RESUMO
The phylogeography of the porcine X chromosome has not been studied despite the unique characteristics of this chromosome. Here, we genotyped 59 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 312 pigs from around the world, representing 39 domestic breeds and wild boars in 30 countries. Overall, widespread commercial breeds showed the highest heterozygosity values, followed by African and American populations. Structuring, as inferred from FST and analysis of molecular variance, was consistently larger in the non-pseudoautosomal (NPAR) than in the pseudoautosomal regions (PAR). Our results show that genetic relationships between populations can vary widely between the NPAR and the PAR, underscoring the fact that their genetic trajectories can be quite different. NPAR showed an increased commercial-like genetic component relative to the PAR, probably because human selection processes to obtain individuals with high productive parameters were mediated by introgressing boars rather than sows.
Assuntos
Filogenia , Sus scrofa/genética , Cromossomo X/genética , Análise de Variância , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , Simulação por Computador , Análise Discriminante , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Genética Populacional , Masculino , Filogeografia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Análise de Componente Principal , Fatores Sexuais , Especificidade da Espécie , Sus scrofa/classificaçãoRESUMO
The numeration of the chromosomes, which can be used to describe the karyotypes of various chromosomal forms from different geographical regions, has been proposed for the Maximowicz's vole Microtus maximowiczii. Application of FISH analysis has allowed us to show homology of Robertsonian rearregement (11/20) inkaryotypes of voles from Transbaikalia (2n = 41 and voles from Norsky reservation in Amur Region (2n = 40).
Assuntos
Arvicolinae/genética , Cromossomos de Mamíferos , Animais , Arvicolinae/classificação , Evolução Biológica , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Cariotipagem , Filogenia , Sibéria , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
The genetic variability of brown bear Ursus arctos from the southern part of the Russian Far East was first ex- amined based on the variations in the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequence. The presence of two phylogenetic groups of haplotypes described previously for other parts of the species range was demonstrated. Part of the samples belonged to the haplotype group distributed across the whole range, while another part belonged to the rare group previously only reported for Japan and Alaska. These findings partially clarify the pattern of brown-bear colonization on the territory of the Russian Far East and Japan.
Assuntos
Citocromos b/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Ursidae/genética , Animais , Ásia Oriental , Filogeografia , Federação RussaRESUMO
Genetic diversity of Siberian roe deer Capreolus pygargus, 1771 from the Russian Far East was studied based on polymorphism analysis of a mtDNA control region fragment (390 bp). Three phylogenetic lines were found in the animals examined. The trend for change of haplotypes of different phylogroups was shown to occur from north to south in Sikhote-Alin. The haplotype distribution of Siberian roe deer in the Russian Far East correlated with data on morphologiocal variability.
Assuntos
Cervos/genética , Genoma Mitocondrial/genética , Filogenia , Animais , Haplótipos , Polimorfismo Genético , SibériaRESUMO
The intraspecific and interspecific differentiations of voles of the Russian Far East with respect to allozymic and karyotypic characteristics have been studied. The morphologically similar but karyotypically different species Microtus oeconomus, M. fortis, M. maximowiczii, and M. sachaliensis are characterized by considerable allozymic differentiation. In these voles, the allozymic differentiation has been found to increase in the order adjacent populations-subspecies-species. The interspecific allozymic differentiation of the chromosomally polymorphic M. maximowiczii-M. evoronensis-M. mujanensis does not exceed the intraspecific differences in M. oeconomus, M. fortis, and M. maximowiczii. The results are analyzed in terms of the allopatric and stasipatric models of speciation. The taxonomic status of M. maximowiczii gromovi is considered.
Assuntos
Arvicolinae/genética , Variação Genética , Animais , Cromossomos de Mamíferos , Ásia Oriental , Isoenzimas/genética , Cariotipagem , Filogenia , Federação RussaRESUMO
Karyological (G-, C-, and NOR-banding) and allozyme analyses were carried out for island and continental populations of the vole Microtus fortis from the Far East of Russia. Variability of the autosome pair 7 was found. The presence of variation in the number of telomere heterochromatin blocks in the populations of Far Eastern voles was confirmed. NOR-staining of the Far Eastern vole chromosomes was carried out, showing stability of the number and the positions of the nucleolus organizer regions. Ten enzyme systems and three non-enzyme proteins (controlled in total by 25 interpretable loci) were examined in the Far Eastern vole from the island and continental populations. All of the loci were shown to be monomorphic, except for one esterase locus, which exhibited polymorphism at the intrapopulation and interpopulation levels. The issue of distribution of the Far Eastern vole subspecies is discussed. It is suggested that M. fortis pelliceus occurs not only in the Russian Far East, but also in Northern Transbaikalia.
Assuntos
Arvicolinae/genética , Variação Genética , Isoenzimas/genética , Animais , Bandeamento Cromossômico , Marcadores Genéticos , Cariotipagem , Polimorfismo Genético , Federação RussaRESUMO
Electrophoretic analysis of 12 enzyme systems and 3 nonenzyme proteins (in all, 24 interpretable loci) was carried out for Microtus oeconomus from ten Kuril islands, Kamchatka Peninsula, and the vicinity of the city of Magadan. Gene geographic variation was examined and the coefficients of genetic variation and differentiation were estimated. The inter-population allozyme differentiation was low (DNEI, 1972 not higher than 0.053) and caused by variation in the allele frequencies of polymorphic loci. The greatest genetic distances were found between the populations belonging to different subspecies. Allozyme differentiation of Far Eastern M. oeconomus and M. fortis are discussed in relation to the data on the age of the island isolation and paleontological records. Karyological analysis (G-, C-, and NOR-banding) demonstrated the absence of differences between M. oeconomus from Kamchatka and the vicinity of Magadan.