs) geraniol and citral against common grain pathogens (A. flavus and A. ochraceus) in vitro and in situ. The inhibitory mechanisms were also evaluated from the perspective of cell membrane permeability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and Aspergillus spp. growth-related gene expression. Meanwhile, the combined effects of EOCs in the vapor phase and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) were examined to find an alternative preservation method for controlling Aspergillus spp. The results indicated that citral exhibited the antifungal activity mainly by downregulating the sporulation- and growth-related genes for both pathogens. Geraniol displayed inhibitory effectiveness against A. flavus predominantly by inducing the intracellular ROS accumulation and showed toxicity against A. ochraceus principally by changing cell membrane permeability. Furthermore, the synthetic effects of EOCs and MAP (75% CO2 and 25% N2) induced better grain quality than the current commercial fumigant AlP. These findings reveal that EOCs have potential to be a novel grain preservative for further application.

Alpha-Lipoic Acid Suppresses Extracellular Histone-Induced Release of the Infammatory Mediator Tumor Necrosis Factor-α by Macrophages.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study investigated signaling pathways via which extracellular histones induce the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release from the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and the anti-inflammatory efficacy of the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid (ALA). METHODS: ELISA and western blotting analyses were conducted to detect the release of TNF-α from histone-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and the associated phospho-activation of MAPKs (ERK and p38) and NF-κB p65. The effects of ALA on the release of TNF-α and phospho-activation of the MAPKs and NF-κB p65 were studied. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Extracellular histones dose-dependently induced TNF-α release from RAW 264.7 cells and increased the phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and NF-κB p65. TNF-α release was markedly suppressed by p38, ERK, and NF-kB inhibitors. ALA reduced histone-induced TNF-α release, ERK/p38 MAPK activation, and NF-kB activation without affecting macrophage viability. CONCLUSION: Histones induce TNF-α release from macrophages by activating the MAPK and NF-kB signaling pathways, while ALA suppresses this response by inhibiting ERK, p38 and NF-kB. These findings identify potentially critical inflammatory signaling pathways in sepsis and molecular targets for sepsis treatment.

Improved magnetic and magnetoelectric properties in BaFe12O19 nanostructures.

The structural, magnetic and magnetoelectric properties were investigated for sol-gel prepared BaFe12O19 nanorods and plate-like nanoparticles. Based on comparative experiments with bulk ceramics, it is found that larger structural distortion is present in nanostructures, which could cause the enhancement of magnetocrystalline anisotropy and the off-center displacement of Fe3+ ions, and thus result in improved magnetic and magnetoelectric properties in BaFe12O19 plate-like nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the local (Fe2+-Fe3+) dipoles, which usually appear during a high temperature sintering process, can also contribute to the negative magnetoelectric effect of BaFe12O19 nanorods and a large room temperature magnetodielectric coefficient of about -13% is observed at 104 Hz and 9 kOe.

Genetic analysis for rice grain quality traits in the YVB stable variant line using RAD-seq.

The future of rice breeding will likely be built on the basis of the further utilization of heterosis between elite cultivars and genetic resources from distant subspecies of rice. Previous studies have proved that exogenous genomic DNA transformation methods can be used to transfer genetic information from distant relatives (donor) into cultivated rice (recipient). However, the mechanism underlying this form of genetic transfer is poorly characterized, and the genes that cause the phenotypic changes in these variants are typically difficult to identify. This study examined YVB, a stable variant line with greatly improved grain quality traits that was derived from an indica variety (V20B) by transferring genomic DNA of O.minuta through the "spike-stalk injection method (SIM)". We used restriction-site associated DNA sequencing technology (RAD-seq) to evaluate a population of BC1F5 backcross lines (YVB × V20B); the RAD-seq data were used to construct a genetic linkage map with high-density SNPs for use in association analysis exploring genotype-phenotype relationships at the whole-genome level. A total of 17 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for rice quality traits were mapped to chromosomes 3, 5, 6, 8, and 9. 8 major QTLs controlling different phenotypic variations were mapped to the same region of chromosome 5. This region contained the GS5 gene for grain weight and the qSW5/GW5 gene for grain width. This study provides new resources and insights into the molecular mechanisms of grain trait phenotypic variation and the transmission of genetic information via the introduction of genomic DNA to a distantly related crop relative species.

Characteristic and inheritance analysis of targeted mutagenesis mediated by genome editing in rice.

The transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) systems are two current genome editing technologies. Here, we compare and analyze the characteristics of the targeted mutations mediated by these two systems, such as efficiency, type, position, time, and genetic patterns. Both the TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 systems can induce site-specific mutations in T0 rice plants effectively, but CRISPR/Cas9 is more effective. The major mutation type in both systems is the short insertion/deletion(InDel) mutation within 10 base pairs: deletions ranging from 1 to 10 bps are more often in TALEN, and 1bp insertions are more often in CRISPR/Cas9. Moreover, double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated by CRISPR/Cas9 are more precise than TALEN. In addition, DSBs could be repaired by the homologous recombination at a low frequency, causing DNA fragment duplication mutations. In some cases, the DNA fragments between the two close targets are deleted or inverted, and the mutation efficiency does not positively correlatewith the mutation efficiency of each target. Mutagenesis mediated by the TALEN or CRISPR/Cas9 system can occur as early as in transformed callus cells, and less frequently in somatic cells. Consequently, four different mutation types are formed, including homozygous, heterozygous, bi-allelic and chimeric mutations, with bi-allelic mutations having the highest rate and chimeric mutations having the lowest rate. All, except chimeric mutations, can descend stably into the next generation.

Highly variable recessive lethal or nearly lethal mutation rates during germ-line development of male Drosophila melanogaster.

Each cell of higher organism adults is derived from a fertilized egg through a series of divisions, during which mutations can occur. Both the rate and timing of mutations can have profound impacts on both the individual and the population, because mutations that occur at early cell divisions will affect more tissues and are more likely to be transferred to the next generation. Using large-scale multigeneration screening experiments for recessive lethal or nearly lethal mutations of Drosophila melanogaster and recently developed statistical analysis, we show for male D. melanogaster that (i) mutation rates (for recessive lethal or nearly lethal) are highly variable during germ cell development; (ii) first cell cleavage has the highest mutation rate, which drops substantially in the second cleavage or the next few cleavages; (iii) the intermediate stages, after a few cleavages to right before spermatogenesis, have at least an order of magnitude smaller mutation rate; and (iv) spermatogenesis also harbors a fairly high mutation rate. Because germ-line lineage shares some (early) cell divisions with somatic cell lineage, the first conclusion is readily extended to a somatic cell lineage. It is conceivable that the first conclusion is true for most (if not all) higher organisms, whereas the other three conclusions are widely applicable, although the extent may differ from species to species. Therefore, conclusions or analyses that are based on equal mutation rates during development should be taken with caution. Furthermore, the statistical approach developed can be adopted for studying other organisms, including the human germ-line or somatic mutational patterns.

Research on Physiological Characteristics and Differential Gene Expression of Rice Hybrids and Their Parents under Salt Stress at Seedling Stage.

Soil salinization is one of the most important abiotic stresses which can seriously affect the growth and development of rice, leading to the decrease in or even loss of a rice harvest. Increasing the rice yield of saline soil is a key issue for agricultural production. The utilization of heterosis could significantly increase crop biomass and yield, which might be an effective way to meet the demand for rice cultivation in saline soil. In this study, to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of rice hybrids and their parents that respond to salt stress, we investigated the phenotypic characteristics, physiological and biochemical indexes, and expression level of salt-related genes at the seedling stage. In this study, two sets of materials, encapsulating the most significant differences between the rice hybrids and their parents, were screened using the salt damage index and a hybrid superiority analysis. Compared with their parents, the rice hybrids Guang-Ba-You-Hua-Zhan (BB1) and Y-Liang-You-900 (GD1) exhibited much better salt tolerance, including an increased fresh weight and higher survival rate, a better scavenging ability towards reactive oxygen species (ROS), better ionic homeostasis with lower content of Na+ in their Na+/K+ ratio, and a higher expression of salt-stress-responsive genes. These results indicated that rice hybrids developed complex regulatory mechanisms involving multiple pathways and genes to adapt to salt stress and provided a physiological basis for the utilization of heterosis for improving the yield of rice under salt stress.

Utilizing differences in bTH tolerance between the parents of two-line hybrid rice to improve the purity of hybrid rice seed.

Introduction: Two-line hybrid rice based on Photoperiod/thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (P/TGMS) lines has been developed and applied widely in agriculture due to the freedom in making hybrid combinations, less difficulty in breeding sterile lines, and simpler procedures for breeding and producing hybrid seed. However, there are certain risks associated with hybrid seed production; if the temperature during the P/TGMS fertility-sensitive period is lower than the critical temperature, seed production will fail due to self-pollination. In a previous study, we found that the issue of insufficient purity of two-line hybrid rice seed could be initially addressed by using the difference in tolerance to ß-triketone herbicides (bTHs) between the female parent and the hybrid seeds. Methods: In this study, we further investigated the types of applicable herbicides, application methods, application time, and the effects on physiological and biochemical indexes and yield in rice. Results: The results showed that this method could be used for hybrid purification by soaking seeds and spraying plants with the bTH benzobicylon (BBC) at safe concentrations in the range of 37.5-112.5 mg/L, and the seeds could be soaked in BBC at a treatment rate of 75.0 mg/L for 36-55 h without significant negative effects. The safe concentration for spraying in the field is 50.0-400.0 mg/L BBC at the three-leaf stage. Unlike BBC, Mesotrione (MST) can only be sprayed to achieve hybrid purification at concentrations between 10.0 and 70.0 mg/L without affecting yield. The three methods of hybrid seed purification can reach 100% efficiency without compromising the nutritional growth and yield of hybrid rice. Moreover, transcriptome sequencing revealed that 299 up-regulated significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the resistant material (Huazhan) poisoned by BBC, were mainly enriched in phenylalanine metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, it may eliminate the toxic effects of herbicides through this way. Discussion: Our study establishes a foundation for the application of the bTH seed purification strategy and the three methods provide an effective mechanism for improving the purity of two-line hybrid rice seeds.

OsPMS1 Mutation Enhances Salt Tolerance by Suppressing ROS Accumulation, Maintaining Na+/K+ Homeostasis, and Promoting ABA Biosynthesis.

World-wide, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food source, and its production is often adversely affected by salinity. Therefore, to ensure stable rice yields for global food security, it is necessary to understand the salt tolerance mechanism of rice. The present study focused on the expression pattern of the rice mismatch repair gene post-meiotic segregation 1 (OsPMS1), studied the physiological properties and performed transcriptome analysis of ospms1 mutant seedlings in response to salt stress. Under normal conditions, the wild-type and ospms1 mutant seedlings showed no significant differences in growth and physiological indexes. However, after exposure to salt stress, compared with wild-type seedlings, the ospms1 mutant seedlings exhibited increased relative water content, relative chlorophyll content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, K+ and abscisic acid (ABA) content, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, Na+ content, and Na+/K+ ratio, as well as decreased superoxide anion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of ospms1 mutant seedlings treated with 0 mM and 150 mM NaCl showed significant enrichment in biological and cytological processes, such as peroxidase activity and ribosomes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathway analysis showed that the DEGs specifically enriched ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism pathways. Further quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed significant changes in the transcription levels of genes related to abscisic acid signaling (OsbZIP23, OsSAPK6, OsNCED4, OsbZIP66), reactive oxygen scavenging (OsTZF1, OsDHAR1, SIT1), ion transport (OsHAK5), and osmoregulation (OsLEA3-2). Thus, the study's findings suggest that the ospms1 mutant tolerates salt stress at the seedling stage by inhibiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, maintaining Na+ and K+ homeostasis, and promoting ABA biosynthesis.

Efficacy and Safety of Parenteral Injection of an Extended Release κ-receptor Opioid Sebacoyl Dinalbuphine Ester for Acute and Chronic Pain After Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery: a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial.

PURPOSE: µ-receptor opioids are associated with unwanted gastrointestinal side effects and respiratory depression. A long-acting non-µ-receptor parenteral opioid is not currently available for management of acute and chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP). This double-blind clinical trial tested an extended-release κ-receptor agonist, sebacoyl dinalbuphine ester (SDE, Naldebain®) for management of surgical pain after laparoscopic bariatric surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive a single intramuscular injection of SDE (150 mg, n = 30) or vehicle solution (n = 30) at > 12 h before surgery. All patients received standard perioperative multimodal analgesia (MMA). The primary endpoint was the pain intensity in the beginning 7 days after operation. The secondary endpoints were adverse reactions up to 7 days and incidence of CPSP at 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: Compared with placebos, the area under curves of visual analog scale (VAS) for 0-48 h after operation were significantly reduced in SDE group (143.3 ± 65.4 and 105.9 ± 36.3, P = 0.025). There were significantly fewer patients in the SDE group who had moderate-to-severe pain (VAS ≥ 4) (16.7% vs 50%; P = 0.012) at postoperative 48 h. Pain intensities were similar between the two groups at 72 h and 7 days postoperatively. The incidence of CPSP at 3 months was not different. SDE did not increase drug-related systemic adverse events. CONCLUSION: In addition to the standard perioperative MMA, a single-dose injection of long-acting κ-receptor agonist SDE provides significantly better pain management for 48 h following laparoscopic bariatric surgery. A long-acting κ-receptor agonist opioid could improve in-hospital pain management and potentiate early discharge after operation without increasing drug-related systemic complications.

Knockout of OsNRAMP5 enhances rice tolerance to cadmium toxicity in response to varying external cadmium concentrations via distinct mechanisms.

OsNRAMP5 is a transporter responsible for cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn) uptake and root-to-shoot translocation of Mn in rice plants. Knockout of OsNRAMP5 is regarded as an effective approach to minimize Cd uptake and accumulation in rice. It is vital to evaluate the effects of knocking out OsNRAMP5 on Cd and Mn accumulation, as well as Cd tolerance of rice plants in response to varying environmental Cd concentrations, and to uncover the underlying mechanism, which until now, has remained largely unexplored. This study showed that knockout of OsNRAMP5 decreased Cd uptake, but simultaneously facilitated Cd translocation from roots to shoots. The effect of OsNRAMP5 knockout on reducing root Cd uptake weakened, however its effect on improving root-to-shoot Cd translocation was constant with increasing environmental Cd concentrations. As a result, its mutation dramatically reduced Cd accumulation in shoots under low and moderate Cd stress, but inversely increased that under high Cd conditions. Interestingly, Cd tolerance of its knockout mutants was persistently enhanced, irrespective of lower or higher Cd concentrations in shoots, compared with that of wild-type plants. Knockout of OsNRAMP5 mitigated Cd toxicity by dramatically diminishing Cd uptake at low or moderate external Cd concentrations. Remarkably, its knockout effectively complemented deficient mineral nutrients in shoots, thereby indirectly enhancing rice tolerance to severe Cd stress. Additionally, its mutation conferred preferential delivery of Mn to young leaves and grains. These results have important implications for the application of the OsNRAMP5 mutation in mitigating Cd toxicity and lowering the risk of excessive Cd accumulation in rice grains.

E2Fs co-participate in cadmium stress response through activation of MSHs during the cell cycle.

Cadmium is one of the most common heavy metal contaminants found in agricultural fields. MutSα, MutSß, and MutSγ are three different MutS-associated protein heterodimer complexes consisting of MSH2/MSH6, MSH2/MSH3, and MSH2/MSH7, respectively. These complexes have different mismatch recognition properties and abilities to support MMR. However, changes in mismatch repair genes (OsMSH2, OsMSH3, OsMSH6, and OsMSH7) of the MutS system in rice, one of the most important food crops, under cadmium stress and their association with E2Fs, the key transcription factors affecting cell cycles, are poorly evaluated. In this study, we systematically categorized six rice E2Fs and confirmed that OsMSHs were the downstream target genes of E2F using dual-luciferase reporter assays. In addition, we constructed four msh mutant rice varieties (msh2, msh3, msh6, and msh7) using the CRISPR-Cas9 technology, exposed these mutant rice seedlings to different concentrations of cadmium (0, 2, and 4 mg/L) and observed changes in their phenotype and transcriptomic profiles using RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR. We found that the difference in plant height before and after cadmium stress was more significant in mutant rice seedlings than in wild-type rice seedlings. Transcriptomic profiling and qRT-PCR quantification showed that cadmium stress specifically mobilized cell cycle-related genes ATR, CDKB2;1, MAD2, CycD5;2, CDKA;1, and OsRBR1. Furthermore, we expressed OsE2Fs in yeasts and found that heterologous E2F expression in yeast strains regulated cadmium tolerance by regulating MSHs expression. Further exploration of the underlying mechanisms revealed that cadmium stress may activate the CDKA/CYCD complex, which phosphorylates RBR proteins to release E2F, to regulate downstream MSHs expression and subsequent DNA damage repairment, thereby enhancing the response to cadmium stress.

[Evaluation of efficacy of the anticoagulation and thrombolysis for deep venous thrombosis via local vein approach and peripheral vein approach].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of anticoagulation and thrombolysis for deep venous thrombosis via local vein approach and peripheral vein approach to guide clinical treatment. METHODS: There were 225 patients with deep venous thrombosis admitted from January 2001 to May 2008. The cases were divided into two groups by therapy procedures. The patients in group A were treated by deep femoral vein catheter-directed anticoagulation and thrombolysis, including a total number of 71 patients, with right lower extremity in 20 patients, left lower extremity in 47 patients and bilateral lower extremities in 4 patients. One hundred and fifty-four patients were included in group B with anticoagulation and thrombolysis through peripheral vein, among them right lower extremity in 27 patients, left lower extremity in 121 patients and bilateral lower extremities in 6 patients. The efficacy was evaluated and compared by observing clinical symptoms and measuring of changes in limb circumference. RESULTS: Symptoms were alleviated in all patients in 3 d after the treatment, but the efficacy of group A was better than group B (94.4% vs.69.5%, P < 0.01). The efficacy of group A was also better than group B in 7 days after treatment, but with no significant difference (85.9% vs. 75.3%, P > 0.05). A mean follow-up period was (43 ± 18) months. There was no significant difference in incidence of complication and recurrence between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The earlier efficacy of anticoagulation and thrombolysis via femoral vein approach is better than via peripheral vein approach in earlier period of deep venous thrombosis. While peripheral intravenous therapy has also good results after long-term treatment.

Corrigendum: Correlations Between Parental Lines and Indica Hybrid Rice in Terms of Eating Quality Traits.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.583997.].

Influence of physicochemical properties and starch fine structure on the eating quality of hybrid rice with similar apparent amylose content.

In this study, we compared the physicochemical properties and starch structures of hybrid rice varieties with similar apparent amylose content but different taste values. In addition to the apparent amylose content, gel permeation chromatography analysis showed that the higher proportions of amylopectin short chains and relatively lower proportions of amylopectin long chains, which could lead to higher peak viscosity and breakdown value, as well as a softer and stickier texture of cooked rice, were the key factors in determining the eating quality of hybrid rice. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography analyses showed that the proportion of amylopectin short chains (degree of polymerization 6-10) and intermediate chains (degree of polymerization 13-24), which might affect the gelatinisation enthalpy and crystallinity, also contributed greatly to the eating quality of hybrid rice. Moreover, this study indicated that a greater diversity of forms and sizes of starch granules might influence the eating quality of hybrid rice.

Exploring Natural Allelic Variations of the ß-Triketone Herbicide Resistance Gene HIS1 for Application in indica Rice and Particularly in Two-Line Hybrid Rice.

BACKGROUND: Benzobicyclon (BBC) is a ß-triketone herbicide (bTH) used in rice paddy fields. It has the advantages of high efficiency, low toxicity, high crop safety, and good environmental compatibility, and shows efficacy against paddy weeds resistant to other types of herbicides. However, as some important indica rice varieties are susceptible to BBC, BBC is currently only registered and applied in japonica rice cultivation areas. RESULTS: By analyzing haplotypes of the bTHs broad-spectrum resistance gene HIS1 and phenotypes for BBC in 493 major indica rice accessions in China, we identified a novel non-functional allelic variant of HIS1 in addition to the previously reported 28-bp deletion. Through detection with markers specific to the two non-functional mutations, it was clear that 25.4% of indica conventional varieties, 59.9% of fertility restorers, and 15.9% of sterile lines were susceptible to BBC. In addition, due to natural allelic variations of the HIS1 gene in the sterile and restorer lines, some two-line hybrid sterile lines were sensitive to bTHs, and the corresponding restorers were resistant. We showed the potential effectiveness of using bTHs to address the issue of two-line hybrid rice seed purity stemming from the self-crossing of sterile lines during hybrid rice seed production. Finally, allelic variations of the HIS1 gene may also play an important role in the mechanized seed production of hybrid rice. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings offer guidance for the application of BBC in indica rice areas and provide a non-transgenic approach to address the seed purity issue of two-line hybrid rice.

[The diagnosis and therapy of acute upper limbs deep venous thrombosis].

OBJECTIVE: To conclude the experience of diagnosis and therapy, the effect analysis and the prognosis factors of acute upper limbs deep venous thrombosis (ULDVT). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the etiological factor, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of 28 patients treated for acute ULDVT admitted in our hospital between 1988 and 2009. The patients were divided into two groups according to the time of admission and management in hospital. Group I, from 1988 to 1998, and group II, from 1999 to 2009. RESULTS: There were 28 patients diagnosed as acute ULDVT, which was 8.1% of lower limbs deep venous thrombosis in synchronization. There were 14 men and 14 women, and the mean age was 46.1 years. 17 patients developed in left upper limbs, and 11 patients developed in right upper limbs. There were 9 patients in group I and 19 in group II. A significant difference was observed between two groups in their risk factors, primary and secondary cause. 8 patients (28.6%) were relevant to venepuncture catheterization, and 13 patients (46.4%) have tumors. There is clear difference between the two groups in the way of primary disease and risk Factors, which means that the probability of ULDVT caused by malignant tumors or other factors in group II is apparently higher than group I, and the prognosis of group II is worse compared with group I. All the patients in the group were made a definite diagnosis by ultrasound, after that our policy were thrombolysis and anticoagulation followed by Warfarin oral administration for 6 months. All the conditions of the patients were well improved, and the symptoms were relieved obviously and discharged. The mean follow-up duration was 2.2 years. 2 recurred, 1 was pulmonary infarction, and 6 was died. CONCLUSION: The incidence of ULDVT is much lower than LLDVT. The motivations are blood hypercoagulable state, such as tumor, vein catheterization etc. The final diagnosis is mostly based on clinical manifestation combined with ultrasound. Thrombolysis, anticoagulation in time have an obvious therapy effect. After that the anticoagulation therapy through oral administration can prevent recurrence.

Comparative Analysis of Soil Microbiome Profiles in the Companion Planting of White Clover and Orchard Grass Using 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing Data.

Companion planting is one of the most common and effective planting methods in modern agriculture. White clover (Trifolium repens L.) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) are two typical pastures planted together to promote each other's growth. However, the detailed biological foundations of companion planting remain unclear. In this study, we screened typical microbiome profiles under separate and combination planting conditions using 16s RNA gene sequencing techniques. We identified the typical distinctive microorganism subtypes based on the microbiome profiles and recognized the enriched functions of top abundant microorganisms in soil using different planting strategies with the help of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Clusters of Orthologous Groups annotation. This analysis confirmed that the optimal microorganisms and screened functional annotations are correlated with nitrogen fixation; thus, companion planting may improve the yield and efficacy of plants by improving the efficiency of nitrogen fixation.