Incidence and predictive factors of double crush syndrome in patients undergoing cervical surgery: a database study.

BACKGROUND: Double crush syndrome (DCS) is characterized by multiple compression sites along a single peripheral nerve. It commonly presents with persistent distal symptoms despite surgical treatment for cervical radiculopathy. Management typically involves nerve release of the most symptomatic site. However, due to overlapping symptoms with cervical radiculopathy, patients may undergo cervical surgery prior to DCS diagnosis. Due to its rarity and frequent misdiagnosis, the authors aim to utilize a large national database to investigate the incidence and associations of DCS. METHODS: The Pearldiver database was utilized to identify patients undergoing cervical surgery for the management of cervical radiculopathy. Patients were stratified into three cohorts based on their clinical course before and after cervical surgery. The primary outcome was the prevalence of DCS, and secondary outcomes included an evaluation of predictive factors for each Group, using a significance level of P < 0.05. RESULTS: Among 195,271 patients undergoing cervical surgery for cervical radiculomyelopathy, 97.95% were appropriately managed, 1.42% had potentially mids-diagnosed DCS, and 0.63% were treatment-resistant. Diabetes and obesity were significant predictors of potentially misdiagnosed DCS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study presents data indicating that 1.42% of patients who receive cervical surgery may have underlying DCS and potentially benefit from nerve release prior to undergoing surgery. A concurrent diagnosis of diabetes and obesity may predict an underlying DCS.

Mechanosynthesis and photophysics of colour-tunable photoluminescent group 13 metal complexes with sterically demanding salen and salophen ligands.

A series of four photoluminescent Al and In complexes were synthesised using an environmentally-benign mechanosynthesis strategy. Sterically crowded 3,5-di-tert-butyl functionalised salophen and salen ligands and their respective complexes have been synthesised in the solid-state and fully characterised. Subsequent photophysics and electrochemistry studies of the resulting complexes suggest that these new group 13 complexes can be viable alternatives to traditional photoluminescent complexes based on expensive and low abundant noble metals. The herein-reported strategy avoids the use of organic solvents and provides a process with low environmental impact and enhanced energy efficiency.

Association of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Gene rs4680 Polymorphism and Levodopa Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Long-term levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) can cause levodopa induced dyskinesia (LID). Genetic predisposition has a significant role to play in inter-individual heterogeneity in the clinical manifestation of LID. Despite accumulating evidence for the role of COMT gene polymorphism (rs4680) as a genetic basis for LID, to date results have been inconsistent. Early assessment of the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) genotype might be helpful to stratify PD patients concerning their individual risk for LID. METHOD: In this meta-analysis, we have used 9 studies, which were selected through online databases. Statistical analysis was performed using R (v-3.6) software. 5 genetic models have been used in the present study: Allele model (A vs. G), Dominant model (AA+AG vs. GG), Homozygote model (AA vs. GG), Co-dominant/heterozygote model (AG vs. GG), and Recessive model (AA vs. AG + GG). RESULTS: The results indicated a significant association between COMT rs4680 (Val158Met) polymorphism and LID risk. The genotype AA of COMT rs4680 is a risk factor for LID in PD patients under the recessive model (AA vs GG+AG) in the random-effect model. Analysis based on ethnicity showed that COMT rs4680 SNP allele A is a risk factor for LID development in Asian PD patients, while GG genotype is a risk factor for LID development in non-Asian PD patients using different genetic models. CONCLUSION: The results of the present meta-analysis support that the COMT Val158Met polymorphism is a risk factor for the development of LID in PD patients having ethnic variations.

Efficacy of Duloxetine in Patients with Central Post-stroke Pain: A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: Central post-stroke pain (CPSP) refers to neuropathic pain in areas of the body corresponding to stroke lesions. Duloxetine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is safe and effective against neuropathic pain. In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, we studied the effect of duloxetine in CPSP patients. METHODS: Consecutive patients satisfying the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study and were randomized in a simple 1:1 randomization to duloxetine and placebo groups. Baseline demographic, clinical and imaging data were obtained. Prespecified primary outcome was comparison of change in pain intensity from baseline to 4 weeks, as assessed on Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) in both groups. Prespecified secondary outcomes were comparison of change in average pain severity from baseline to 4 weeks as measured on Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2 (SFMPQ-2) score and Pain Disability Index (PDI) score and comparison of Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) score at the end of 4 weeks of treatment in both groups. Duloxetine at doses of 30 mg and similarly appearing placebo tablets were given and the dose was doubled if there was no response at the end of 2 weeks. Response to treatment was defined as ≥2 points reduction of NRS pain score. RESULTS: In total, 82 patients were enrolled in the study, 41 in each group. There was a significant difference in reduction in NRS score between duloxetine and placebo group from baseline (6.51 ± 1.03 vs 6.37 ± 1.41) to 4 weeks (3.02 ± 1.70 vs 4.40 ± 1.77, P = .02 for difference in reduction between groups). SFMPQ-2 score (P = .032) and Pain Disability Index score (P = .005) also differ significantly from baseline to 4 weeks between the two groups. PGIC score at the end of 4 weeks was significantly different between the two groups (5.15 ± 1.54 vs 3.89 ± 1.51; P < .001). Responder rate (defined as % of patients with ≥ 2 points reduction on NRS pain score from baseline to end of 4 weeks), on post hoc analysis was found to be significantly higher in duloxetine group (80.5%) than placebo group (43.9%) (P = .042). CONCLUSIONS: Duloxetine can be an effective treatment option for patients with moderate to severe central post-stroke pain.

The pattern of primary headache in the North India population: a hospital-based study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical profile, disease burden, quality of life, and treatment patterns of various headache subtypes. METHOD: In this prospective observational study, 815 patients presenting with chief complaints of headache between January 2020 to September 2021 were registered. After a detailed history, clinical examination, and subtyping, they were assessed at baseline with well-validated scales for severity (Visual Analogue Scale-VAS), disability burden (Migraine Disability Assessment- MIDAS), Humanistic burden (Headache Impact Test-HIT-6), and quality of life (World health organization-quality of life-WHO-QoL-8) scores. After initiating adequate management, parameters were reassessed at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: 549 (67.7%) patients had migraine (395-episodic migraine, 144-chronic migraine), 266 (32.2%) patients had tension-type headache (TTH). Loss of sleep, prolonged working hours, and stress were common triggers. Disease burden, severity, and poor life quality was quite high in migraine patients (76.5% with moderate to severe disability, 61.7% with severe headache at onset, and 72% with poor life quality). All parameters had statistically significant improvement with preventive medication and lifestyle changes. CONCLUSION: In our study, we found migraine was the most common primary headache followed by TTH. Migraine patients had more severity, disease burdens, and inferior quality of life at onset compared to other headaches. With early and proper diagnosis as well as preventive treatment (including lifestyle modifications), all parameters could be reversed positively in a brief time. This is the first study on headache burden and its effect on the quality of life in the north Indian population.

Photophysics of nanographenes: from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to graphene nanoribbons.

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and nanoribbons (GNRs) are classes of nanographene molecules that exhibit highly tunable photophysical properties. There have been great strides in recent years to advance our understanding of nanographene photophysics and develop their use in light-harvesting systems, such as artificial photosynthesis. Here, we review the latest studies of GQDs and GNRs which have shed new light onto their photophysical underpinnings through computational and advanced spectroscopic techniques. We discuss how the size, symmetry, and shape of nanographenes influence their molecular orbital structures and, consequentially, their spectroscopic signatures. The scope of this review is to comprehensively lay out the general photophysics of nanographenes starting with benzene and building up to larger polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, GQDs, and GNRs. We also explore a collection of publications from recent years that build upon the current understanding of nanographene photophysics and their potential application in light-driven processes from display, lasing, and sensing technology to photocatalytic water splitting.

Ex vivo interaction study of NaYF4 :Yb,Er nanophosphors with isolated mitochondria.

Ex vivo interaction of NaYF4 :Yb,Er nanophosphors with isolated mitochondria has been investigated. The nanophosphors were synthesized using the hydrothermal method. The synthesized NaYF4 :Yb,Er nanophosphors were characterized for physicochemical properties. The NaYF4 :Yb,Er nanophosphors showed successful upconversion with excitation wavelength lying in the near-infrared region. The effect of synthesized NaYF4 :Yb,Er nanophosphors on mitochondria isolated from the chicken heart tissue was examined through ROS generation capacity, membrane fluidity, and complex II activity. The exposer of NaYF4 :Yb,Er nanophosphors to isolated mitochondria inhibits ROS generation activity as compared to control. The mitochondria membrane fluidity of the lipid bilayer and complex-II activity of mitochondria was observed to be unaltered after the interaction with NaYF4 :Yb,Er nanoparticles. The results confirm that synthesized NaYF4 :Yb,Er nanoparticles can be used as a safe contrast agent.

Neuropathic Pain Associated with COVID-19: a Systematic Review of Case Reports.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Researchers suggests that patients with COVID-19 develop neuropathic pain within weeks or months following infection and that patients with neuropathic pain and COVID-19 sometimes present with deterioration of neurologic complications and pain exacerbation. The objective of this systematic review is to discuss the case-reports having neuropathic pain during and after COVID-19 infection. RECENT FINDINGS: Case reports that has described about patients getting neuropathy or neuropathic pain around the disease either immediately or late post COVID were included. The data was extracted and qualitatively synthesised. Literature was searched and 939 articles were found. 12 articles were screened as per the eligibility criteria and finally, 6 case reports on neuropathic pain in Covid-19 were selected from the database and manual search and finalised for analysis. 2 cases of herpes zoster and post herpetic neuralgia, 2 cases of intense burning pain, 1 case of trigeminal neuralgia and 1 of brachial plexopathy included for the review. Covid 19 viral neurogenic invasion is something very newly discovered topic of discussion in the field of research. With the passage of time, more cases will emerge and more data will be available for research. The review is registered in Prospero with no. CRD42021257060.

Gans repositioning maneuver for the posterior canal BPPV patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: BPPV (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo) is a syndrome marked by brief bouts of vertigo accompanied by rapid changes in head position. Recent ongoing therapeutic approaches used are vestibular rehabilitation exercises and physical maneuvers like the Epley maneuver, Semont maneuver. Gans repositioning maneuver (GRM) is a new hybrid maneuver, consisting of safe and comfortable series of postures that can be conveniently applied on patients with any spinal pathology or even in elderly. METHODS: Randomized controlled/clinical trials of the Gans maneuver were identified. The proportion of patients who improved as a result of each intervention was assessed, as well as the conversion of a 'positive' Dix-Hallpike test to a 'negative' Dix-Hallpike test. RESULTS: Improvement was seen in almost all patients with the Gans maneuver and the Epley Maneuver in three trials with the pooled estimate for random effect model is 1.12 [0.87; 1.43: 100%]. There were no significant side effects from the treatment. DISCUSSION: This study shows that the Gans maneuver is a safe and effective treatment for patients suffering from posterior canal BPPV. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The review is registered in Prospero with no. CRD42021234100.

Primary Adrenal Epithelioid Sarcoma in a Child: A Case Report with Literature Review.

Introduction; Epithelioid sarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm with evidence of epithelial differentiation. All the cases reported in the solid organs are of "proximal type" occurring in adults. We report a primary epithelioid sarcoma arising in the adrenal gland of a young male. Case report: An 11-year-old male patient presented with right loin pain. Imaging revealed a 10.8 × 10.8 × 13.5 cm complex cystic mass with obscured right adrenal gland. Clinical and radiological studies did not reveal metastases. Histologic features were those of proximal type epithelioid sarcoma with extensive central necrosis. Immunohistochemistry showed strong positivity for pancytokeratin, vimentin, and CD34. Nuclear expression of SMARCB1 (INI-1) protein was lost. Conclusion: Proximal type of epithelioid sarcoma can arise from solid organs such as the adrenal.

"Oxygen Pheriwala:" An innovative model for SARS-CoV-2 screening in resource-limited settings.

The second wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection came as a hypoxic emergency and situation became worse in rural India, where undiagnosed COVID-19 patients died without any diagnosis or intervention. The primary aim of this innovative model was the early diagnosis of suspected SARS-CoV-2 cases, providing empirical treatment and timely referral to appropriate COVID care facilities. Fever was measured with infrared thermometer and oxygen saturation level with pulse oximeter. A total of 8203 people were screened, of which 274 persons were febrile and 69 (25%) were hypoxic too. Sixty-four out of 69 (93%) patients turned COVID-19 positive on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. At the end of 3 weeks, 48/64 (75%) patients were successfully discharged. This model can be easily implemented in resource-limited regions to identify and prioritize the patients not only in this pandemic but also in outbreak of other communicable diseases.

Comparative study between idiopathic and non-idiopathic dystonia: a prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: There are very few studies based on the updated dystonia classification. However, a comparison of the idiopathic and non-idiopathic dystonias based on the newer classification has not been done previously. OBJECTIVES: To study and compare the clinicoetiological profile of patients with idiopathic and non-idiopathic dystonia attending a movement disorder clinic of a tertiary care teaching institution. METHODS: All the consecutive dystonia patients from October 2017 to September 2019 fulfilling the inclusion criteria were subjected to a detailed clinical evaluation. Investigations were performed as per requirement. Patients were classified according to the consensus update on phenomenology and classification of dystonia. RESULTS: A total of 183 patients with dystonia were included, with 61.7% (113) males and 38.3% (70) females. The idiopathic group revealed a significantly earlier age of onset with cases slightly outnumbering (n = 96/183, 52.5%) the non-idiopathic group (n = 87/183, 47.5%). Focal dystonias were the commonest type in both the idiopathic (n = 58/96, 60.4%) and non-idiopathic groups (n = 30/87, 34.5%), while generalized dystonia accounted for 26.4% (n = 23/87) of the non-idiopathic cases and only 3.1% (n = 3/96) of the idiopathic cases. The majority of idiopathic cases were isolated dystonia (n = 93/96, 96.9%), while all hemidystonias were non-idiopathic. CONCLUSION: Focal dystonias were the commonest in both idiopathic and non-idiopathic groups, while generalized dystonia was significantly commoner in the non-idiopathic group. Acquired causes like drugs, perinatal insult were the commonest etiology in the non-idiopathic group. Hemidystonia was found exclusively in the non-idiopathic acquired group.

Rest or 30-Min Walk as Exercise Intervention (RESTOREX) in Myasthenia Gravis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: There is a lack of evidence about the usefulness of exercise or rest in myasthenia gravis (MG). This study is aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of exercise or rest in MG. METHODS: In a single-center open-labeled randomized controlled trial, the patients with mild to moderate MG were randomized to 30-min walk or rest in addition to the standard treatment. The primary endpoint was 50% improvement in the MG Quality of Life (MG-QOL15), and secondary endpoints were change in the Myasthenic Muscle Score (MMS), MG Activities of Daily Living (MGADL), grip strength, dose of acetylcholine esterase inhibitor and prednisone, 6-min walk test (6MWT), decrement in trapezius on the low-rate repetitive nerve stimulation test, and adverse events. The outcomes were defined at 3 months, by >50% improvement in these outcome parameters. RESULTS: Forty patients with MG were randomized to the exercise or rest arm. The 2 arms were matched for demographic and clinical parameters. The patients in the exercise arm had significantly better QOL evidenced by MG-QOL15 (p = 0.02). The secondary endpoints, distance covered in 6MWT (p = 0.007), were also better in the exercise arm without any adverse event. CONCLUSION: Regular exercise for 30 min in mild and moderate MG improves quality of life and walking distance compared to rest and is safe. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The clinical trial registration number is CTRI/2019/11/021869.

Hydro-Assisted Self-Regenerating Brominated N-Alkylated Thiophene Diketopyrrolopyrrole Dye Nanofibers-A Sustainable Synthesis Route for Renewable Air Filter Materials.

With rising global concerns over the alarming levels of particulate pollution, a sustainable air quality management is the need of the hour. Air filtration research has gained momentum in recent years. However, the research perspective is still blinkered toward formulating new fiber systems for the energy-intensive electrospinning process to fabricate high quality factor air filters. A holistic approach on sustainable air filtration models is still lacking. The air filter model presented in this work uses a simple process involving water-induced self-organization and self-regeneration of nanofibers, and an easy recycling route after the filter life that not only facilitates reuse of the microfibrous scaffold holding the nanofibers but also allows renewal of nanofibers. Three generations of air filters are fabricated and tested, all having high particulate matter (PM)-adsorbing tendency, high filtration efficiency (>95%), and high Young's modulus (≈5 GPa). The renewable air filters offer a sustainable alternative to the present cost-intensive electrospun air filters.

Reaction behaviour of arylamines with nitroalkenes in the presence of bismuth(iii) triflate: an easy access to 2,3-dialkylquinolines.

We report the reaction behaviour of arylamines with nitroalkenes in the presence of bismuth(iii) triflate (10 mol%) and diacetoxyiodobenzene (10 mol%). We obtained 2,3-dialkylquinoline derivatives instead of the expected 3-alkylindole derivatives. The present reaction is an alternative approach for the synthesis of 2,3-dialkylquinoline derivatives under milder conditions. Furthermore, we establish the mechanistic pathway by theoretical calculations using Gaussian 09 software [B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)], which shows that the conventional aza-Michael reaction is preferred over Michael addition. Aliphatic nitroalkenes behave in a different manner than aromatic nitroalkenes. An aza-Michael adduct gives rise to an imine by the elimination of water which may tautomerize to the corresponding enamine. The resulting imine and enamine intermediates react together to afford the desired quinoline derivatives. This protocol has the advantages of consecutive formation of one C-N and two C-C bonds, high regioselectivity, broad substrate-scope and good yields.

Photophysics of graphene quantum dot assemblies with axially coordinated cobaloxime catalysts.

We report a study of chromophore-catalyst assemblies composed of light harvesting hexabenzocoronene (HBC) chromophores axially coordinated to two cobaloxime complexes. The chromophore-catalyst assemblies were prepared using bottom-up synthetic methodology and characterized using solid-state NMR, IR, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Detailed steady-state and time-resolved laser spectroscopy was utilized to identify the photophysical properties of the assemblies, coupled with time-dependent DFT calculations to characterize the relevant excited states. The HBC chromophores tend to assemble into aggregates that exhibit high exciton diffusion length (D = 18.5 molecule2/ps), indicating that over 50 chromophores can be sampled within their excited state lifetime. We find that the axial coordination of cobaloximes leads to a significant reduction in the excited state lifetime of the HBC moiety, and this finding was discussed in terms of possible electron and energy transfer pathways. By comparing the experimental quenching rate constant (1.0 × 109 s-1) with the rate constant estimates for Marcus electron transfer (5.7 × 108 s-1) and Förster/Dexter energy transfers (8.1 × 106 s-1 and 1.0 × 1010 s-1), we conclude that both Dexter energy and Marcus electron transfer process are possible deactivation pathways in CoQD-A. No charge transfer or energy transfer intermediate was detected in transient absorption spectroscopy, indicating fast, subpicosecond return to the ground state. These results provide important insights into the factors that control the photophysical properties of photocatalytic chromophore-catalyst assemblies.

Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of proportions.

BACKGROUND: Coronaviruses mainly affect the respiratory system; however, there are reports of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV causing neurological manifestations. We aimed at discussing the various neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to estimate the prevalence of each of them. METHODS: We searched the following electronic databases; PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, Google Scholar, EBSCO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, WHO database, and ClinicalTrials.gov . Relevant MeSH terms for COVID-19 and neurological manifestations were used. Randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, case-control studies, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, case series, and case reports were included in the study. To estimate the overall proportion of each neurological manifestations, the study employed meta-analysis of proportions using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Pooled prevalence of each neurological manifestations are, smell disturbances (35.8%; 95% CI 21.4-50.2), taste disturbances (38.5%; 95%CI 24.0-53.0), myalgia (19.3%; 95% CI 15.1-23.6), headache (14.7%; 95% CI 10.4-18.9), dizziness (6.1%; 95% CI 3.1-9.2), and syncope (1.8%; 95% CI 0.9-4.6). Pooled prevalence of acute cerebrovascular disease was (2.3%; 95%CI 1.0-3.6), of which majority were ischaemic stroke (2.1%; 95% CI 0.9-3.3), followed by haemorrhagic stroke (0.4%; 95% CI 0.2-0.6), and cerebral venous thrombosis (0.3%; 95% CI 0.1-0.6). CONCLUSIONS: Neurological symptoms are common in SARS-CoV-2 infection, and from the large number of cases reported from all over the world daily, the prevalence of neurological features might increase again. Identifying some neurological manifestations like smell and taste disturbances can be used to screen patients with COVID-19 so that early identification and isolation is possible.

A study of hyperhomocysteinemia in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Vegetarianism may result in low vitamin B12 and acquired hyperhomocysteinemia leading to thrombotic conditions such as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). The clinico-radiological presentation and outcome of patients with hyperhomocysteinemia may be different from those without, but there is a paucity of information. This study was undertaken to find out the relationship of homocysteine (Hcy) with vitamin B12, folic acid and methyltetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutation in the patients with CVST, and compare clinico-radiological severity and outcome of patients with and without hyperhomocysteinemia. METHODS: Ninety-six CVST patients in whom Hcy level was measured, were included, and their risk factors and neurological, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR venography findings were noted. They were evaluated for prothrombotic conditions including Hcy, vitamin B12, folic acid and MTHFR 677C→T mutation. Three month outcome was categorized as death, poor and good. RESULTS: Seventy three per cent patients had risk factors; hyperhomocysteinemia in 52.1 per cent, protein S deficiency in 47.8 per cent, protein C deficiency in 19.4 per cent, MTHFR 677C→T mutation in 30.7 per cent, antinuclear antibody 11 per cent, and Factor V Leiden mutation in two per cent each. Thirty two per cent patients with hyperhomocysteinemia had no other thrombotic cause, and 22 per cent of them had either vitamin B12 and or folic acid deficiency only. The patients with hyperhomocysteinemia more frequently had vitamin B12 deficiency (70 vs. 13%), MTHFR 677C→T mutation (47.5 vs. 9.1%) and superior sagittal sinus thrombosis (78 vs. 56.5%) than normal Hcy group. The clinico-radiological severity and outcome were similar. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Hyperhomocysteinemia was an important correctable risk factor of CVST in patients from northern India, and majority of them had either low vitamin B12 level or MTHFR mutation.

N-Bridged Acyclic Trimeric Poly-Cyclodiphosphazanes: Highly Tuneable Cyclodiphosphazane Building Blocks.

We have synthesized a completely new family of acyclic trimeric cyclodiphosphazane compounds comprising NH, Ni Pr, Nt Bu and NPh bridging groups. In addition, the first NH-bridged acyclic dimeric cyclophosphazane has been produced. The trimeric species display highly tuneable characteristics so that the distance between the terminal N(H)R moieties can be readily modulated by the steric bulk present in the bridging groups (ranging from ≈6 to ≈10 Å). Moreover, these species exhibit pronounced topological changes when a weak non-bonding NH⋅⋅⋅π aryl interaction is introduced. Finally, the NH-bridged chloride binding affinities have been calculated and benchmarked along with the existing experimental data available for monomeric cyclodiphosphazanes. Our results underscore these species as promising hydrogen bond donors for supramolecular host-guest applications.

Serovar diversity of Salmonella among poultry.

Background & objectives: Salmonellosis due to the consumption of contaminated poultry products is a well-known public health concern, and assessing the distribution of Salmonella serovars among poultry becomes important for better prevention and control. The objective of the present study was to assess the distribution of Salmonella serovars among poultry. Methods: The isolates received at National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre during 2011-2016 were subjected to biochemical identification, followed by serological characterization to identify the Salmonella serovars, and the data were presented to exhibit the distribution of Salmonella serovars among poultry. Results: Salmonella was found to be present in poultry in all the regions included in the study. Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Gallinarum and S. Enteritidis were the most prevalent serovars accounting for 96.2 per cent of isolates. Salmonella was identified in poultry from all major egg-producing and egg-consuming States. Other serovars which were scantly identified included S. Infantis (2.7%), S. Montevideo (0.64%), S. Newport (0.26%) and S. Pullorum (0.13%). Interpretation & conclusions: Diverse distribution of Salmonella serovars in poultry in India, with known potential to infect human population and/or other poultry flocks, requires urgent nationwide stringent control measures.