Scaling Emergency Department Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Across California to Reduce Overdose Deaths, 2019-2023.

Since April 2019, CA Bridge has worked with emergency departments (EDs) in diverse geographic and emergency care settings across California to scale up low-threshold buprenorphine access, patient navigation programs, harm reduction services, and take-home naloxone. Between April 2019 and June 2023, 268 (81.0%) of 331 acute care hospitals in California received funding and technical assistance from CA Bridge and completed data reporting. These hospitals provided navigation services during 279 025 patient encounters and gave patients buprenorphine in 89 549 ED visits. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print June 27, 2024:e1-e5. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307710).

Nativity and the risk of opioid use disorder among Hispanic/Latinx women in primary care in Los Angeles, CA.

BACKGROUND: While rates of opioid use disorder (OUD) are lower among women compared to men, nativity may have disproportionate impacts on OUD risk among Hispanic/Latinx women but remain understudied. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between country of birth and reported OUD risk among low-income Hispanic/Latinx women in primary care in Los Angeles, CA. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 1189 non-pregnant, Hispanic/Latinx women attending two federally qualified health centers in Los Angeles between March and July 2013. OUD risk was assessed using the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), and moderate-to-high risk was defined as ASSIST score ≥ 4. RESULTS: Overall, 4.2% of women (n = 49) were at moderate-to-high risk for OUD. Risk for OUD was higher among US-born women compared to foreign-born women (6.7 vs. 1.7%; p < .01), those who reported 2+ chronic medical conditions (p < .01), and those who were at moderate-to-high risk for other substance use disorders (p < .01). In multivariable logistic regression analyses, being U.S.-born was independently associated with being at moderate-to-high risk for OUD among Hispanic/Latinx women as compared to those who were foreign-born (AOR = 2.8; 95% CI 1.2-6.8). CONCLUSION: Among low-income Hispanic/Latinx women presenting to primary care, one in twenty patients is at-risk for OUD. The odds of moderate-high risk of OUD were three times as high in US-born compared to foreign-born women, and higher among those with chronic medical conditions and those at risk of other substance use disorders. Gender-specific and culturally-tailored screening for OUD may inform overdose prevention interventions for US-born Hispanic/Latinx women.

A Qualitative Study of Perceptions and Preferences Regarding Social and Behavioral Risk Screening Among Primary Care Patients.

BACKGROUND: Despite its relevance for healthcare settings, social and behavioral risk screening is not systematically performed by clinicians or healthcare systems. OBJECTIVE: To address clinician concerns, such as social and behavioral risk screening disrupting the clinician-patient relationship and lack of resources to respond, we interviewed primary care patients at an academic medical center regarding their perceptions and preferences on social and behavioral risk screening. PARTICIPANTS: Between September and December 2020, we recruited a convenience sample of 14 English-speaking primary care patients 18 years + from three clinics affiliated with an academic medical center. APPROACH: Using a semi-structured interview guide, we asked about the importance of social and behavioral risk screening, whether or not and how to share social and behavioral risk factors, and how social and behavioral risk factors are addressed. We used a multi-step analytic process to identify the range and commonality of participants' responses thematically. KEY RESULTS: Participants recognized that social and behavioral risk factor domains were relevant to primary care and important for treating the patient as a whole person. Participants preferred a conversation regarding social and behavioral risk factor with their primary care providers (PCPs), and suggested that, if surveys are used, they be followed with an open-ended, in-person discussion. Participants also suggested framing the discussion as something that is done routinely with all patients so that patients do not feel judged. Participants felt comfortable sharing social and behavioral risk factors when they trusted their PCPs, and felt that discussing social and behavioral risk factors with their PCPs built trust. Participants recognized that resources exist outside of the clinic, and suggested that PCPs distribute lists of relevant community resources to patients. CONCLUSION: In our study of primary care patients on perceptions and preferences about screening and addressing social and behavioral risk factors, we found that patients were willing to share social and behavioral risk factors with their PCP, preferred an in-person discussions with or without a survey, and wanted a list of community resources to address their needs.

Relating 'to her Human Side': a Grounded Theory analysis of cosmetologists' and aestheticians' relationships with clients in Black American beauty salons to inform sexual health interventions.

Due to the elevated incidence of HIV among Black American women, effective sexual health interventions are needed. To explore beauty salons as settings for such interventions, we examined Black American women stylists' experiences discussing sex-related topics with Black American women clients. Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology guided data collection and analysis. Individual intensive interviews were conducted in 2019 with 16 Black women cosmetologists and/or aestheticians who served Black women in Southern California. Analyses generated grounded theory which we refer to as Relating 'to her Human Side': Black American cosmetologist-client relationship building model. The model highlights the importance of three sets of practices: 1) playing different roles to appeal to clients' varying wants and needs, 2) creating a comfortable atmosphere, and 3) establishing a judgement-free zone. Stylists put clients at ease and consequently, clients shared stories regarding sex and relationships freely. Stylists' actions built trusting relationships with clients, thus crafting beauty salons as atmospheres favourable for sex-related conversations and potential sexual health interventions.

Intersections between syndemic conditions and stages along the continuum of overdose risk among women who inject drugs in Mexicali, Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Research on women who inject drugs is scarce in low- and middle-income countries. Women experience unique harms such as sexism and sexual violence which translate into negative health outcomes. The present work aims to provide insight into the experiences of women who inject drugs at the US-Mexico border to identify social and health-related risk factors for overdose to guide harm reduction interventions across the Global South. METHODS: We recruited 25 women ≥ 18 years of age accessing harm reduction and sexual health services at a non-governmental harm reduction organization, "Verter", in Mexicali, Mexico. We employed purposeful sampling to recruit women who inject drugs who met eligibility criteria. We collected quantitative survey data and in-depth interview data. Analyses of both data sources involved the examination of descriptive statistics and thematic analysis, respectively, and were guided by the syndemic and continuum of overdose risk frameworks. RESULTS: Survey data demonstrated reports of initiating injection drug use at a young age, experiencing homelessness, engaging in sex work, being rejected by family members, experiencing physical violence, injecting in public spaces, and experiencing repeated overdose events. Interview data provided evidence of stigma and discrimination toward women, a lack of safe spaces and support systems, risk of overdose-related harms, sexual violence, and the overall need for harm reduction services. CONCLUSION: Women who inject drugs in Mexicali describe experiences of violence, overdose, and public injecting. Women are particularly vulnerable in the Mexicali context, as this area faces a noticeable lack of health and social services. Evidenced-based harm reduction strategies such as safe consumption sites and overdose prevention strategies (e.g., naloxone distribution and training) may benefit this population. Evidence from local organizations could help close the gap in service provision in low-resource settings like Mexico, where government action is almost nonexistent.

Limited evidence for a moderating effect of HIV status on brain age in heavy episodic drinkers.

We set out to test the hypothesis that greater brain ageing will be observed in people with HIV (PWH) and those who engage in heavy episodic drinking (HED), with their combined effects being especially detrimental in cognitive control brain networks. We correlated measures of "brain age gap" (BAG) and neurocognitive impairment in participants with and without HIV and HED. Sixty-nine participants were recruited from a community health centre in Cape Town: HIV - /HED - (N = 17), HIV + /HED - (N = 14), HIV - /HED + (N = 21), and HIV + /HED + (N = 17). Brain age was modelled using structural MRI features from the whole brain or one of six brain regions. Linear regression models were employed to identify differences in BAG between patient groups and controls. Associations between BAG and clinical data were tested using bivariate statistical methods. Compared to controls, greater global BAG was observed in heavy drinkers, both with (Cohen's d = 1.52) and without (d = 1.61) HIV. Differences in BAG between HED participants and controls were observed for the cingulate and parietal cortex, as well as subcortically. A larger BAG was associated with higher total drinking scores but not nadir CD4 count or current HIV viral load. The association between heavy episodic drinking and BAG, independent of HIV status, points to the importance of screening for alcohol use disorders in primary care. The relatively large contribution of cognitive control brain regions to BAG highlights the utility of assessing the contribution of different brain regions to brain age.

Alcohol use and intimate partner violence in HIV-uninfected pregnant women in Cape Town, South Africa.

In settings with a high burden of HIV, pregnant women often experience a cluster of risk factors, including alcohol use and intimate partner violence (IPV). These interrelated risks are poorly understood among pregnant women at risk of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. We aim to determine cross-sectional associations between pregnant women's alcohol use and victimization due to IPV in the HIV-Unexposed-Uninfected Mother-Infant Cohort Study in Cape Town, South Africa. Women who tested HIV-negative at first antenatal care (ANC) visit were followed to delivery. Trained interviewers collected demographic and psychosocial information, including recent alcohol use and experiences of IPV victimization. We assess the prevalence of alcohol use and associations with IPV using multivariable logistic regression. In 406 HIV-uninfected pregnant women (mean age = 28 years; mean gestational age = 21 weeks), 41 (10%) reported alcohol consumption in the past 12 months; 30/41 (73%) of these at hazardous levels. Any and hazardous alcohol use were associated with greater odds of reporting past year IPV (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for hazardous use: 3.24, 95% CI = 1.11, 7.56; aOR for any alcohol use: 2.97, 95% CI = 1.19, 7.45). These data suggest the occurrence of overlapping HIV risk factors among pregnant women and may help design improved health interventions in this population.

Freedom as Prevention: Mechanisms of Autonomy Support for Promoting HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Use and Condom Use among Black MSM in 3 US Cities-HPTN 073.

Healthcare providers who use controlling or coercive strategies may compel short-term enactment of HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention behaviors but may inadvertently undermine their client's motivation to maintain those behaviors in the absence of external pressure. Autonomous motivation refers to the self-emanating and self-determined drive for engaging in health behaviors. It is associated with long-term maintenance of health behaviors. We used structural equation modeling to investigate whether autonomy support was associated with increased odds of therapeutic serum levels of pre-exposure prophylaxis, through a pathway that satisfies basic psychological needs for autonomous self-regulation and competence regarding pre-exposure prophylaxis use. We also investigated whether autonomy support was associated with decreased odds of condomless anal intercourse via the same psychological needs-satisfaction pathway of autonomous self-regulation and competence regarding condom use. We tested these two theorized pathways using secondary data from a longitudinal sample of Black men who have sex with men from across three cities in the US (N = 226). Data from the sample fit the theorized models regarding the pathways by which autonomy support leads to the presence of therapeutic PrEP levels in serum (χ2 = 0.56; RMSEA = 0.04; CFI = .99, TLI = 0.98) and how it also leads to decreased odds of condomless anal intercourse (χ2 = 0.58; RMSEA = 0.03; CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.98). These findings provide scientific evidence for the utility of self-determination theory as a model to guide intervention approaches to optimize the implementation and impact of PrEP for Black men who have sex with men.

Associations of social capital resources and experiences of homophobia with HIV transmission risk behavior and HIV care continuum among men who have sex with men in Los Angeles.

For men who have sex with men (MSM) in the US, the positive and negative aspects of social capital - access to resources within their social networks and experiences of homophobia - may explain their disproportionate burden of HIV infection. We analyzed data from 379 HIV seronegative and seropositive MSM in Los Angeles, collected between May 2017 and February 2018. Dependent variables were HIV transmission risk behaviors and care continuum outcomes. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the association between social capital resources and experiences of homophobia with dependent variables, adjusting for sociodemographics and drug use. Most participants were under age 40 and 41% identified as Black/African American and 36% as Hispanic/Latino. Social capital resources associated with likelihood of new sexually transmitted infections (-5.5% per standard deviation (SD), 95%CI -10.3, 0.7%) and HIV testing (5% per SD, 95%CI 0.8, 9.2%). Experiences of homophobia associated with likelihood of methamphetamine use during sex (10% per SD, 95%CI 7, 14%), receiving (4.3% per SD, 95%CI 1.9, 6.7%) and giving (7.2% per SD, 95%CI 4.5, 9.9%) exchange sex, and missing appointments (7.2% per SD, 95%CI 0.8, 13.6%). Findings that social capital associated with HIV transmission risk behaviors and HIV testing suggest interventions to increase social capital resources would impact the HIV-prevention continuum.

Rapid Adoption of Low-Threshold Buprenorphine Treatment at California Emergency Departments Participating in the CA Bridge Program.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: We retrospectively evaluated the implementation of low-threshold emergency department (ED) buprenorphine treatment at 52 hospitals participating in the CA Bridge Program using the RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance) framework. METHODS: The CA Bridge model included low-threshold buprenorphine, connection to outpatient care, and harm reduction. Implementation began in March 2019. Participating hospitals reported aggregated clinical data monthly after program initiation. Outcomes included identification of opioid use disorder, buprenorphine administration, and linkage to outpatient addiction treatment. Multivariable models assessed associations between hospital location (rural versus urban) and teaching status (clinical teaching hospital versus community hospital) and outcomes in adopting the CA Bridge Program. RESULTS: Reach: A diverse and geographically distributed group of 52 California hospitals were enrolled in 2 phases (March and August 2019); 12 (23%) were rural and 13 (25%) were teaching hospitals. Effectiveness: Over a 14-month implementation period, 12,009 opioid use disorder patient encounters were identified, including 7,179 (59.7%) where buprenorphine was administered and 4,818 (40.1%) where follow-up visits were attended. Adoption: In multivariable analysis, adoption did not differ significantly between rural and urban or teaching and nonteaching hospitals. IMPLEMENTATION: By program completion, all 52 (100%) hospitals treated opioid use disorder with buprenorphine; 45 (86.5%) administered buprenorphine after naloxone reversal; 41 (84.6%) offered buprenorphine for inpatients; 48 (92.3%) initiated buprenorphine in pregnant women; and 29 (55.8%) offered take-home naloxone. Maintenance: At 8-month follow-up, all 52 sites reported continued buprenorphine treatment. CONCLUSION: Low-threshold ED buprenorphine treatment implemented with a harm reduction approach and active navigation to outpatient addiction treatment was successful in achieving buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder in diverse California communities.

Food insecurity partially mediates the association between drug use and depressive symptoms among men who have sex with men in Los Angeles, California.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the relationship between drug use, food insecurity (FI) and mental health among men who have sex with men (MSM). DESIGN: Cohort study (2014-2019) with at least one follow-up. SETTING: Visits at 6-month intervals included self-assessment for FI and depressive symptoms. Urine testing results confirmed drug use. Factors associated with FI were assessed using multiple logistic regression with random effects for repeated measures. General structural equation modelling tested whether FI mediates the relationship between drug use and depressive symptoms. PARTICIPANTS: Data were from HIV-positive and high-risk HIV-negative MSM in Los Angeles, CA (n 431; 1192 visits). RESULTS: At baseline, FI was reported by 50·8 % of participants, depressive symptoms in 36·7 % and 52·7 % of urine screening tests were positive for drugs (i.e. marijuana, opioids, methamphetamine, cocaine and ecstasy). A positive drug test was associated with a 96 % increase in the odds of being food insecure (95 % CI 1·26, 3·07). Compared to those with high food security, individuals with very low food security have a nearly sevenfold increase in the odds of reporting depressive symptoms (95 % CI 3·71, 11·92). Findings showed 14·9 % of the association between drug use (exposure) and depressive symptoms (outcome) can be explained by FI (mediator). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of FI among this cohort of HIV-positive and high-risk HIV-negative MSM was high; the association between drug use and depressive symptoms was partially mediated by FI. Findings suggest that enhancing access to food and nutrition may improve mood in the context of drug use, especially among MSM at risk for HIV transmission.

Development of a Smartphone App to Predict and Improve the Rates of Suicidal Ideation Among Transgender Persons (TransLife): Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Transgender people are at a high risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and deaths. Among transgender individuals, 77% and 41% engage in suicidal ideation and suicide attempt in their lifetime, respectively, which exceeds the general population rates (9.2% and 2.7%, respectively). Traditionally, suicide risk factors have been studied over a long period between measurements, making it difficult to understand the short-term variability in suicide risk. Mobile phone apps offer an opportunity to understand the immediate precursors of suicidality through the assessment of behaviors and moods in real time. This is the first study to use a mobile phone app (TransLife) to understand the short-term risk factors for suicide among transgender individuals. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to beta test the usability of an evidence-informed mobile health (mHealth) suicide prevention phone app, TransLife. The primary aims are to obtain preliminary data on user engagement and satisfaction with the app, and to assess the feasibility of completing ecological momentary assessments (mood logs) within the app. METHODS: We used qualitative methods and an exploratory research approach that combined naturalistic app use, focus groups, and semistructured phone interviews. The focus group was informed about the development of the prototype. We conducted a 3-week evaluation to determine engagement and obtain detailed user feedback about the app. After participation in the pilot, phone-based, semistructured, and audio-recorded exit interviews were conducted with the research participants. RESULTS: In total, 16 transgender individuals participated in this study. On average, users logged in 4 (SD 2.7) times a week and spent approximately 5 (SD 3.5) minutes on the app per log-in. A total of 6 major themes emerged in this study. These themes focused on the app's functionality, satisfaction with using the app, perceived ease of use, perceived safety of providing personal data within the app, trusting the app enough to share personal feelings, and features that make this app engaging. These themes suggest that TransLife is an engaging, useful, and acceptable mHealth intervention. Participants reported that the app was easy to use and understand, supported mental self-care, promoted self-awareness, and helped them identify triggers of negative moods. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this pilot study indicate that TransLife is an engaging, acceptable, and potentially effective mHealth intervention. Transgender participants reported many advantages of using TransLife, such as being able to track their mood, connecting to the community, and accessing local resources. This study provides initial support for the acceptability and usability of TransLife as an mHealth intervention designed for the transgender community.

Responding to global stimulant use: challenges and opportunities.

We did a global review to synthesise data on the prevalence, harms, and interventions for stimulant use, focusing specifically on the use of cocaine and amphetamines. Modelling estimated the effect of cocaine and amphetamine use on mortality, suicidality, and blood borne virus incidence. The estimated global prevalence of cocaine use was 0·4% and amphetamine use was 0·7%, with dependence affecting 16% of people who used cocaine and 11% of those who used amphetamine. Stimulant use was associated with elevated mortality, increased incidence of HIV and hepatitis C infection, poor mental health (suicidality, psychosis, depression, and violence), and increased risk of cardiovascular events. No effective pharmacotherapies are available that reduce stimulant use, and the available psychosocial interventions (except for contingency management) had a weak overall effect. Generic approaches can address mental health and blood borne virus infection risk if better tailored to mitigate the harms associated with stimulant use. Substantial and sustained investment is needed to develop more effective interventions to reduce stimulant use.

Life Chaos is Associated with Reduced HIV Testing, Engagement in Care, and ART Adherence Among Cisgender Men and Transgender Women upon Entry into Jail.

Life chaos, the perceived inability to plan for and anticipate the future, may be a barrier to the HIV care continuum for people living with HIV who experience incarceration. Between December 2012 and June 2015, we interviewed 356 adult cisgender men and transgender women living with HIV in Los Angeles County Jail. We assessed life chaos using the Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale (CHAOS) and conducted regression analyses to estimate the association between life chaos and care continuum. Forty-eight percent were diagnosed with HIV while incarcerated, 14% were engaged in care 12 months prior to incarceration, mean antiretroviral adherence was 65%, and 68% were virologically suppressed. Adjusting for sociodemographics, HIV-related stigma, and social support, higher life chaos was associated with greater likelihood of diagnosis while incarcerated, lower likelihood of engagement in care, and lower adherence. There was no statistically significant association between life chaos and virologic suppression. Identifying life chaos in criminal-justice involved populations and intervening on it may improve continuum outcomes.

Development and Validation of the Personalized Sexual Health Promotion (SexPro) HIV Risk Prediction Model for Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States.

Accurate HIV risk assessment among men who have sex with men (MSM) is important to help providers assess risk, and target HIV prevention interventions. We sought to develop an evidence-based HIV risk assessment tool for US MSM that is inclusive of Black MSM. Data from four large longitudinal cohorts of MSM were used to develop (EXPLORE), and validate (VAX004, HPTN061, and HVTN505). These data included visits in which participants self-reported HIV risk behavior and underwent HIV testing. We developed a pooled logistic model for incident HIV infection based on self-reported risk behaviors during the 6 months before each study visit. A total of 4069 MSM were used for the development cohort, and 8047 MSM in the three validation cohorts through 2013. The final model includes age (< 35, ≥ 35); Black race and Latino ethnicity; numbers of HIV-negative anal sex partners; number of insertive or receptive anal intercourse episodes; having 1 HIV-negative partner only; self-reported substance use; and bacterial sexually transmitted infection diagnosis. The model showed good discrimination in internal validation (C-statistic = 79.5). The external validation cohorts also showed good discrimination, with C-statistics of 73.1, 71.0, 71.9 in VAX004, HPTN061, and HVTN505 respectively, and acceptable calibration. We developed and validated an HIV risk assessment tool for MSM, which showed good predictive ability, including among the largest cohort of HIV-uninfected Black MSM in the US. This tool is available online (mysexpro.org) and can be used by providers to support targeting of HIV prevention interventions such as pre-exposure prophylaxis for MSM.

Geographic Mobility, Place Attachment, and the Changing Geography of Sex among African American and Latinx MSM Who Use Substances in Los Angeles.

The places that people go and interact with others, along with the characteristics of those places, determine degrees of sexual health risk and concomitant prevention opportunities for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM). The objective of this paper is to use syndemic theory to guide analyses of 20 in-depth interviews with African American and Hispanic/Latinx MSM living in Los Angeles. We describe the places in which African American and Latinx MSM interviewees live and socialize, and how these places influence sexual behavior, drug use, and access to health care. We find common spatial patterns in mobility, incongruence in residential and sexual places, and differing geographic patterns of sex by men who use geo-social hook-up apps. Significant instability in home life and varying forms of mobility and risk-taking were a response to cumulative disadvantage and intersecting structural forces including poverty, racism, and homophobia. Our results strongly suggest that geographic mobility is a syndemic factor for HIV risk among MSM in Los Angeles, as mobility amplified negative impacts of other syndemic factors. Innovative place-interventions to reduce HIV incidence and disparities in HIV need to acknowledge the synergistic factors that drive higher HIV incidence among AA and Latinx MSM.

Disclosure of HIV Status and HIV Sexual Transmission Behaviors among HIV-Positive Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in the BROTHERS (HPTN 061) Study.

We assessed whether disclosure of HIV status is significantly associated with reported HIV sexual risk behaviors among HIV positive Black/African American men who have sex with men (MSM) (Black MSM) in six cities in the USA. Participants from the BROTHERS (HIV Prevention Trials Network [HPTN 061]) study focused on assessing the feasibility and acceptability of a multifaceted HIV prevention intervention to reduce HIV infections among Black MSM enrolled between July 2009 and October 2010. All participants completed a behavioral assessment using an audio computer-assisted self-interview that included questions about HIV status disclosure, HIV sexual risk behaviors, and other behaviors. Biological samples were also collected. This analysis focused on baseline data of HIV-positive Black MSM in the HPTN 061 study. Of the 143 HIV-positive Black MSM (majority ≥ 35 years of age) included in this analysis, 58% reported disclosing their HIV status to their last male anal sex partner. Forty-three percent and 42% reported condomless insertive and receptive anal intercourse respectively with their last male partner; whereas, 17% and 18% of the sample engaged in condomless insertive and receptive anal intercourse with a serodiscordant/unknown status partner, respectively. In multivariable logistic regression models, there was no statistically significant association between HIV status disclosure and condomless insertive anal intercourse (aOR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.11, 1.08; p = 0.30), condomless receptive anal intercourse (aOR = 2.48, 95% CI 0.94, 6.52; p = 0.20), or condomless receptive anal intercourse with a serodiscordant/unknown status partner (aOR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.20, 1.49; p = 0.45). However, HIV status disclosure was significantly associated with lower odds of reporting condomless insertive anal intercourse with a serodiscordant/unknown status partner (aOR = 0.19, 95% CI 0.06, 0.68; p ≤ 0.01). Among this multi-city sample of HIV-positive Black MSM, disclosure of HIV status was common and associated with lower HIV sexual risk behaviors. These findings should motivate and guide research to develop prevention messages to increase HIV status disclosures.

Incidence and Correlates of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Black Men Who Have Sex With Men Participating in the HIV Prevention Trials Network 073 Preexposure Prophylaxis Study.

BACKGROUND: The HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) Study 073 (HPTN 073) assessed the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for black men who have sex with men (BMSM). The purpose of this analysis was to characterize the relationship between PrEP uptake and use and incident sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among participants enrolled in HPTN 073. METHODS: A total of 226 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected BMSM were enrolled in 3 US cities; all participants received client-centered care coordination (C4) and were offered daily oral PrEP. Participants were followed for 12 months with STI testing (rectal and urine nucleic acid amplification test for gonorrhea and chlamydia, rapid plasma reagin for syphilis) conducted at baseline, week 26, and week 52. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between STI incidence and PrEP uptake. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate associations between age, PrEP acceptance, sexual behaviors, and incident STIs. RESULTS: Baseline STI prevalence was 14.2%. Men aged <25 years were more likely to have a baseline STI (25.3% vs 6.7%; odds ratio [OR], 4.39; 95% confidence interval [CI:, 1.91, 10.11). Sixty participants (26.5%) acquired ≥1 STI during follow-up; the incidence rate was 34.2 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI, 27.4, 42.9). In adjusted analyses, baseline STI diagnosis (OR, 4.23; 95% CI, 1.82, 9.87; P < .001) and additional C4 time (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00, 1.06; P = .027) were associated with having an incident STI. STI incidence was not associated with PrEP acceptance or adherence. CONCLUSIONS: While we found higher rates of STIs in younger BMSM, overall rates of STI were lower than in prior PrEP trials, with no increase over time. BMSM with STIs at PrEP initiation may require additional interventions that target STI acquisition risk. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT01808352.

Interventions to Reduce Drug Use Among Methamphetamine Users at Risk for HIV.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This paper reports on the results of a study comparing two behavioral treatments for methamphetamine users. The outcome was the effectiveness of the interventions in reducing meth use. The interventions were contingency management (CM) and contingency management plus strengths-based case management (CM/SBCM). RECENT FINDINGS: CM/SBCM was found to be associated with attending more sessions for people who reported being in a couple. Also, participants who earned more money in the first part of the study were more likely to have more clean urinalysis in the second part of the study. Latent class analysis identified a class of participants who were in a couple, without sexual abuse history, and less meth use at baseline. This class tended to have more clean urinalysis in the CM/SBCM intervention. These results indicate that incentive-based interventions with case management may be useful for helping meth users reduce their drug use.

Where Is the Opioid Use Epidemic in Mexico? A Cautionary Tale for Policymakers South of the US-Mexico Border.

In North America, opioid use and its harms have increased in the United States and Canada over the past 2 decades. However, Mexico has yet to document patterns suggesting a higher level of opioid use or attendant harms.Historically, Mexico has been a country with low-level use of opioids, although heroin use has been documented. Low-level opioid use is likely attributable to structural, cultural, and individual factors. However, a range of dynamic factors may be converging to increase the use of opioids: legislative changes to opioid prescribing, national health insurance coverage of opioids, pressure from the pharmaceutical industry, changing demographics and disease burden, forced migration and its trauma, and an increase in the production and trafficking of heroin. In addition, harm-reduction services are scarce.Mexico may transition from a country of low opioid use to high opioid use but has the opportunity to respond effectively through a combination of targeted public health surveillance of high-risk groups, preparation of appropriate infrastructure to support evidence-based treatment, and interventions and policies to avoid a widespread opioid use epidemic.