A finger photoplethysmography waveform during the valsalva maneuver detects changes in left heart filling pressure after hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: A noninvasive system for determining left ventricular (LV) filling pressure may help to improve personalized fluid removal goals in hemodialysis patients. We previously showed that the change in photoplethysmography (PPG) pulse amplitude measured by finger PPG during a Valsalva maneuver correlates with invasively measured left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). This key PPG change, the ratio of finger PPG pulse amplitude at end-Valsalva to baseline, is known as the Pulse Amplitude Ratio, PAR. The objective of this study was to determine how PAR changes after fluid removal in hemodialysis. METHODS: We tested subjects with end-stage renal disease, before and after hemodialysis. Each subject performed a Valsalva maneuver with an effort of 20 mmHg for 10 s, guided by the device display. Finger PPG was recorded continuously before and during the maneuver. PAR was calculated automatically. RESULTS: Twenty-seven subjects (21 Males) ages 25-75 years were tested. Access sites were AV-fistulas of the arm predominantly. Weight decreased from 99.7 ± 36.9 kg to 97.0 ± 6.0 kg (p < 0.0003) with an average fluid removal of 3.07 ± 1.08 l. Correspondingly, PAR decreased from 0.74 ± 0.24 to 0.62 ± 0.23 (p = 0.003). The change in PAR was correlated with baseline PAR (r = 0.48, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: An index of left heart filling pressure obtained noninvasively using finger photoplethysmography during the Valsalva maneuver is sensitive enough to detect reductions in filling pressure after fluid removal with hemodialysis. Further studies are warranted to determine if this method can be used to guide fluid removal during hemodialysis.

Dietary intake of advanced glycation end products did not affect endothelial function and inflammation in healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial.

When food is heated to high temperatures, the characteristic "browning" generates advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other adverse outcomes. Whether dietary AGEs are absorbed and are harmful to human health remains highly controversial. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of a diet high or low in AGEs on endothelial function, circulating AGEs, inflammatory mediators, and circulating receptors for AGEs in healthy adults. A randomized, parallel-arm, controlled dietary intervention was conducted for 6 wk with 24 healthy adults, aged 50-69 y, that compared isocaloric, food-equivalent diets that were prepared at either high or mild temperatures. Peripheral arterial tonometry, serum and urine carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, vascular adhesion molecule-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α receptors I and II), soluble receptor for AGEs, and endogenous secretory receptor for AGEs were measured at baseline and after 6 wk of dietary intervention. In the low-AGE diet group, the following changed from baseline to 6 wk (mean ± SE): serum CML from 763 ± 24 to 679 ± 29 ng/mL (P = 0.03) and urine CML from 1.37 ± 1.47 to 0.77 ± 2.01 µg/mL creatinine (P = 0.02). There were no significant changes in serum and urinary CML concentrations from baseline to follow-up in the high-AGE diet group. A high- or low-AGE diet had no significant impact on peripheral arterial tonometry or any inflammatory mediators after 6 wk of dietary intervention. In healthy middle-aged to older adults, consumption of a diet high or low in AGEs for 6 wk had no impact on endothelial function and inflammatory mediators, 2 precursors of cardiovascular disease.

The effect of intermittent pneumatic compression of legs on the levels of nitric oxide related species in blood and on arterial function in the arm.

BACKGROUND: Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) of legs exerts beneficial local vascular effects, possibly through local release of nitric oxide (NO). However, studies demonstrating systemic transport of nitrogen oxide species and release of NO prompt the question of whether IPC could also exert nonlocal effects. We tested whether IPC (1) affects systemic levels of nitrite, S-nitrosothiols and red blood cell (RBC) NO, and (2) exerts vasoactive effects in the brachial artery (BA), although this hypothesis-generating pilot study did not investigate cause and effect relationship between (1) and (2). METHODS: In 10 healthy subjects, ages 24-39 years, we measured plasma nitrite, plasma S-nitrosothiols and RBC-NO from venous blood samples drawn before and after IPC treatment. We also measured BA responses to 5 min of upper arm occlusion at rest and during 1 h of leg IPC. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in plasma nitrite (112±26 nM to 90±15 nM, p=0.0008) and RBC-NO (129±72 nM to 102±41 nM, p=0.02). Plasma S-nitrosothiols were unchanged (5.79±4.81 nM to 6.27±5.79 nM, p=0.3). BA occlusion-mediated constriction (OMC) was significantly attenuated with IPC treatment (-43±13% to -33±12%, p=0.003). High-flow mediated BA dilation was unchanged (13.3±9.4% to 11.5±7.2%, p=0.2). CONCLUSION: Plasma nitrite, RBC-NO, and BA OMC decreased with leg IPC. We hypothesize that this decrease in circulatory pool of plasma nitrite and RBC-NO may result from the transfer of their NO-bioactivity from blood to the hypoxic arm tissue, to be stored and released under hypoxic stress and oppose OMC. Future studies should investigate whether IPC-induced decreases in brachial OMC are caused by the changes in systemic NO activity, and whether leg IPC could benefit distant arterial function in systemic cardiovascular disease.

Noninvasive Point of Care Device for Assessing Cardiac Response to Acute Volume Changes.

Purpose: The change in the amplitude of a peripheral pulse in response to a Valsalva maneuver has diagnostic utility for assessing volume status at the bedside. We have developed a device to automatically quantify the Valsalva pulse response (VPR) to a standardized Valsalva maneuver that the device guides a user to perform. In this study, we sought to determine whether VPR by the device, Indicor, is sensitive enough to detect the acute increase in central pressure and volume load that occurs with a passive leg raise (PLR) in healthy volunteers. Methods: Healthy volunteers were tested semirecumbently at 45 degrees, then again after being leaned back on a pivoted wedge with legs raised at 45 degrees and torso and head flat, and then again in the semirecumbent position. The device recorded a finger photoplethysmography (PPG) signal during a 10-second expiratory effort of 20 mmHg as guided by the device. VPR was automatically calculated as the ratio of the end-Valsalva pulse amplitude to the baseline pulse amplitude. Results: In the 30 participants who completed testing, VPR increased from baseline to PLR in every participant, from 0.34 ± 0.13 to 0.60 ± 0.14 (p < 0.0001). Back upright, VPR decreased back to 0.33 ± 0.10 (p < 0.0001 versus PLR; NS versus baseline position). Conclusion: In this proof-of-concept study of healthy participants, the Indicor device, a noninvasive, convenient device that automatically calculates VPR from a finger photoplethysmography signal during a standardized Valsalva maneuver, was sensitive enough to detect the increase in VPR that occurred with an acute central volume load from a PLR. Future studies should examine whether VPR responds differently to a PLR in heart failure patients with abnormal cardiac performance and/or congestion.

Finger photoplethysmography during the Valsalva maneuver reflects left ventricular filling pressure.

It is often challenging to assess cardiac filling pressure clinically. An improved system for detecting or ruling out elevated cardiac filling pressure may help reduce hospitalizations for heart failure. The blood pressure response to the Valsalva maneuver reflects left heart filling pressure, but its underuse clinically may be due in part to lack of continuous blood pressure recording along with lack of standardization of expiratory effort. In this study, we tested whether Valsalva-induced changes in the pulse amplitude of finger photoplethysmography (PPG), a technology already widely available in medical settings, correlate with invasively measured left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). We tested 33 subjects before clinically scheduled cardiac catheterizations. A finger photoplethysmography waveform was recorded during a Valsalva effort of 20 mmHg expiratory pressure sustained for 10 s, an effort most patients can achieve. Pulse amplitude ratio (PAR) was calculated as the PPG waveform amplitude just before release of expiratory effort divided by the waveform amplitude at baseline. PAR was well correlated with LVEDP (r = 0.68; P < 0.0001). For identifying LVEDP > 15 mmHG, PAR > 0.4 was 85% sensitive [95% confidence interval (95CI): 54-97%] and 80% specific (95CI: 56-93%). In conclusion, finger PPG, a technology already ubiquitous in medical centers, may be useful for assessing clinically meaningful categories of left heart filling pressure, using simple analysis of the waveform after a Valsalva maneuver effort that most patients can achieve.

Effect of exercise on blood pressure in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Increased blood pressure (BP) in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) markedly increases cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality risk compared to having increased BP alone. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether exercise reduces suboptimal levels of untreated suboptimal BP or treated hypertension. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized controlled trial for 6 months. SETTING: Single center in Baltimore, MD, USA. PATIENTS: 140 participants with T2DM not requiring insulin and untreated SBP of 120-159 or DBP of 85-99 mmHg, or, if being treated for hypertension, any SBP <159 mmHg or DBP<99 mmHg; 114 completed the study. INTERVENTION: Supervised exercise, 3 times per week for 6 months compared with general advice about physical activity. MEASUREMENTS: Resting SBP and DBP (primary outcome); diabetes status, arterial stiffness assessed as carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (PWV), body composition and fitness (secondary outcomes). RESULTS: Overall baseline BP was 126.8 ± 13.5 / 71.7 ± 9.0 mmHg, with no group differences. At 6 months, BP was unchanged from baseline in either group, BP 125.8 ± 13.2 / 70.7 ± 8.8 mmHg in controls; and 126.0 ± 14.2 / 70.3 ± 9.0 mmHg in exercisers, despite attaining a training effects as evidenced by increased aerobic and strength fitness and lean mass and reduced fat mass (all p<0.05), Overall baseline PWV was 959.9 ± 333.1 cm/s, with no group difference. At 6-months, PWV did not change and was not different between group; exercisers, 923.7 ± 319.8 cm/s, 905.5 ± 344.7, controls. LIMITATIONS: A completion rate of 81 %. CONCLUSIONS: Though exercisers improve fitness and body composition, there were no reductions in BP. The lack of change in arterial stiffness suggests a resistance to exercise-induced BP reduction in persons with T2DM.

A novel operator-independent noninvasive device for assessing arterial reactivity.

Background: Endothelial dysfunction is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Currently available noninvasive methods of measuring endothelial function have limitations. We tested a novel device that provides an automated measurement of the difference between baseline and post-ischemic, hyperemia-induced, brachial arterial compliance, a phenomenon known to be endothelium-dependent. The association between the calculated index, Flow-mediated Compliance Response (FCR), and established CVD risk indices was determined. Methods: Adults with CVD risk factors or known coronary artery disease (CAD) were enrolled. Framingham Risk Score (FRS) was calculated and presence of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) was assessed. Carotid artery plaques were identified by ultrasound. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by 6-minute walk test (6MWT). FCR was measured using the device. Results: Among 135 participants, mean age 49.3 +/- 17.9 years, characteristics included: 48% female, 7% smokers, 7% CAD, 10% type 2 diabetes, 34% MetSyn, and 38% with carotid plaque. Those with MetSyn had 24% lower FCR than those without (p < 0.001). Lower FCR was associated with higher FRS percentile (r = -0.29, p < 0.001), more MetSyn factors (r = -0.30, p < 0.001), more carotid plaques (r = -0.22, p = 0.01), and lower 6MWT (r = 0.34, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: FCR, an index of arterial reactivity obtained automatically using a novel, operator-independent device, was inversely associated with established CVD risk indices, increased number of carotid plaques, and lower cardiorespiratory fitness. Whether measuring FCR could play a role in screening for CVD risk and assessing whether endothelial function changes in response to treatments aimed at CVD risk reduction, warrants further study.

Coronavirus disease-19: The multi-level, multi-faceted vasculopathy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a systemic disease. Mounting evidence depict signs and symptoms involving multiple organs, most of which supported by pathological data. A plausible link to these manifestations is vascular and endothelial dysfunction/damage. However, much of the current knowledge relies on opinion and incipient evidence. We aim to objectively appraise current evidence on the association between COVID-19 and vascular disease, specifically endotheliitis and vasculitis. METHODS: Two researchers independently entered the search terms COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 AND vasculitis, endotheliitis OR endothelium in the following online platforms: MedRxiv and LitCovid (PubMed). The search period was set from November 1, 2019 to August 28, 2020. Manuscripts with unavailable full texts, not in English, mainly on pre-clinical data, presenting only study designs or not directly related to the topics of this review were excluded. Retrospective and prospective studies, especially longitudinal ones, were given priority to the purpose of this review. Since there was paucity of prospective controlled evidence, case reports/series were also considered. RESULTS: A total of 318 manuscripts were initially found. Sixty-seven (21%) were excluded: 59 (18.5%) met exclusion criteria and 8 (2.5%) were duplicates. One hundred and forty-two manuscripts (44,6%) did not provide original data and were also excluded: 35 (11%) were comments, 108 (33.9%) reviews; 1 (0.3%) position paper. One hundred and seven (33.6%) studies were considered for the present scoping review: 81 (25,5%) case reports/series; 18 (5.7%) prospective; 8 (2.5%) retrospective. Viral inclusions in endothelial cells, mononuclear cell infiltrates in the intima of small vessels and markers of endothelial cell apoptosis were demonstrated. Specificities of COVID-19 may lead to diverse vascular manifestations in different levels of the vascular bed. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence indicates that COVID-19 targets vasculature and endothelium. However, high quality data is still lacking and studies with prospective designs and appropriately matched controls are needed.

Quantifying changes in size of arrhythmic photoplethysmography waveforms during a Valsalva maneuver for assessing cardiac filling pressure.

OBJECTIVE: We previously showed that the change in amplitude of a finger photoplethysmography waveform during the Valsalva maneuver reflects cardiac filling pressure. However, the automated determination of peaks and valleys to calculate amplitude is limited in significant arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and premature ventricular complexes, which are common in heart failure. The purpose of this study was to assess the change in size of the waveform by calculating the change in root mean square (RMS) of the signal, thereby utilizing the entire cardiac cycle, and to compare it to change in size of peak-to-valley amplitude. APPROACH: We compared the two approaches in signals obtained from participants of a prior study who were tested prior to a clinically indicated cardiac catheterization. Correlation between the two methods was assessed in cases without, and then with, significant arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation or premature ventricular complexes. MAIN RESULTS: Calculations from the two methods of peak-valley amplitude and RMS were highly correlated with each other in signals without (0.99, p < 0.0001, n = 252) and with significant arrhythmias (0.90, p < 0.0001, n = 34). SIGNIFICANCE: RMS analysis of photoplethysmography signal size during the Valsalva maneuver is highly correlated with the method of analyzing changes in peak-valley amplitude, but does not rely on identifying peaks and valleys. The RMS method may be a more robust automated method of assessing cardiac filling pressure in patients with significant arrhythmias.

Usefulness of Noninvasively Measured Pulse Amplitude Changes During the Valsalva Maneuver to Identify Hospitalized Heart Failure Patients at Risk of 30-Day Heart Failure Events (from the PRESSURE-HF Study).

The pulse amplitude ratio (PAR), the ratio of pulse pressure at the end of the Valsalva maneuver to before the onset, correlates with cardiac filling pressure. We have developed a handheld device that uses finger photoplethysmography to measure PAR and estimate left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Patients hospitalized with heart failure (HF) performed three 10-second trials of a standardized Valsalva maneuver (at 20 mm Hg measured via pressure transducer), while photoplethysmography waveforms were recorded, at admission and discharge. Combined primary outcome was 30-day HF hospitalization, intravenous diuresis, or death. Fifty-two subjects had discharge PAR testing; 12 met the primary outcome. Median PAR on admission was 0.55 (interquartile range: 0.40 to 0.70, n = 48) and on discharge was 0.50 (interquartile range: 0.36 to 0.69). Mean PAR-estimated LVEDP was significantly higher in subjects that had an event (20.2 vs 16.9 mm Hg, p = 0.043). Subjects with PAR-estimated LVEDP >19.5 mm Hg had an event rate hazard ratio of 4.57 (95% confidence interval 1.37, 15.19, p = 0.013) compared with patients with LVEDP 19.5 mm Hg or below, with significantly lower 30-day event-free survival (log-rank p = 0.006). In conclusion, noninvasively estimated LVEDP using the pulse amplitude response to a Valsalva maneuver in patients hospitalized for HF changes with diuresis and identifies patients at high risk for 30-day HF events. Detection of elevated filling pressures before hospital discharge may be useful in guiding HF management to reduce HF events.

Usefulness of Pulse Amplitude Changes During the Valsalva Maneuver Measured Using Finger Photoplethysmography to Identify Elevated Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure in Patients With Heart Failure.

The pulse amplitude ratio, the ratio of pulse pressure at the end of a Valsalva maneuver to before the onset of Valsalva, correlates with filling pressure. This study aimed to noninvasively estimate cardiac filling pressure in patients with heart failure. We developed a noninvasive handheld device to measure pulse amplitude ratio using finger photoplethysmography. In 69 patients who underwent right heart catheterization, photoplethysmography waveforms were recorded during a standardized Valsalva maneuver, and in 60 of these patients, pulse amplitude ratio was able to be calculated. Pulse amplitude ratio correlated with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) (r = 0.58, p <0.0001), particularly among those subjects with reduced ejection fraction (r = 0.60, p = 0.002, n = 25). A multivariable linear regression model for PCWP including pulse amplitude ratio, age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate yielded an R2 of 0.54. Difference in mean pulse amplitude ratio for subjects with a PCWP ≤15 mm Hg versus >15 mm Hg was statistically significant (p <0.0001, area under receiver operating characteristics curve 0.79 [0.66, 0.92]). Pulse amplitude ratio ≥0.55 predicted PCWP >15 mm Hg with 73% sensitivity and 77% specificity. Pulse amplitude ratio also increased by an average of 0.03 with a leg raise maneuver (p = 0.05, n = 36). In conclusion, we demonstrate that noninvasively measured response to the Valsalva maneuver in patients with HF can estimate PCWP and also detect changes within a single patient.

Usefulness of a Noninvasive Device to Identify Elevated Left Ventricular Filling Pressure Using Finger Photoplethysmography During a Valsalva Maneuver.

The high rate of re-hospitalization for heart failure might be reduced by improving noninvasive techniques for identifying elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressure. We previously showed that changes in a finger photoplethysmography (PPG) waveform during the Valsalva maneuver (VM) reflect invasively measured LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). We have since developed a hand-held device that analyzes PPG while guiding the expiratory effort of a VM. Here we assessed the sensitivity and specificity of this device for identifying elevated LVEDP in patients. We tested 82 participants (28 women), aged 40 to 85 years, before a clinically indicated left heart catheterization. Each performed a VM between 18 and 25 mm Hg for 10 seconds into a pressure transducer. PPG was recorded continuously before and during the VM. LVEDP was measured during the catheterization. An equation for calculating LVEDP was derived using (1) ratio of signal amplitudes: minimum during VM to average at baseline, (2) ratio of peak-to-peak time intervals: minimum during VM to average at baseline, and (3) mean blood pressure. Calculated and measured LVEDP were compared. The range of measured LVEDP was 4 to 35 mm Hg. Calculated LVEDP correlated with measured LVEDP (p <0.0001, r = 0.56). A calculated LVEDP >20 mm Hg had a 70% sensitivity and 86% specificity for identifying measured LVEDP >20 mm Hg (area under receiver-operating characteristic curve 0.83). In conclusion, a hand-held device for assessing LV filling pressure had high specificity and good sensitivity for identifying LVEDP >20 mm Hg, a clinically meaningful threshold in heart failure.

Peripheral endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilatation is associated with left ventricular mass in older persons with hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Increased left ventricular (LV) mass is associated with greater cardiovascular disease risk. Recent studies have also shown an association of increased LV mass with attenuated endothelium-dependent coronary flow reserve. Less is known about the association between LV mass and endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in peripheral arteries, a noninvasive measure of endothelial function. METHODS: Sixty-two subjects with untreated mild hypertension, aged 55 to 75 years and otherwise healthy, were examined. Resting blood pressure was obtained by the average of 4 to 5 visits, each at least 1 week apart. LV mass was determined from magnetic resonance imaging and was indexed by body surface area, height and height(2.7). Body composition was assessed with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. FMD was measured as the percent change of brachial artery diameter during reactive hyperemia by use of high-resolution ultrasound. RESULTS: Median LV mass index was 63 g/m2 (interquartile range, 58-73). In bivariate analysis, LV mass was correlated to lean body mass (r = 0.63, P <.001), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.35, P <.01), and FMD (r = -0.27, P <.05). In multivariate analysis, 44% of the variance in log-LV mass was explained by lean body mass. An additional 6% of the variance was explained by FMD (P <.05). For each 1% point decrease in FMD, LV mass increased by 1.1%. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the expected influences of body size, impairment of brachial artery FMD was independently related to LV mass in elderly subjects with mild hypertension who did not yet have LV hypertrophy. Whether mild hypertension is the common mechanism linking LV mass and endothelial function has yet to be determined.

Exaggerated exercise blood pressure is related to impaired endothelial vasodilator function.

BACKGROUND: Persons with high normal blood pressure (BP) or mild hypertension who also have an exaggerated BP response to exercise are at risk for worsening hypertension. The mechanisms that explain this relationship are unknown. We examined the relationships of endothelial vasodilator function and of aortic stiffness with exercise BP. METHODS: Subjects were 38 men and 44 women, aged 55 to 75 years, with untreated high normal BP or mild hypertension but otherwise healthy. Exercise was performed on a treadmill. Endothelial vasodilator function was assessed as brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) during reactive hyperemia. Aortic stiffness was measured as pulse wave velocity (PWV). RESULTS: Among men, resting systolic BP explained 34% of the variance (P < .01) in maximal exercise systolic BP and FMD explained an additional 11% (P < .01); resting systolic BP explained 23% of the variance in maximal pulse pressure (PP) (P < .01), and FMD explained an additional 10% (P < .01). Among women, resting systolic BP was the only independent correlate of maximal systolic BP (R2 = 0.12, P < .03) and FMD correlated negatively with maximal PP (R2 = 0.12, P < .03). Among men, FMD was the only independent correlate of the difference between resting and maximal systolic BP (R2 = 0.20, P < .02). The FMD was the only independent correlate of the difference between resting and maximal PP among men (R2 = 0.17, P < .03) and among women (R2 = 0.12, P < .03). The PWV did not correlate with exercise BP responses. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that impaired endothelial vasodilator function may be a mechanism contributing to exercise hypertension and may also be one link between exaggerated exercise BP and worsening hypertension.

Findlay Implantable Two-Stage Centrifugal Pump.

The Findlay centrifugal pump is unique in its two-stage pumping mechanisms and in its complementary interrelationship of the stages to each other and to the exit system, and it forms an extremely efficient unit. The first stage is a lift force pump as an inlet. The second and major stage is a shear force pump. Twenty-six prototypes, many multiply modified, have been hand fabricated, and most have had classic pump function analyses. Six pumps have demonstrated minimal hemolysis (3.5-5 h). At modest rotation speeds, it pumps water up to 10 L/min. Forty-four acute studies in normal dogs have been performed with the Findlay pump in a ventricular assist system. Blood flows through the pump ranged from 1.2 to 4.5 L/min. The conclusion is that the Findlay pump has the ability to operate with low blood damage, performs at acceptable rotational speed with reasonable hydraulic and mechanical efficiency, and is small and implantable.

Effect of exercise on abdominal fat loss in men and women with and without type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of exercise on abdominal adipose tissue in adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). DESIGN: Post hoc analysis of two randomised controlled trials. SETTING: Outpatient secondary prevention programme in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. PARTICIPANTS: 97 men and women with prehypertension, stage 1 or medically controlled hypertension. 49% of the sample was also diagnosed with T2DM. INTERVENTION: All participants completed a 26-week (6.5 months) supervised aerobic and resistance exercise programme following American College of Sports Medicine guidelines. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcomes in this post hoc analysis were total abdominal adipose tissue (TAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) measured by MRI. Secondary outcomes were to determine whether the magnitude of abdominal fat change differed by diabetes status in men and women and to identify the predictors of change in abdominal fat distribution with exercise. RESULTS: Overall, participants (mean age 61±6 years; 45% women) significantly improved peak oxygen uptake by 15% (p<0.01) and reduced weight by 2% (p<0.01). No change in SAT was observed after training. The reduction in VAT following exercise was attenuated in participants with T2DM (-3%) compared with participants who were non-T2DM (-18%, p<0.001 for the difference in change). The magnitude of VAT loss was associated with a decrease in body weight (r=0.50, p<0.001). After adjustment for weight change using regression analysis, diabetes status remained an independent predictor of the change in VAT. CONCLUSIONS: Although participants with and without T2DM attained an exercise training effect as evidenced by increased fitness, VAT was unchanged in T2DM compared to those without T2DM, suggesting that these individuals may be resistant to this important benefit of exercise. The strategies for reducing cardiovascular disease risk in T2DM may be most effective when they include a weight loss component. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov Registry NCT00212303.

Arterial reactivity in lower extremities is progressively reduced as cardiovascular risk factors increase: comparison with upper extremities using magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to investigate whether the association between established cardiovascular risk factors and arterial reactivity differs between the lower and upper extremities. BACKGROUND: Resistance artery reactivity in the arm is associated with cardiovascular risk factors, coronary disease, and events. However, the relationship of lower versus upper extremity vasoreactivity to increasing cardiovascular risk factors has not been determined. METHODS: We studied 82 subjects in 3 groups: 33 young healthy (YH) (21 to 41 years), 30 older healthy (OH) (>50 years), and 19 older type 2 diabetic subjects (OD). We directly measured systolic shear rate, flow, and radius in brachial and femoral arteries at rest and during post-occlusion hyperemia using magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Brachial and femoral systolic shear rate, flow, and radius were similar among the groups at rest. Brachial hyperemic shear rate and hyperemic flow normalized as a function of baseline radius were not statistically different when YH were compared with OH and OH with OD. In contrast, femoral hyperemic shear rate and hyperemic flow normalized to baseline radius were lower in OH than YH (680 +/- 236 s(-1) vs. 843 +/- 157 s(-1), p = 0.001, and 0.84 +/- 0.25 mm(1.27)/s vs. 1.01 +/- 0.16 mm(1.27)/s, p = 0.001) and lower in OD than OH (549 +/- 183 s(-1), p = 0.02, and 0.74 +/- 0.19 mm(1.27)/s, p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: Persons with increasing cardiovascular risk factor burden had progressively reduced arterial reactivity in lower but not upper extremities. This may help to explain why atherosclerosis usually develops more severely in legs than in arms, and suggests that legs may be more sensitive than arms for assessing early global atherosclerotic risk.

A rapid hemodynamic monitor of acute ischemia during cardiac procedures: changes in relaxation via a continuous left ventricular pressure-derivative loop.

BACKGROUND: Procedures that induce ischemic pre-conditioning during cardiac surgery will require a rapidly visualized hemodynamic monitor of acute ischemia. This study investigated the utility of a continuous loop tracing of left ventricular pressure (LVP) plotted against its derivative (dP/dt) as a visual beat-to-beat monitor of acute changes in myocardial relaxation due to global ischemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 11 dogs, LVP, recorded via a micromanometer-tip catheter, was plotted against dP/dt as a continuous loop. The angle of the loop during relaxation is inversely related to tau, the time constant of isovolumic relaxation. The angle was measured before and during: infusion of dextran to increase pre-load, infusion of nitroprusside to reduce after-load, and a 30-s occlusion of the left main coronary artery to induce temporary global ischemia. RESULTS: The relaxation angle of the loop did not change with dextran or nitroprusside infusion. During left main occlusion, the angle increased from 57 +/- 7 degrees to 92 +/- 3 degrees (P < 0.001), reflecting markedly impaired relaxation. In five of nine cases, the angle became greater than 90 degrees, rendering the monoexponential model of pressure decay inapplicable. However, the beat-to-beat progression of the angle could easily be followed visually. CONCLUSIONS: The LVP-dP/dt loop is a readily visualized, continuous display of beat-to-beat changes in myocardial relaxation. It provides a dynamic and specific display of immediate changes in relaxation during global ischemia, even when the exponential model of pressure decay is not applicable. The loop may be useful for guiding procedures that induce ischemic pre-conditioning or post-conditioning during cardiac surgery.

A novel method for assessing arterial endothelial function using phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging: vasoconstriction during reduced shear.

We investigated whether endothelial-dependent arterial constriction during reduced shear can be measured using phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PCMRI). A cross-section of the femoral artery was acquired during a 5-minute distal occlusion in 33 subjects. Systolic shear rate and radius were measured from the velocity profile via a best-fit parabola. Systolic shear rate decreased immediately after cuff inflation (404 +/- 78 to 233 +/- 75 sec(-1) p < .0001). Radius decreased at 2 min into inflation (3.52 +/- .41 to 3.43 +/- .42 mm, p < .0001). In conclusion, arterial constriction during reduced flow can be measured using PCMRI. This new method may add important information toward a comprehensive evaluation of endothelial function.