RESUMO
Climate change has been one of the most discussed topics in the world. Global warming is characterized by an increase in global temperature, also in aquatic environments. The increased temperature can affect aquatic organisms with lethal and sublethal effects. Thus, it is necessary to understand how different species respond to temperature. This study aimed to evaluate how the Neotropical catfish species Rhamdia quelen responds to temperature increases. The fish were exposed to temperatures of 25 °C (control) and 30 °C after gradual temperature increase for 7 days. After 96 h in each temperature, the fish were anesthetized, blood was collected, and after euthanasia, brain, liver, posterior kidney, gills, muscle, and gonads were collected. The gonads were used for sexing, while other tissues were used for the hematological, biochemical, genotoxic, and histopathological biomarkers analysis. Hepatic proteomic analysis with a focus on energy production was also carried out. Blood parameter changes in both sexes, including an increase in glucose in males, leukopenia in females, and genotoxicity in both sexes. Hepatic proteins related to energy production were altered in both sexes, but mainly in males. Others biomarker alterations, such as histopathological, were not observed in other tissues; however, the antioxidant system was affected differently between sexes. These showed that R. quelen juveniles, at temperatures higher than its optimum temperature such as 30 °C, has several sublethal changes, such as hematological alterations, antioxidant system activation, and energetic metabolism alteration, especially in males. Thus, short-term temperature rise can affect females and males of R. quelen differently.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Masculino , Feminino , Animais , Peixes-Gato/fisiologia , Temperatura , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Biodiversidade , Proteômica , Eutanásia Animal , Fígado/metabolismoRESUMO
The Estuarine-Lagoon Complex of Iguape-Cananéia (ELCIC), a Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Brazil, was the focus of this study that aimed to relate external levels of exposure to contaminants to toxic effects on Gobioides broussonnetii fish. Different anthropogenic contaminants such as metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were analyzed in the sediments; and biochemical, histopathological and genotoxicity biomarkers evaluated in fish; in two different seasons at three sites of the estuarine region. Higher contamination of the sediments was observed near the main urban center (Iguape city - IG). Metal concentrations were considered low to moderate, while PAHs concentrations were considered low. The concentrations of PPCPs increased due to the anthropogenic presence and were higher near IG and the Cananéia Island (CI). Contributions from historical mining, agriculture, nautical activities, oil, sewage and waste disposal, biomass and fossil fuels combustion were identified. Higher concentrations of metals and PPCPs were observed during the cold-dry season, suggesting influences of the lower hydrodynamics during the season of lower precipitation. Higher PAHs concentrations occurred in the hot-rainy season, indicating influences of greater human presence in summer. In fish, biological responses followed the same spatial and seasonal pattern. More pronounced changes in antioxidant, biotransformation, histopathological and genotoxic biomarkers were observed in IG and CI. The multivariate analysis and the integrated biomarkers response index (IBR) also evidenced worse environmental conditions in these sites. This result can indicate a negative influence of anthropogenic activities on the contamination of sediments and on the biological responses of fish. This study presented the first ecotoxicological data for the species and suggested that these chronic exposures can cause adverse effects on this fish population. The data contribute to the understanding of local environmental quality and can be applied in the future to the environmental and social management of marine protected areas.
Assuntos
Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Brasil , Cidades , Monitoramento Ambiental , Sedimentos Geológicos , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
Eutrophication is an ecological process that results in cyanobacterial blooms. Microcystin-LR is the most toxic variant of microcystins and may cause toxic effects in the organisms, mainly in hepatic tissues. The aims of this study were to use multiple biomarkers in order to evaluate the sublethal effects of a low concentration of MC-LR (1⯵g/L) in fish Geophagus brasiliensis by waterborne exposure; and evaluate the depuration of this toxin during 15 days. A group of 30 fish was exposed to 1⯵g/L of MC-LR solution for 96â¯h in a static bioassay. After this time, blood, brain, muscle, liver, gonad and gills were collected from half of the exposed fish group in order to evaluate chemical, biochemical, histological and genotoxic biomarkers. The rest of the fish group was submitted to the depuration experiment with free MC-LR water for 15 days. After this time the same tissues were collected and evaluated using biomarkers analysis. Toxic effects were found mostly in the fish liver from depuration time as alterations on the antioxidant system and histopathologies. The results showed that even low concentrations can cause sublethal effects to aquatic organisms, and cyanotoxins monitoring and regulation tools are required.
Assuntos
Ciclídeos/metabolismo , Microcistinas/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Ciclídeos/sangue , Ciclídeos/genética , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Eutrofização , Brânquias/efeitos dos fármacos , Brânquias/metabolismo , Gônadas/efeitos dos fármacos , Gônadas/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Toxinas Marinhas , Taxa de Depuração Metabólica , Microcistinas/metabolismo , Especificidade de Órgãos , Alimentos Marinhos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismoRESUMO
The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are amongst the most commonly detected classes of pharmaceuticals in freshwater environments, with paracetamol being the most abundant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible toxic effects of environmentally relevant concentrations (0.25, 2.5 and 25⯵g.L-1) of paracetamol in Rhamdia quelen fish exposed for 14 days using different biomarkers. The total count of leukocytes and thrombocytes was reduced at the highest concentration. In the gills, all concentrations of paracetamol reduced the glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and the reduced glutathione (GSH) levels compared to the control group. The activity of catalase (CAT) was not altered and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity increased at the highest concentrations. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased at 25⯵g.L-1 and the LPO levels increased at 2.5⯵g.L-1 when compared to the control group. The concentration of ROS was not different among the groups. In the posterior kidney the activities of GST (2.5⯵g.L-1), CAT (2.5⯵g.L-1 and at 25⯵g. L-1) and GPx and GSH levels increased at all concentrations when compared to the control group. The SOD activity and LPO levels did not change. Paracetamol caused genotoxicity in the blood and gills at concentrations of 2.5⯵g.L-1 and in the posterior kidney at 2.5 and 25⯵g.L-1. An osmoregulatory imbalance in plasma ions and a reduction in the carbonic anhydrase activity in the gills at 0.25⯵g.L-1 were observed. Histopathological alterations occurred in the gills of fish exposed to 25⯵g.L-1 and in the posterior kidney at 0.25 and 25⯵g.L-1 of paracetamol. The integrated biomarker index showed that the stress caused by the concentration of 25⯵g.L-1 was the highest one. These results demonstrated toxic effects of paracetamol on the gills and posterior kidneys of fish, compromising their physiological functions and evidencing the need for monitoring the residues of pharmaceuticals released into aquatic environment.
Assuntos
Acetaminofen/toxicidade , Peixes-Gato/fisiologia , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Catalase , Dano ao DNA , Brânquias/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa/farmacologia , Glutationa Peroxidase , Glutationa TransferaseRESUMO
Carbon Nanotubes are among the most promising materials for the technology industry. Their unique physical and chemical proprieties may reduce the production costs and improve the efficiency of a large range of products. However, the same characteristics that have made nanomaterials interesting for industry may be responsible for inducing toxic effects on the aquatic organisms. Since the carbon nanotubes toxicity is still a controversial issue, we performed tests of acute and subchronic exposure to a commercial sample of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in two fish species, an exotic model (Danio rerio) and a native one (Astyanax altiparanae). Using the alkaline version of the comet assay on erythrocytes and the piscine micronucleous, also performed on erythrocytes, it was verified that the tested carbon nanotubes sample did not generate apparent genotoxicity by means of single/double DNA strand break or clastogenic/aneugenic effects over any of the species, independently of the exposure period. Although, our findings indicate the possibility of the occurrence of CNTs-DNA crosslinks. Apparently, the sample tested induces oxidative stress after subchronic exposure as shown by activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. The data obtained by the activity levels of acetylcholinesterase suggests acute neurotoxicity in Astyanax altiparanae and subchronic neurotoxicity in Danio rerio.
Assuntos
Characidae/metabolismo , Dano ao DNA , Nanotubos de Carbono/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Characidae/genética , Ensaio Cometa , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Especificidade da Espécie , Testes de Toxicidade Aguda , Testes de Toxicidade Subcrônica , Peixe-Zebra/genéticaRESUMO
The presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment and its impact on humans and the ecosystem are emerging issues in environmental health. This study evaluated the potential biochemical, genetic and reproductive effects of the diclofenac by waterborne exposure, in a semi-static bioassay for 21 days. The fish Rhamdia quelen were exposed to environmental concentrations of diclofenac (0, 0.2, 2 and 20µg/L). The results showed that in the liver, diclofenac reduced the catalase and ethoxyresorufin- O- deethylase activities in fish exposed to 2µg/L, and superoxide dismutase in all exposed groups. The levels of reduced glutathione and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity increased at all tested concentrations. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was reduced in the groups exposed to 0.2 and 20µg/L of diclofenac, but there was no protein oxidation. In the testis, the concentration of 0.2µg/L caused major changes as inhibition of SOD, glutathione peroxidase and GST activities and also LPO decrease. Diclofenac was not genotoxic and not altered plasma testosterone and estradiol levels and testicular morphology. In brain, there was a reduction of dopamine and its metabolite DOPAC (3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) in exposure to diclofenac, but this not disrupted the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/toxicidade , Peixes-Gato/metabolismo , Diclofenaco/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Ácido 3,4-Di-Hidroxifenilacético/metabolismo , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Catalase/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/metabolismo , Dano ao DNA , Dopamina/metabolismo , Estradiol/sangue , Água Doce , Glutationa/metabolismo , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/enzimologia , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/metabolismo , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
Juveniles Rhamdia quelen fish species were exposed to diclofenac for 96 h at concentrations of 0.2, 2, and 20 µg/L. Biochemical, genetic, and hematological biomarkers were assessed in the liver, kidney, and blood in order to evaluate the toxic effects. No oxidative stress was observed in liver. In kidney the superoxide dismutase activity increased in all concentrations, suggesting an alteration in the hydrogen peroxide production, but DNA damage and lipid peroxidation were not detected. Diclofenac exposure increased the red blood cells number at concentrations of 0.2 and 2 µg/L, and monocytes and neutrophils at 2 and 20 µg/L, respectively. These results suggest that acute exposure to diclofenac, even at low concentrations, caused hematologic and renal enzymatic alterations in R. quelen.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato/sangue , Diclofenaco/toxicidade , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Aquicultura , Biomarcadores/sangue , Dano ao DNA , Rim/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Alimentos Marinhos , Testes de Toxicidade AgudaRESUMO
Steroidal and non-steroidalanti-inflammatories are pharmaceutical prescribed in human medicine and have the potential to contaminate water and sediments via inputs from sewage treatment plants. Their impacts on humans and ecosystems are emerging issues in environmental health. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of diclofenac and dexamethasone in male fish Hoplias malabaricus after trophic exposure. Fish were fed twice every week with Astyanax sp. submitted to intraperitoneal inoculation with diclofenac (0; 0.2; 2.0 or 20.0 µg/kg) or dexamethasone (0; 0.03; 0.3 or 3.0 µg/kg). After 12 doses, blood was collected for testosterone dosage. The gonad and liver were collected to calculate gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI). Antioxidants enzymes activity and biotransformation were also evaluated in liver and gonads. In liver, diclofenac caused oxidative stress with increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and lipoperoxidation (LPO). The GST activity was reduced by diclofenac in liver. Trophic exposure of H. malabaricus to dexamethasone caused an increase in antioxidant system (GPx, CAT, GST, and GSH) and LPO in liver. However, it reduced antioxidant system (GPX and GST activities and GSH) in gonads. Both diclofenac and dexamethasone reduced the levels of testosterone, causing impairment to reproduction. Diclofenac reduced HSI at the 0.2 µg/kg, but not GSI. Our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac and dexamethasone caused oxidative stress and reduced testosterone levels that can have a negative impact in aquatic organisms.
Assuntos
Caraciformes , Dexametasona/toxicidade , Diclofenaco/toxicidade , Água Doce/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Caraciformes/sangue , Caraciformes/metabolismo , Dexametasona/análise , Diclofenaco/análise , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Brânquias/efeitos dos fármacos , Brânquias/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Testosterona/sangue , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
This study aimed to monitor an aquatic ecosystem during two different periods (dry and rainy season) on a protected area located inside a sugarcane farm, using the fish Astyanax sp. as bioindicator. An integrated approach was adopted by combining the responses of well-known biomarkers: acetylcholinesterase, lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), micronucleus test, and liver histopathology. The activity of enzymes CAT and GST was increased after the rainy season. This can be explained mainly by the intensification of rain density, which drags substances into the streams, especially pesticides applied on agriculture. LPO and micronucleus test also suggested some effects of contamination in the surrounding area during this season. The results have supported a discussion about the effectiveness of protected areas in agricultural regions, emphasizing the biomonitoring as a tool for improving management plans in protected areas.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Catalase/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismoRESUMO
We aimed to assess the quality of a midsize river that receives agricultural and urban wastewater. Nuclear abnormalities (NA), comet assays of blood and gills, and gill histopathology were evaluated in fish Astyanax aff. paranae during the summer and winter 2011 at three sites in Paraná State, Brazil: (1) a biological reserve (Rebio-reference area); (2) an agricultural site; (3) a downstream site that accumulates agricultural and urban effluents. We found the highest effects of pollutants in fish at the downstream site during the summer. The agricultural site showed an intermediate damage rate, and fish at Rebio generally had the least damage, with the exception of NA. Despite conflicting results from the biomarkers used, we observed an increase in damage associated with the accumulation of pollutants. Pesticides are probable xenobiotics in the agricultural area. Additionally, metals and substances such as pharmaceuticals and ammonia may be present at the downstream site.
Assuntos
Characidae/metabolismo , Monitoramento Ambiental , Rios , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Brasil , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Ensaio Cometa , Brânquias/patologia , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Outside of scientific circles, climate change is a hotly debated topic due to all its consequences. Changes in the temperature can affect aquatic organisms and it is important to understand and to detect earlier signals. This study aimed to analyze how a Neotropical fish species responds to temperature increases, using proteomic analysis as a tool. For this, fish of the species Rhamdia quelen, male and female, were exposed to two temperatures: 25 °C and 30 °C. After 96 h, the animals were anesthetized, euthanized and the liver was collected for proteomic analysis. Using freely available online software and databases (e.g. MetaboAnalyst, Gene Ontology and UniProt), we define the altered proteins in both sexes: 42 in females and 62 in males. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD046475. Differences between the two temperatures were observed mainly in the amino acid metabolic pathways. The cellular process and the immune response was altered, indicating that effects at lower levels of biological organization could serve as a predictor of higher-level effects when temperature rise affects wildlife populations. Thus, we conclude that the increase in temperature is capable of altering important cellular and physiological processes in R. quelen fish, with this response being different for males and females.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato , Proteínas de Peixes , Proteômica , Temperatura , Animais , Peixes-Gato/metabolismo , Masculino , Feminino , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Proteoma/análise , Mudança Climática , Água DoceRESUMO
Phthalates, such as di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-isopentyl phthalate (DiPeP), are pollutants with a high potential for endocrine disruption. This study aimed to evaluate parameters of endocrine disruption in specimens of the Neotropical fish Rhamdia quelen exposed to DBP and DiPeP through their food. After 30 days of exposure, the fish were anesthetized and then euthanized, and blood, hypothalamus, liver, and gonads were collected. DBP caused statistically significant alterations in the serotoninergic system of males (5 and 25 ng/g) and females (5 ng/g) of R. quelen and it increased testosterone levels in females (25 ng/g). DiPeP significantly altered the dopaminergic system in females, reduced plasma estradiol levels (125 ng/g) and hepatic vitellogenin expression (25 ng/g), and changed the antioxidant system in gonads (125 ng/g). The results suggest that DBP and DiPeP may have different response patterns in females, with the former being androgenic and the latter being anti-estrogenic. These findings provide additional evidence regarding the molecular events involving DBP and DiPeP in the endocrine disruption potential in juvenile specimens of Rhamdia quelen.
RESUMO
The 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a low-cost herbicide to eradicate broadleaf weeds. Since the development of 2,4-D resistant transgenic crops, it has been described as one of the most widely distributed pollutants in the world, increasing concern about its environmental impacts. This study aimed to elucidate the antioxidant system response in animals exposed to 2,4-D by different routes of exposure. It focused on determining if tissue, phylogenetic group, and herbicide formulation would influence the antioxidant mechanisms. A careful literature search of Scopus, WoS, and Science Direct retrieved 6983, 24,098, and 20,616 articles, respectively. The dataset comprised 390 control-treatment comparisons and included three routes of exposure: transgenerational, oral, and topical. The data set for transgenerational and oral exposure revealed oxidative stress through a decrease in enzymatic activities and the level of molecules of the antioxidant system. In contrast, topical exposure increased the oxidative stress. Tissue-specific analyses revealed that the transgenerational effects reduced hepatic catalase (CAT) activity. Oral exposure caused a variety of effects, including increased CAT activity in the prostate and decreased activity in various tissues. Mammals predominate in the transgenerational and oral groups, showing a significantly reduced activity of the antioxidant system. In contrast, in the topical exposure, an increased activity of oxidative stress biomarkers was observed in fish, earthworms, and mollusks. The effects of the 2,4-D formulation on oxidative stress responses showed significant differences between pure and commercial formulations, with oral exposure resulting in decreased activity and topical exposure increasing responses. In summary, orally exposed animals exhibited a clear decrease in enzyme activities, transgenerational exposure elicited tissue-specific prompted biochemical reductions, and topical exposure induced increased responses, emphasizing the need for unbiased exploration of the effects of 2,4-D on biomarkers of oxidative stress while addressing publication bias in oral and topical datasets.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Herbicidas , Animais , Masculino , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Herbicidas/farmacologia , Filogenia , Estresse Oxidativo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Ácido 2,4-Diclorofenoxiacético/toxicidade , Catalase/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Mamíferos/metabolismoRESUMO
The use of biomarkers in fish for biomonitoring is a valuable approach to reveal effects of human impacts on biota health. Top predator fish are effective models for monitoring human activities' impacts on aquatic ecosystems. The Guaraguaçu River is the largest river-system on coastal region of South Brazil and a World Heritage site. The river receives contaminants from disorderly urban growth, including discharges of domestic sewage and small fishery boats, particularly during the tourist season. Our study aimed to assess impact of anthropogenic activities on water quality in the Guaraguaçu River by analyzing environmental contamination biomarkers in the top fish predator Hoplias malabaricus. Fish were collected using a fyke net trap across sectors representing a gradient of anthropic impact: sector 1 - pristine; sector 2 - impacted; and sector 3 - less impacted. Water samples were collected to analyze the presence of trace elements and pesticide. Biomarkers of the antioxidant system, histopathology, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and concentration of trace elements were analyzed in fish tissues. In water samples Al, Fe and Mn were detected, but no pesticides were found. In fish muscle, zinc and iron were detected. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity decreased in impacted sectors, indicating neurotoxic effects. The antioxidant system increased activity in gills and liver, and damage from lipoperoxidation was observed, particularly in sector 2 when compared to sector 1, suggesting oxidative stress. Histopathological biomarkers revealed lesions in the liver and gills of fish in impacted sectors. Micronuclei, a genotoxicity biomarker, were observed in organisms from all sectors. Our results demonstrate detrimental effects of poor water quality on biota health, even when contaminants are not detected in water.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Qualidade da Água , Animais , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Brasil , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Rios/química , PeixesRESUMO
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) water contamination is a global concern, having reached disturbing concentrations and threatening the aquatic ecosystems. We investigated the physiological responses and Cipro-phytoremediation capacity of one floating (Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell) and one submerged (Egeria densa Planch.) species of aquatic macrophytes. The plants were exposed to increased concentrations of Cipro (0, 1, 10, and 100 µg.Cipro.L-1) in artificially contaminated water for 96 and 168 h. Although the antibiotic affected the activities of mitochondrial electron transport chain enzymes, the resulting increases in H2O2 concentrations were not associated with oxidative damage or growth reductions, mainly due to the activation of antioxidant systems for both species. In addition to being tolerant to Cipro, after only 96 h, plants were able to reclaim more than 58% of that from the media. The phytoremediation capacity did not differ between the species, however, while S. molesta bioaccumulate, E. densa appears to metabolize Cipro in their tissues. Both macrophytes are indicated for Cipro-phytoremediation projects.
Assuntos
Ciprofloxacina , Ecossistema , Ciprofloxacina/metabolismo , Biodegradação Ambiental , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Plantas/metabolismo , Água/metabolismoRESUMO
Alkylphenols ethoxylates are industrial surfactants, and the release in the environmental matrices produces degraded products, of which nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) were the most common. They can be classified as endocrine disruptors since the estrogenic potential is widely recognized, but some others toxic aspects are in discussion. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of NP, OP, and mixtures of both through cellular, biochemical and genetic biomarkers in fish gonadal cell line RTG-2 exposed to nominal concentrations of 0.05; 0.5; 5; 50, and 100 µg mL-1 of each chemical and their mixtures of 0.05, 0.5; 5 µg mL-1 concentrations. After 24 h, the cells were collected for cytotoxic (neutral red - NR; crystal violet - CV, resazurin assay - RA and lactate-dehydrogenase - LDH), antioxidant system (glutathione-s-transferase - GST; superoxide-dismutase - SOD; glutathione-peroxidase - GPx and malondialdehyde - MDA) and genotoxic assays (alkaline comet assay and Fpg-modified alkaline comet assay). The chemicals and their mixtures were cytotoxic at 50 and 100 µg mL-1, in general aspect, but LDH showed cytotoxicity since 0.05 µg mL-1. The GST and SOD showed an activity increase trend in most tested groups, while GPx decreased at 5 µg mL-1 of the mixture. The MDA increase in all groups resulted in lipid peroxidation. The reactive oxygen species caused DNA damage for all groups. The tested chemicals and concentrations have been found in the freshwater systems. They can induce cell toxicity in several parameters that could impair the gonadal tissues considering the RTG-2 responses.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Estresse Oxidativo , Animais , Catalase/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Dano ao DNA , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Glutationa/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismoRESUMO
Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is an antibiotic commonly used in human and veterinary medicine. It is present in the aquatic environment, but we still know very little about its effect on non-targeted organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of long-term exposure to environmental CIP concentrations (1, 10, and 100 µg.L-1) in males and females of Rhamdia quelen. After 28 days of exposure, we collected the blood for the analysis of hematological and genotoxic biomarkers. Additionally, we measured 17 ß-estradiol and 11 keto-testosterone levels. After the euthanasia, we collected the brain and the hypothalamus to analyze acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and neurotransmitters, respectively. The liver and gonads were assessed for biochemical, genotoxic, and histopathological biomarkers. At 100 µg.L-1 CIP, we observed genotoxicity in the blood, nuclear morphological changes, apoptosis, leukopenia, and a reduction of AChE in the brain. In the liver was observed oxidative stress and apoptosis. At 10 µg.L-1 CIP, leukopenia, morphological changes, and apoptosis were presented in the blood and a reduction of AChE in the brain. Apoptosis, leukocyte infiltration, steatosis, and necrosis occurred in the liver. Even at the lowest concentration (1 µg.L-1), adverse effects such as erythrocyte and liver genotoxicity, hepatocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and a decrease in somatic indexes were observed. The results showed the importance of monitoring CIP concentrations in the aquatic environment that cause sublethal effects on fish.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato , Leucopenia , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Acetilcolinesterase , Fígado , Biomarcadores , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
Paraíba do Sul River is located at a very densely inhabited region of Brazil crossing the three most industrialized states of the country (São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro states). As a result, industrial and farming residues as well as urban sewage are frequently disposed without appropriate treatment. The current study aimed at investigating the water quality in three reservoirs along the Paraíba do Sul River (Ilha dos Pombos, Santa Cecília and Santa Branca), through physiological, morphological, biochemical, and genetic biomarkers. The bioindicator chosen was the catfish Pimelodus maculatus, sampled during the dry (June 2008) and rainy (February 2009) seasons. Also, some water physicochemical parameters were analyzed from the sampling sites, but displayed no alterations according to the Brazilian Agency for Water Quality Legislation. Branchial carbonic anhydrase activity was inhibited in the dry season, while renal carbonic anhydrase activity was inhibited in the rainy season in the Santa Branca reservoir, indicating disturbance of osmoregulatory and acid-base regulation processes. Histopathological alterations were observed in the gills (neoplasic and tissue hyperplasia processes) and liver (necrosis), indicating serious damage to the functional integrity of these organs. A high incidence of melanomacrophage centers was observed in the liver, suggesting an intense immune response in all reservoirs. Acetylcholinesterase and catalase activity showed also differences corroborating some morphological results. Likewise, the induction of the micronucleus and DNA damage indicate genotoxicity, but mainly in the Santa Branca reservoir. Thus, the health status of P. maculatus warrants caution in the use of the water from the 3 reservoirs for direct human consumption, particularly after the accidental spill of endosulfan in November 2008, three months before the rainy season sampling.
Assuntos
Peixes/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Qualidade da Água , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Brasil , Água Potável/química , Peixes/microbiologia , Peixes/parasitologia , Humanos , Clima Tropical , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Abastecimento de Água/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal that bioaccumulates in aquatic organisms and along food chain. Many studies have reported the problem of mercury exposure in aquatic systems from Amazon basin, but very few have focused on the potential risks to wild fish. The present study reports the bioaccumulation of mercury and alterations in target organs of the predator fish Hoplias malabaricus (traíra) from Samuel reservoir, Amazon basin, Northern Brazil. About 18% of fish had mercury levels in muscle exceeding the safe limit for ingestion through food, established by WHO (0.5 µg Hg g(-1)). Fish were separated in two groups according to mercury bioaccumulation in liver (<0.2 µg Hg g(-1)-group I and >0.2 µg Hg g(-1)-group II) for biomarker comparisons. Catalase activity and number of macrophage centers were statistically higher in group II, confirming the potential of Hg to interfere with redox balance and to recruit defense cells to the liver. Conversely, erythrocyte nuclear alterations were less frequent in group II, indicating a more rigorous selection of erythrocytes or hormesis pattern of response. Glutathione S-transferase activity, lipid peroxidation, and histopathological analyses were not statistically different in the liver and gills of both groups. Comparison of lipid peroxidation levels of these fish with others captured in Southern Brazil during another study and the high incidence of morphological alterations in the liver and gills suggest that the bioaccumulation of mercury during continuous exposure is posing potential risks to the species.
Assuntos
Peixes/fisiologia , Mercúrio/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Monitoramento Ambiental , Cadeia Alimentar , Brânquias/metabolismo , Brânquias/patologia , Brânquias/ultraestrutura , Glutationa Transferase , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/ultraestrutura , Mercúrio/análise , Mercúrio/toxicidade , Músculos/metabolismo , Rios/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is commonly detected in water worldwide, however, the ecotoxicological effects to aquatic biota is still not fully understood. In this study, using multiple biomarkers, it was investigated sublethal effects of short-term exposure to Cipro concentrations (1, 10 and 100 µg.L-1) in the Neotropical catfish Rhamdia quelen compared to non-exposure treatment (Control). After 96 h of exposure, the fishes were anesthetized for blood collection to hematological and genotoxicity biomarkers analysis. After euthanasia, the brain and muscle were sampled for biochemical biomarkers analyses. Gills, liver and posterior kidney for genotoxicity, biochemical and histopathological biomarkers analysis and anterior intestine for histopathological biomarkers analysis. Genotoxicity was observed in all tissues, regardless of the Cipro concentrations. Hematological alterations, such as reduction of the number of erythrocytes and leucocytes, as well as in hematocrit concentration and histopathological damages, such as reduction of microridges in gill epithelium and necrosis in liver and posterior kidney, occurred mainly at 100 µg.L-1. In addition, at 100 µg.L-1, Cipro increased antioxidant system activity (Catalase in liver and posterior kidney). These results demonstrated that under short-term exposure, Cipro causes toxic effects in R. quelen that demands attention and surveillance of environmental aquatic concentrations of this antibiotic.