Assessment of data intelligence algorithms in modeling daily reference evapotranspiration under input data limitation scenarios in semi-arid climatic condition.

Crop evapotranspiration is essential for planning and designing an efficient irrigation system. The present investigation assessed the capability of four machine learning algorithms, namely, XGBoost linear regression (XGBoost Linear), XGBoost Ensemble Tree, Polynomial Regression (Polynomial Regr), and Isotonic Regression (Isotonic Regr) in modeling daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) at IARI, New Delhi. The models were developed considering full and limited dataset scenarios. The efficacy of the constructed models was assessed against the Penman-Monteith (PM56) model estimated daily ETo. Results revealed the under full and limited dataset conditions, XGBoost Ensemble Tree gave the best results for daily ETo modeling during the model training period, while in the testing period under scenarios S1(Tmax) and S2 (Tmax, and Tmin), the Isotonic Regr models yielded superior results over other models. In addition, the XGBoost Ensemble Tree models outperformed others for the rest of the input data scenarios. The XGBoost Ensemble Tree algorithms reported the best values of correlation coefficient (r), mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Thus, we recommend applying the XGBoost Ensemble Tree algorithm for precisely modeling daily ETo in semi-arid climatic conditions.

Novel moisture retaining dustable powder containing Steinernema abbasi effectively controls damage of subterranean termite in wheat and chickpea.

The application of biocontrol agents in farm operations for pest control programs is gaining priority and preference globally. Effective delivery, infectivity of the biocontrol agents, and quality shelf-life products containing these bioagents are vital parameters responsible for the success of biopesticides under field conditions. In the present study, moisture-retaining bio-insecticidal dustable powder formulation (SaP) of Steinernema abbasi (Sa) infective juveniles (IJs) was developed and assessed for its shelf life, physicochemical profile, and bio-efficacy against subterranean termite under field conditions. Formulation exhibited free-flowing character, with pH of 6.50-7.50, and apparent density in the range 0.50-0.70 g cm-3. The bioefficacy study for two rabi seasons (2020-2021, and 2021-2022) in wheat and chickpea grown in an experimental farm heavily infested with subterranean termites (Odontotermes obesus) revealed a significant reduction in plant damage due to pest attack in formulation-treated plots, monitored in terms of relative number of infested tillers in wheat and infested plants in chickpea fields. The reduced damage to the crop caused by termite was reflected in the relative differences in the growth and yield attributes as well. The study establishes the potential of the developed product as a biopesticide suitable for organic farming and integrated pest management operations.

Study of COVID-19 Infection, its Severity and Outcome in COVID-19 Vaccinated People at Tertiary Health Care Center, North West Rajasthan.

OBJECTIVE: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of corona virus-induced disease 19 (COVID-19) that was declared as a global pandemic in March 2020 by the world health organization (WHO). Two vaccines were granted for emergency use by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) in India, Covishield® (AstraZeneca's vaccine manufactured by Serum Institute of India) and Covaxin® (manufactured by Bharat Biotech Limited). Sputnik - V has been granted EUA in the month of April 2021. The purpose of this study is to determine the association of COVID-19 infection, its severity and outcome in COVID-19 vaccinated people. METHODS: This was a hospital based prospective cohort study done between March to June 2021 at PBM Associated Group of Hospitals (AGH), Bikaner, Raj. Total 1028 COVID suspected cases consulted in COVID OPD or hospitalized under department of medicine, out of which 146 satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria, out of these 146, first 100 cases who gave consent for part of study were selected. RESULTS: Among 100 COVID-19 infected cases, 49 received first dose while rest got both doses. After first dose of vaccination 42.86% had mild and 32.65% had severe clinical infection while after both doses 80.39% had mild and 11.76% had severe clinical infection. On evaluation of HRCT Chest, after first dose 8.16% had normal 40.82% were in severe category while those who got both doses it was 52.82% 3.92% respectively. Among 49 who got first dose, 10.20% recovered on just home based treatment without any need of hospitalization, while 89.8% got admitted in dedicated COVID hospital out of which 73.47% got recovered and 16.33% died. Among 51 who got both the doses, 66.67% recovered on just home based treatment, while 33.33% required hospitalization out of which 25.49% got recovered and 7.84% died. CONCLUSION: After 2nd dose of vaccine there is a significant risk reduction in need of hospitalization and getting severe infection and mortality when compared with first dose only.

Comparison of International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference Versus Sepsis-3 Definitions for Children Presenting With Septic Shock to a Tertiary Care Center in India: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the proportion of children fulfilling "Sepsis-3" definition and International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference definition among children diagnosed to have septic shock and compare the mortality risk between the two groups. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: PICU of a tertiary care teaching hospital from 2014 to 2017. PATIENTS: Children (≤ 17 yr old) with a diagnosis of septic shock at admission or during PICU stay. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We applied both International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference and the new "Sepsis-3" definition (sepsis with hypotension requiring vasopressors and a lactate value of ≥ 2 mmol/L) to identify cases of septic shock by these definitions. Key outcomes such as mortality, proportion attaining shock reversal at 24 hours and organ dysfunction were compared between those fulfilling "Sepsis-3" definitions ("Sepsis-3" group) and those fulfilling "International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference" definition ("International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference" group). A total of 216 patients fulfilled International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference definitions of septic shock. Of these, only 104 (48%; 95% CI, 42-55) fulfilled "Sepsis-3" definition. Children fulfilling "Sepsis-3 plus International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference definitions" ("Sepsis-3 and International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference" group) had lower proportion with shock resolution (61% vs 82%; relative risk, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.62-0.88) and higher risk of multiple organ dysfunction (85% vs 68%; 1.24; 1.07-1.45) at 24 hours. The mortality was 48.5% in "Sepsis-3 and International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference" group as compared with 37.5% in the "International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference only" group (relative risk, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.94-1.75). CONCLUSIONS: Less than half of children with septic shock identified by International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference definitions were observed to fulfill the criteria for shock as per "Sepsis-3" definitions. Lack of difference in the risk of mortality between children who fulfilled "Sepsis-3" definition and those who did not fulfill the definition raises questions on the appropriateness of using this definition for diagnosis of septic shock in children.

Toxicity evaluation of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles reveals neuronal loss in chicken embryo.

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) display the ability to cross blood - brain barrier and are envisioned as diagnostic and therapeutic applications, but there are few studies on their potential embryonic toxicity in higher vertebrates. This study investigates interaction of IONs with egg albumen and its subsequent toxicity on chicken embryo. Physicochemical interactions of IONs with egg albumen revealed alterations in friccohesity and secondary structural changes due to weak Vander Waals forces. Toxicity assessment of IONs (10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/ml doses) on chicken embryo accounted for 100% mortality at 200 µg/ml dose due to Fe2+ ions overload. However, lower doses (50 and 100 µg/ml) recorded decrement in whole weights and crown-rump lengths of chicken embryo possibly due to ION-albumen interactions. Histology of brain tissue revealed degeneration of neurons (50-60%) at 10-100 µg/ml dose range of IONs. Toxicity studies of IONs with diverse animal models are needed to set a toxicity benchmark for preventing embryonic toxicity prior to its use in biomedical applications. This is the first study on toxicity assessment of IONs in chicken embryo.

Validation of ICH and ICH-GS Scores in an Indian Cohort: Impact of Medical and Surgical Management.

OBJECTIVE: Prognostic scores help in predicting mortality and functional outcome post intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We aimed to validate the ICH and ICH-GS scores in a cohort of Indian patients with ICH and observe the impact of any surgical intervention on prognostication. METHODS: This was an ambispective observational study of primary ICH cases enrolled between January 2014 and April 2018. Observed mortality on ICH and ICH GS scores for the entire cohort and individually for the medically and surgically managed patients was compared to the published mortality in the original derivation cohorts. RESULTS: 617 patients, (464 retrospective and 153 prospective) of ICH were included. In hospital mortality and 30-day mortality was 28.7% and 28.5% respectively. There was a significant association of increasing mortality with increasing ICH and ICH-GS scores. Area under receiver operating characteristic curve for 30-day mortality was 75.9% and 74.1% for ICH and ICH-GS scores respectively. However, mortality observed at individual scores was significantly less than previously reported. Among the surgically intervened patients (n = 265), both the expected mortality at baseline and discriminative ability of ICH and ICH-GS scores for 30-day mortality was significantly reduced following surgical intervention (ROC in surgically intervened groups: 59.9 (52.6-67.2) and 63(56-70) for ICH and ICH-GS scores respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although ICH and ICH-GS scores are valid in Indian population, mortality at individual scores is lower than previously reported. Mortality prediction using ICH and ICH GS scores is significantly modified by surgical interventions. Thus, newer prognostic tools which incorporate surgical intervention need to be developed and validated in future.

Prevalence & factors associated with depression among schoolgoing adolescents in Chandigarh, north India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Depression among adolescents is a rising problem globally. There is a need to understand the factors associated with depression among adolescents. This study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence of depressive disorders and associated factors among schoolgoing adolescents in government and private schools in Chandigarh, India. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 542 randomly selected schoolgoing adolescents (13-18 yr), from eight schools by multistage sampling technique. Depression was assessed using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and associated factors by pretested semistructured interview schedule. Multivariate analysis was done to identify significant associated factors. RESULTS: Two-fifth (40%) of adolescents had depressive disorders, 7.6 per cent major depressive disorders and 32.5 per cent other depressive disorders. In terms of severity, 29.7 per cent had mild depression, 15.5 per cent had moderate depression, 3.7 per cent had moderately severe depression and 1.1 per cent had severe depression. Significant associated factors included being in a government school, studying in class Xth and XIIth, rural locality, physical abuse by family members, alcohol use and smoking by father, lack of supportive environment in school, spending less time in studies, lower level of participation in cultural activities and having a boy/girlfriend. Significant predictors on binary logistic regression analysis were being in class Xth [odds ratio (OR)=5.3] and lack of self-satisfaction with own academic performance (OR=5.1). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that a significant proportion of schoolgoing adolescents suffered from depression. The presence of depression was associated with a large number of modifiable risk factors. There is a need to modify the home as well as school environment to reduce the risk of depression.

Is the decline of human anatomy hazardous to medical education/profession?--A review.

PURPOSE: The continuous decrease in teaching time, the artificially created scarcity of competent anatomical faculties and a reduced allocation of resources have brought about the decline of anatomy in medical education. As a result of this, anatomical knowledge and the standard of medical education have fallen with consequences including safety in clinical practice. The aim of the present study is to analyze this declining phase of anatomy and its impact on medical education and to consider corrective measures. METHODS: This article expresses comparative viewpoints based on a review of the literature. RESULTS: Anatomy enables doctors to master the language of medical science so they can communicate with patients, the public and fellow doctors and diagnose and treat diseases successfully in all medical fields. No medical specialist or expert can master their field without adequate knowledge of human anatomy. The shrinkage of anatomical schedules, inadequate faculties and declining allocation of resources is therefore unfortunate. These factors produce stress in both student and faculty creating gaps in anatomical knowledge that means insufficient skill is developed to practice medicine safely. CONCLUSION: This decline is hazardous not only to the medical profession but also to society. Reforms consisting of balanced rescheduling of medical curricula and optimum resource allocation have been proposed to improve the standard of education of doctors.

Real-time screening of NixBy bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall NH3 synthesis via SG-TC SECM.

Electrochemical ammonia synthesis, which couples oxygen evolution at the anode with nitrogen reduction at the cathode, holds great significance for future food and energy needs. Both of these half-cell reactions determine the overall cell potential and efficiency of the process. However, the employment of different catalysts on either side, due to discrete mechanisms, increases the complexity and material processing costs of the system, where the designing of a bifunctional catalyst active towards both the NRR and OER is of huge significance. Unfortunately, the initial screening of the designed catalysts via physical characterizations, optical methods and other techniques, does not provide details about the electrochemical activity. The scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) technique can be useful to screen multi-catalysts at the same time for their electrochemical activities. Herein, we employed the sample generation-tip collection (SG-TC) mode of SECM to screen the designed NixBy catalysts before half-cell investigations, which suggested that the catalyst synthesized via sonochemical reduction (SR), i.e. NixBy (SR), was a better catalyst. This inference was in accordance with the half-cell NRR and OER measurements (FE: 49% for NH3 production, OER overpotential: 300 mV). By virtue of this remarkable bifunctional activity, the NRR-OER coupled full cell was assembled, which initiated the NH3 production at just 1.7 V and produced NH3 (1.08 mg h-1 mgcat-1) at the cathode and O2 (0.81 mg h-1 mgcat-1) at the anode after 2 h of electrolysis at 1.9 V.

Metastatic Superscan in 18F PSMA PET/CT of a Patient with Prostate Carcinoma.

A biopsy-proven patient with prostate carcinoma aged 70 years was referred to the department of nuclear medicine for radionuclide-based therapy. His prostate-specific antigen levels were >1000 ng/mL, and prostatic magnetic resonance imaging showed an enlarged prostate with a heterogeneous signal and size 3.8x3.7x3.5 cm with few small heterogeneous nodular signals in the transition zone. He was scheduled for 18F prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan before therapy. 18F PSMA PET/CT revealed PSMA-expressing prostate lesions (maximum standardized uptake value ~10.2) with extension into the urinary bladder along with bilateral supraclavicular, mediastinal, retrocrural, retroperitoneal, and pelvic lymph nodes and sclerotic lesions in the entire axial and appendicular skeleton.

Identification of circulatory microRNA based biomarkers for early pregnancy diagnosis in buffalo.

Introduction: The most crucial factor in improving animal reproduction efficiency is early pregnancy diagnosis. Early diagnosis not only reduces the time interval between two calvings but also aids farmers in identifying open animals, thereby preventing significant milk production losses. Therefore, the objective of this study was to discover circulatory miRNAs that would be useful for early pregnancy diagnosis in buffalo. Material and methods: Blood samples were taken on 0, 6th, 12th, and 18th day after artificial insemination from pregnant animals (n = 30) and non-pregnant animals (n = 20). During these stages of pregnancy, total RNA was extracted, and a small RNA library was subsequently generated and sequenced on the Illumina platform. Subsequently, Real-time PCR was used to validate the findings. Results and discussion: There were 4,022 miRNAs found during the pregnancy, with 15 of those lacking sequences and 4,007 having sequences already in the database. From the beginning of pregnancy until the 18th day, 25 of these miRNAs showed a substantial shift in expression levels in the maternal blood, with a change more than two logs. Furthermore, based on qPCR results, 19 miRNAs were found to be more abundant in pregnant animals than in non-pregnant animals. We used target prediction analysis to learn how maternally expressed miRNAs relate to fetal-maternal communication. In conclusion, miRNA based biomarkers that could be associated with the diagnosis of pregnancy were identified including miR-181a and miR-486 highly upregulated on the 18th day of pregnancy. This study also provides a comprehensive profile of the entire miRNA population in maternal buffalo blood during the early stages of pregnancy.

Physicochemical mechanism of BSA, Hb, and dsDNA biomacromolecules with aq-NaCMC at 298.15-310.15 K interfaced with UV-vis fluorescence circular dichroism spectroscopy and in-silico for interacting activities.

The 0.2-0.8mg% @ 0.2 mg% bovine serum albumin (BSA 66), hemoglobin (Hb 64.5), and double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA 130 kDa) with water and 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 g% aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (NaCMC) thermodynamically, kinetically, and tentropically stable homogeneous solutions via resonating energy transfer were designed. Density (ρ), viscosity (η), surface tension (γ), friccohesity (σ), Gibbs free energy (ΔGb), chemical potential (µ), frictional volume (ϕ), apparent molar volume (V2), hydrodynamic radius (Rh), and isentropic compressibility (ksϕ) at 298.15, 304.15, and 310.15 K were studied. UV-Vis spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), MALDI TOF, and in-silico study via reorientational activities have elucidated structural recognition. The ρ, η, γ, σ, ΔGb, µ, V2, ϕ, Rh, and ksϕ physicochemical properties (PCPs) have studied the interacting activities of salt bridges (peptide bonds) of proteins and base pairs (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) of dsDNA on developing nanohydration sphere (NHS) with water and 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 g% aq-NaCMC. Regression constants of PCPs have elaborated the interacting mechanism of internal linkages of BSA, Hb, and dsDNA for solubilizing them without unfolding assisted by glycosidic bonds of glucopyranose units of NaCMC. Magnitudes of regression constants analyse the inner salt bridges, electrostatic dipoles, and hydrogen bonds (HB) to interact with H2O dipoles and NaCMC affecting solubilization of biomolecules (biomols) in areas of biochemical, biophysical, bioengineering, tissue, and genetic engineering. PCPs, UV-Vis, fluorescence, CD, and in-silico study analyse their structurally interacting abilities with NaCMC via respective NHS to be extended to pharmaceutical and cosmetic processes by minimizing quantum energy barrier (QEB) as Newtonian behaviour of structural sensors.

A Rare Case of Thyroid Cartilage Metastases Detected on 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography.

The thyroid cartilage metastatic involvement is an extremely rare entity. It can be asymptomatic at the earlier stage and can become symptomatic later on. Involvement of thyroid cartilage is frequent in melanoma and renal and rarely reported in an advanced stage of carcinoma prostate, breast, and lung. These cases were usually reported on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) as can often easily be missed on computed tomography scan alone. We present a case report of metastatic involvement of thyroid cartilage in squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa detected on the whole-body 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT.

Correction: Philic-phobic chemical dynamics of a 1st tier dendrimer dispersed o/w nanoemulsion.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/C9RA00728H.].

Temporal analysis of circulating nucleic acid in early days of pregnancy in buffalo.

Improving reproductive efficiency in livestock relies mainly on the ability to detect pregnancy quickly and accurately. Recently, circulating nucleic acids (CNAs) have been exploited for prenatal diagnosis in humans and animals. In the current investigation, serum samples were collected from pregnant animals (n = 30) and non-pregnant animals (n = 20) on 0th, 6th, 12th, and 18th day post artificial insemination. Total DNA was isolated from these serum samples. Two CNA tags (Bov-B and ART2A) derived from repetitive sections of the bovine genome were amplified using DNA extracted from serum samples. The expression analysis of these CNAs was done using real-time polymerase chain reaction assay, and copy number of each tag was calculated in pregnant and non-pregnant animals. The average number of copies of Art2A increased approximately threefold (P < 0.01) from day zero of pregnancy (7,000 copies) to the day 18 of pregnancy (> 21,000). Similarly, BovB levels in the pregnant group increased significantly (approximately 2.9-fold) from day zero (93,900 copies) till day 18 (> 2, 72,310 copies) (P < 0.01). There was no significant change observed on the 6th and 12th day of pregnancy and on the 18th day in the non-pregnant animals. In conclusion, based on these findings, the defined cut-off value can distinguish between pregnant and non-pregnant animals with a sensitivity of nearly 80% and specificity of nearly 70%. It is possible to employ these two CNA tags as biomarkers for early detection of pregnancy in buffaloes.

Endobronchial Squamous Cell Carcinoma Presenting as Long Continuous Bronchial Thickening on 18Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography.

A 67-year-old man is presented with complaints of chest pain and productive cough for 1½ years. Chest X-ray was suggestive of right upper lobe Koch's lesion. Sputum was positive for mycobacterium tuberculosis. His symptoms got relieved partially by antitubercular treatment but the patient had an aggravation of symptoms for which he was evaluated. Computed tomography (CT) thorax revealed an endobronchial lesion in the right upper lobe bronchus. Bronchoscopy showed a mass in the right main bronchus and biopsy was suggestive of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). 18Fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography/CT was performed for staging. There would have been chances of coexisting tuberculosis with SCC.

Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Brominated-Ormeloxifene (Br-ORM) against Cervical Cancer.

Aberrant regulation of ß-catenin signaling is strongly linked with cancer proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis, thus, small molecules that can inhibit this pathway might have great clinical significance. Our molecular modeling studies suggest that ormeloxifene (ORM), a triphenylethylene molecule that docks with ß-catenin, and its brominated analogue (Br-ORM) bind more effectively with relatively less energy (-7.6 kcal/mol) to the active site of ß-catenin as compared to parent ORM. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a Br-ORM by NMR and FTIR, as well as its anticancer activity in cervical cancer models. Br-ORM treatment effectively inhibited tumorigenic features (cell proliferation and colony-forming ability, etc.) and induced apoptotic death, as evident by pronounced PARP cleavage. Furthermore, Br-ORM treatment caused cell cycle arrest at the G1-S phase. Mechanistic investigation revealed that Br-ORM targets the key proteins involved in promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as demonstrated by upregulation of E-cadherin and repression of N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression. Br-ORM also represses the expression and nuclear subcellular localization of ß-catenin. Consequently, Br-ORM treatment effectively inhibited tumor growth in an orthotopic cervical cancer xenograft mouse model along with EMT associated changes as compared to vehicle control-treated mice. Altogether, experimental findings suggest that Br-ORM is a novel, promising ß-catenin inhibitor and therefore can be harnessed as a potent anticancer small molecule for cervical cancer treatment.

Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma of the lacrimal gland: a rare case.

Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma is a rare tumor of the salivary gland constituting only 1% of all tumors. It is a low-grade malignancy characterized by a classical biphasic morphology and immunophenotype. In the lacrimal gland, it is extremely rare with only 3 cases reported in the English medical literature. We describe the fourth case of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, the first case in a female patient, and review the available literature.

Spiroheterocyclic Photocatalyst for Reducing QHIn-Persistent Pollutants, Dyes, and Transition-Metal Ions Cocatalyzed with Electrolytes.

The 7-nitro-2'-phenyl-5',6',7',7a'-tetrahydrospiro[indeno[1,2-b]quinoxaline-11,3'-pyrrolizine]-1',1'(2'H)-dicarbonitrile (SIQPI), 2'-(4-cyanophenyl)-7-nitro-5',6',7',7a'-tetrahydrospiro[indeno[1,2-b]quinoxaline-11,3'-pyrrolizine]-1',1'(2'H) dicarbonitrile (SIQPII), and 2'-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-nitro-5',6',7',7a'-tetrahydrospiro[indeno[1,2-b]quinoxaline-11,3'-pyrrolizine]-1',1'(2'H)-dicarbonitrile (SIQPIII) were used to photocatalyze quinonoid phenolphthalein (QHIn) in aq-ACN-EtOH (mixed solvent) with NaCl and KCl electrolytes. SIQPI, II, and III spiroindenoquinoxaline pyrrolidines (SIQPs) as spiroheterocyclic photocatalysts alone could not reduce QHIn, but with the addition of electrolytes they are reduced via π cationic interactions (PCI). SIQPI, II, and III with NaCl reduced QHIn in 120, 28, and 50 min, unlike in 138, 58, and 63 min with KCl in mixed solvent. SIQPI, II, and III alone have reduced methylene blue (MB) in 120, 45, and 70 min, unlike in 110, 27, and 55 min with graphene oxide (GO), whereas with NaCl and KCl hey are reduced in 82, 36, and 44 min and 89, 43, and 50 min, respectively. SIQPs with GO had reduced MB in less time than the SIQPs alone, and SIQPs with NaCl had reduced QHIn in a shorter time than KCl. The electrolytes have cocatalyzed a reduction of dyes under sunlight (SL). The electrolytes have reduced a quinonoid structure (QS) and dyes by generating negative and positive (e - and h +) holes in a shorter time. SIQPII and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of 58 nm with NaCl photocatalyzed the QHIn in 2880 min. The SIQPs also reduced methyl orange (MO) and brilliant blue R (BBR) at variable temperature (T) and pH range, whereas SIQPs have developed a molecular organic framework (MOF) with transition-metal salts (NiCl2, CrO3, KMnO4, CuSO4, and MnCl2) on photocatalysis.

Study of molar properties of GO after doping with transition metals for photodegradation of fluorescent dyes.

We synthesized graphene oxide (GO) doped with transition metal ions and characterized it using XPS, FT-IR, TGA/DTG, XRD, SEM, AFM, ICP-OES, UV/vis, and Raman spectroscopy. An intrinsic viscosity [η] of 0.002-0.012 g% @ 0.002 aq-GO was determined for viscosity average molecular weight (M v) of GO at 288.15, 298.15, and 308.15 K. Mark-Houwink (M-H) constants k (cm3 g-1) and a (cm3 mol g-2) were calculated for 5-15 mg/100 mL polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), using 29, 40, 55 kg mol-1 as markers for calculating M v by fitting the [η] to the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation (MHSE). We obtained 48 134.19 g mol-1 M v at 298.15 K, and the apparent molar (V ϕ m , cm3 mol-1), limiting molar volumes (V 0 GO)GO⃑0, enthalpy (ΔH m, J mol-1), entropy (ΔS m, J mol-1 K-1), viscosity (η m, mPa s mol-1), surface tension (γ m, mN m-1 mol-1), friccohesity (σ m, scm-1 mol-1), fractional volume (ϕ m, cm3 mol-1), isentropic compressibility (K sϕ,m, 10-4 cm s2 g-1 mol), infer GO molar consistency throughout the chemical processes. Molar properties (MPs) infer a GO monodispersion producing negative electrons (e-) and positive holes (h+) under sunlight. The transition metal ions (Fe2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Cr3+, TMI) doped onto GO (TMI-GO), can photodegrade methylene blue (MB) in 60 min compared with 120 min using GO alone. The 4011 C atoms, 688 hexagonal sheets, 222 π-conjugations, and 4011 FE were calculated from the 48 134.19 g mol-1. The functional edges are the negative and positive holes generating centres of the GO 2D sheets.