RESUMO
Co-selection is thought to occur when resistance genes are located on the same mobile genetic element. However, this mechanism is currently poorly understood. In this study, complete circular plasmids from swine-derived Escherichia coli were sequenced with short and long reads to confirm that resistance genes involved in co-resistance were co-transferred by the same plasmid. Conjugative transfer tests were performed, and multiple resistance genes were transmitted. The genes possessed by the donor, transconjugant, and plasmid of the donor were highly similar. In addition, the sequences of the plasmid of the donor and the plasmid of the transconjugant were almost identical. Resistance genes associated with statistically significant combinations of antimicrobial use and resistance were co-transmitted by the same plasmid. These results suggest that resistance genes may be involved in co-selection by their transfer between bacteria on the same plasmid.
Assuntos
Infecções por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Animais , Suínos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Plasmídeos/genética , Conjugação Genética , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
The off-label use of third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) during in ovo vaccination or vaccination of newly hatched chicks has been a common practice worldwide. CMY-2-producing Escherichia coli strains have been disseminated in broiler chicken production. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiological linkage of blaCMY-2-positive plasmids among broilers both within and outside Japan, because the grandparent stock and parent stock were imported into Japan. We examined the whole-genome sequences of 132 3GC-resistant E. coli isolates collected from healthy broilers during 2002 to 2014. The predominant 3GC resistance gene was blaCMY-2, which was detected in the plasmids of 87 (65.9%) isolates. The main plasmid replicon types were IncI1-Iγ (n = 21; 24.1%), IncI (n = 12; 13.8%), IncB/O/K/Z (n = 28; 32.2%), and IncC (n = 22; 25.3%). Those plasmids were subjected to gene clustering, network analyses, and plasmid multilocus sequence typing (pMLST). The chromosomal DNA of isolates was subjected to MLST and single-nucleotide variant (SNV)-based phylogenetic analysis. MLST and SNV-based phylogenetic analysis revealed high diversity of E. coli isolates. The sequence type 429 (ST429) cluster harboring blaCMY-2-positive IncB/O/K/Z was closely related to isolates from broilers in Germany harboring blaCMY-2-positive IncB/O/K/Z. pST55-IncI, pST12-IncI1-Iγ, and pST3-IncC were prevalent in western Japan. pST12-IncI1-Iγ and pST3-IncC were closely related to plasmids detected in E. coli isolates from chickens in North America, whereas 26 IncB/O/K/Z types were related to those in Europe. These data will be useful to reveal the whole picture of transmission of CMY-2-producing bacteria inside and outside Japan.
Assuntos
Infecções por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Cefalosporinas/farmacologia , Galinhas , Escherichia coli/genética , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Europa (Continente) , Genômica , Alemanha , Japão , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , América do Norte , Filogenia , Plasmídeos/genética , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
We screened mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes in 9,306 Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy animals in the Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring (JVARM) system. mcr-1 was detected in 39 strains (5, 20, and 14 strains isolated from cattle, swine, and broilers, respectively), whereas mcr-2 was not detected. mcr-2 was also not detected with the investigation sequence homology search against our curated GenEpid-J database.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Carne/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bovinos , Galinhas , Colistina/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Japão/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Prevalência , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologiaRESUMO
The Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (JVARM) was established for nationwide monitoring of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria isolated from animals. Here, antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. isolates from diseased and healthy dogs and cats was investigated. Isolates were collected from diseased dogs and cats and from healthy dogs and cats in 2018 to 2020. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for 1873 E. coli and 1383 Enterococcus spp. isolates. E. coli isolates were most commonly resistant to nalidixic acid [diseased dog (DD), 62.1%; diseased cat (DC), 59.9%; healthy dog (HD), 23.5%; healthy cat (HC, 24.0%] and ampicillin (DD, 54.4%; DC, 64.1%; HD, 28.4%; HC, 25.2%), followed by ciprofloxacin (DD, 45.0%; DC, 44.0%; HD, 12.9%; HC, 10.4%). Enterococcus spp. isolates were most resistant to tetracycline (DD, 66.9%; DC, 67.8%; HD, 47.0%; HC, 52.0%), followed by erythromycin (DD, 43.2%; DC, 46.6%; HD, 27.8%; HC, 34.0%) and ciprofloxacin (DD, 27.9%; DC, 43.7%; HD, 9.7%; HC 12.9%). Only a few E. coli isolates were resistant to colistin and none were resistant to meropenem. Also, none of the Enterococcus spp. isolates we have tested were resistant to vancomycin. The significantly higher resistance rates of E. coli and Enterococcus spp. isolates from diseased, as opposed to healthy, dogs and cats against most of the tested antimicrobials indicates that the use of antimicrobials could select resistant E. coli and Enterococcus spp.
RESUMO
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the leading cause of infection in hospitalized patients and can be prevalent in humans and various animal species. In European countries, MRSA isolates belonging to clonal complex 398 have been detected at high rates in pigs. However, the prevalence of MRSA in pigs and farm environments in Japan remains unclear. MRSA isolates were obtained from pigs in slaughterhouses, diseased pigs on farms, imported breeding pigs, and farm dust. We conducted whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and analyzed the molecular epidemiological relationship between these MRSA isolates using core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). The prevalence rates of MRSA among pigs in slaughterhouses, diseased pigs on farms, imported breeding pigs, and farm dust were 5.2 %, 3.4 %, 28.8 %, and 0.06 %, respectively. ST 398 isolates that classified as ST398/t034 were isolated from pigs from all sources. The results of cgMLST showed that ST398/t034 isolates originating from domestic pigs clustered into the same cluster as the isolates from imported breeding pigs. However, some clusters only included isolates of domestic pig origin. Most MRSA isolates in this study carried resistance genes for aminoglycosides, ß-lactams, macrolides, tetracyclines, and zinc. None of the MRSA isolates in this study harbored Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin genes. Molecular epidemiological analysis suggested a relationship between isolates from slaughter pigs and imported breeding pigs and the presence of MRSA isolates of domestic origin. However, more data are needed for elucidation of the origin of these MRSA variants in the pig industry in Japan.
Assuntos
Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Poeira , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , Epidemiologia Molecular , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus/veterinária , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Sus scrofa , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The emergence and spread of aminoglycoside-resistant bacteria are a public health concern. The acquisition of the genes encoding 16S rRNA methylases, such as armA, rmtA, and rmtB, confers high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. However, the prevalence has not been well investigated in Japanese veterinary fields. To determine the prevalence of 16S rRNA methylases in animals, we detected 16S rRNA methylases genes in Gram-negative bacteria from animals. Here, we report the isolation of rmtB amd armA from two of the 446 Escherichia coli (0.5%) and one of the 103 Klebsiella spp. isolates (1.0%) from companion animals, respectively. However, none of the isolations were observed from 2445 E. coli isolates derived from livestock in Japan. The prevalence of 16S rRNA methylases in animals, especially in companion animals, should be carefully monitored in Japanese veterinary fields to avoid the spreading of the genes.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella/efeitos dos fármacos , Metiltransferases/genética , Aminoglicosídeos/farmacologia , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Gatos , Bovinos , Galinhas , Cães , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Escherichia coli/genética , Japão/epidemiologia , Klebsiella/enzimologia , Klebsiella/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , RNA Ribossômico 16S , SuínosRESUMO
Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance is a major global public health concern. To clarify the role of flies in disseminating antimicrobial resistance between farms, we isolated and characterized tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from flies and feces of livestock from four locations housing swine (abattoir, three farms) and three cattle farms. The percentages of isolates from flies resistant to tetracycline, dihydrostreptomycin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol (80.8%, 61.5%, 53.8%, and 50.0%, respectively) and those from animal feces (80.5%, 78.0%, 41.5%, and 46.3%, respectively) in locations housing swine were significantly higher than those from cattle farms (p<0.05). The rates of resistance in E. coli derived from flies reflected those derived from livestock feces at the same locations, suggesting that antimicrobial resistance spreads between livestock and flies on the farms. The results of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed that, with a few exceptions, all E. coli isolates differed. Two pairs of tetracycline-resistant strains harbored similar plasmids with the same tetracycline-resistance genes, although the origin (fly or feces), site of isolation, and PFGE patterns of these strains differed. Therefore, flies may disseminate the plasmids between farms. Our results suggest that flies may be involved not only in spreading clones of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria within a farm but also in the widespread dissemination of plasmids with antimicrobial resistance genes between farms.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Dípteros/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Infecções por Escherichia coli/transmissão , Escherichia coli/genética , Genes Bacterianos , Plasmídeos/metabolismo , Matadouros , Agricultura , Ampicilina/farmacologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Bovinos , Cloranfenicol/farmacologia , Sulfato de Di-Hidroestreptomicina/farmacologia , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Escherichia coli/classificação , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Fezes/microbiologia , Variação Genética , Japão , Filogenia , Suínos , Tetraciclina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Objectives: Although color information is important in gastrointestinal endoscopy, there are limited studies on how endoscopic images are viewed by people with color vision deficiency. We aimed to investigate the differences in the visibility of blood vessels during endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) among people with different color vision characteristics and to examine the effect of red dichromatic imaging (RDI) on blood vessel visibility. Methods: Seventy-seven pairs of endoscopic images of white light imaging (WLI) and RDI of the same site were obtained during colorectal ESD. The original images were set as type C (WLI-C and RDI-C), a common color vision. These images were computationally converted to simulate images perceived by people with color vision deficiency protanope (Type P) or deutanope (Type D) and denoted as WLI-P and RDI-P or WLI-D and RDI-D. Blood vessels and background submucosa that needed to be identified during ESD were selected in each image, and the color differences between these two objects were measured using the color difference (ΔE 00) to assess the visibility of blood vessels. Results: ΔE 00 between a blood vessel and the submucosa was greater under RDI (RDI-C/P/D: 24.05 ± 0.64/22.85 ± 0.66/22.61 ± 0.64) than under WLI (WLI-C/P/D: 22.26 ± 0.60/5.19 ± 0.30/8.62 ± 0.42), regardless of color vision characteristics. This improvement was more pronounced in Type P and Type D and approached Type C in RDI. Conclusions: Color vision characteristics affect the visibility of blood vessels during ESD, and RDI improves blood vessel visibility regardless of color vision characteristics.