RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Adequate plasma antibiotic concentrations are necessary for effective elimination of invading microorganism; however, extracorporeal organ support systems are well known to alter plasma concentrations of antibiotics, requiring dose adjustments to achieve effective minimal inhibitory concentrations in the patient's blood. METHODS: A mock molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) circuit was set using 5000 ml of bovine heparinized whole blood to simulate an 8-h MARS treatment session. After the loading dose of 400 mg of moxifloxacin or 2 g of meropenem had been added, blood was drawn from the different parts of the MARS circuit at various time points and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The experiments were performed in triplicate. Additionally, meropenem concentrations were determined in the plasma of one patient treated with MARS suffering from acute liver failure due to an idiosyncratic reaction to immunosuppressive medication. RESULTS: In our single-compartment model, a significant decrease in the quasi-systemic concentration of moxifloxacin and meropenem could be detected as early as 15 min after the commencing of the MARS circuit. Moreover, within 60 min the moxifloxacin and meropenem concentrations were less than 50% of the initial value. The activated charcoal removed the majority of moxifloxacin and meropenem in the albumin circuit. In our patient, the meropenem concentrations in the return line after MARS were constantly lower than in the access line, indicating a likely removal of meropenem through MARS. CONCLUSION: Our data provide evidence that moxifloxacin and meropenem are effectively removed from the patient's blood by MARS, leading to low plasma levels. Dose adjustments of both antibiotic compounds may be required.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/sangue , Compostos Aza/sangue , Quinolinas/sangue , Desintoxicação por Sorção/métodos , Tienamicinas/sangue , Fluoroquinolonas , Humanos , Meropeném , MoxifloxacinaRESUMO
Inhibition of the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) is a novel therapeutic option in the treatment of osteoporosis and related diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate bone metabolism and structure in pigs after RANKL inhibition. 12 growing pigs were assigned to 2 groups with 6 animals each. The OPG group received recombinant human OPG-Fc (5 mg/kg IV) at day 0, the control group was given 0.9% NaCl solution. Serum levels of OPG-Fc, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and bone turnover markers were evaluated every 5 days, and pigs were euthanized on day 20. Serum OPG-Fc concentration peaked at day 5 and coincided with significantly decreased Ca, P, and bone turnover markers. By day 15, measureable OPG-Fc serum levels could only be detected in 2/6 animals. With OPG-Fc clearance starting at day 10, serum Ca and P concentrations were not different between the 2 groups. TRACP5b, P1CP, and BAP levels significantly decreased by 40-70% relative to vehicle controls in the OPG-Fc group between days 5 and 10, indicating that pharmacologic concentration of OPG-Fc led to systemic concomitant inhibition of bone formation and resorption in young growing pigs. Dual X-ray absorptiometry data derived from the proximal femur did not differ between the 2 groups. µCT analysis of selected bone sites demonstrated an OPG-Fc-induced improvement of specific bone architectural indices and bone mineralization.
Assuntos
Reabsorção Óssea , Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Cálcio/sangue , Fragmentos Fc das Imunoglobulinas/farmacologia , Osteoprotegerina/farmacologia , Absorciometria de Fóton , Fosfatase Alcalina/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Osso e Ossos/diagnóstico por imagem , Feminino , Humanos , Fragmentos Fc das Imunoglobulinas/genética , Fragmentos Fc das Imunoglobulinas/metabolismo , Masculino , Osteoprotegerina/genética , Osteoprotegerina/metabolismo , Fósforo/sangue , Ligante RANK/antagonistas & inibidores , Ligante RANK/metabolismo , SuínosRESUMO
Research in osteoporosis, which is a complex systemic disease, demands suitable large animal models. In pigs, most research has been done in growing minipigs, which probably are not ideal models for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Therefore, our aim was to analyze the effects of ovariectomy (OVX) and nutritive calcium shortage on multiparous Large White sows. 32 animals were randomly assigned to 4 groups in a cross design with OVX vs. sham and physiological calcium supplementation (0.75% calcium) vs. dietary calcium shortage (0.3% calcium). The observation period was 10 months with blood sampling every 2 months for hematological, immunological, and biochemical bone marker measurements. At the termination of the experiment, animals were sacrificed. Samples of trabecular bone of distal radius, proximal tibia, and sixth lumbar vertebra were subjected to micro-computed tomography imaging and ashed afterwards. Dual X-ray absorptiometry scans of the proximal femora were performed with prepared bones being placed in a water bath for mimicking soft tissue. Analyses of bone marker and cytokine profile kinetics, distribution of leukocyte subpopulations, and morphometrical and densitometrical analyses showed no evidence of any impact of OVX or calcium shortage. In conclusion, the skeleton of adult sows of a conventional breed is seemingly protected from effects of OVX and calcium shortage.
Assuntos
Osso e Ossos/imunologia , Cálcio da Dieta/farmacologia , Sistema Imunitário/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Imunitário/imunologia , Linfócitos/imunologia , Ovariectomia , Paridade/imunologia , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Osso e Ossos/diagnóstico por imagem , Osso e Ossos/efeitos dos fármacos , Densitometria , Feminino , Hormônios/sangue , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Valor Nutritivo , Gravidez , Sus scrofa , Microtomografia por Raio-XRESUMO
For many bone and joint diseases in humans, including postmenopausal osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, an immune-mediated etiology has either been proven or is considered as a co-factor in pathogenesis. The identification of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG)-interplay and the in-depth characterization of the signaling pathways induced upon RANK activation, including molecules such as TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and signal transducer and activator of T cells (STAT)-3, now promise to give the opportunity to target osteoclastogenesis specifically. Additionally, many byways influencing osteoclastogenesis have been elucidated, thus giving rise to additional therapeutic approaches. These are based mainly upon the effects of diverse cytokines on osteoclast differentiation with interleukin (IL)-17 and interferone (IFN)-gamma being most prominent at the moment. The same applies for the recently established signaling pathways in osteoblastogenesis, which have attracted much attention in the recent years. In this respect, much attention has been attributed towards bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and the Wnt signaling cascade. In this review, an overview on the key molecules, which (could) serve as promising targets for novel therapeutic interventions with the aim of enhancing osteoblast formation or suppressing osteoclast development, is given. Further on, antibody-based therapeutical schemes as well as methodologically novel, albeit predominantly theoretical at the moment, strategies in the fight against immune-mediated osteopathologies are discussed.
Assuntos
Doenças Ósseas/fisiopatologia , Doenças Ósseas/terapia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Artropatias/fisiopatologia , Artropatias/terapia , Osteoblastos/fisiologia , Osteoclastos/fisiologia , Animais , Doenças Ósseas/imunologia , Osso e Ossos/imunologia , Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Citocinas/imunologia , Humanos , Artropatias/imunologia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Osteoblastos/imunologia , Osteoclastos/imunologia , Osteoprotegerina/metabolismo , Ligante RANK/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fator 6 Associado a Receptor de TNF , Proteínas Wnt/metabolismoRESUMO
Cytokine mRNA expression profiles serve to characterize immune cell activation in different test systems. Both, diluted whole blood and isolated PBMC are widely applied for these studies. Comprehensive data regarding the suitability of different anticoagulants for profiling cytokine expression are not available for the pig. Therefore the aim of this study was to compare the effect of two commonly used anticoagulants (heparin and EDTA) on the cytokine expression pattern of porcine blood cells. IL-1alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-gamma mRNA levels were detected ex-vivo and upon in-vitro stimulation in diluted porcine whole blood and isolated PBMC by real-time PCR. The cells were stimulated with ConA or LPS, known to act on different target cells and implying different signalling pathways. Additionally the integrity of the isolated RNA was investigated. Ex-vivo cytokine expression pattern of fresh whole blood were not affected by the investigated anticoagulants. In contrast, stimulation of cultured diluted whole blood or PBMC resulted in significant differences depending on the applied anticoagulant. Using EDTA we found a significantly decreased capacity of whole blood to express cytokines. However, isolated PBMC from EDTA anticoagulated blood showed a higher cytokine expression capacity than PBMC from heparinized blood. Comparing diluted whole blood and PBMC we found that cultured porcine whole blood responded better to bacterial products than isolated PBMC, probably because sufficient auxiliary plasma derived factors such as LPS-binding protein, are present. However, isolated PBMC showed a higher T-cell response than diluted whole blood. In conclusion, our findings underline that each application demands a specific assay system.
Assuntos
Anticoagulantes/farmacologia , Citocinas/sangue , Ácido Edético/farmacologia , Heparina/farmacologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , RNA Mensageiro/sangue , Animais , Anticoagulantes/sangue , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/biossíntese , Citocinas/genética , Ácido Edético/sangue , Heparina/sangue , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , SuínosRESUMO
Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) is broadly discussed as a porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated disease, although PCV2, in contrast to postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), has to date not been proven to be the aetiologic agent. In order to better understand the complex immunopathology of PDNS, the systemic cytokine expression profiles of (i) five pigs suffering from PDNS, (ii) five animals suffering from naturally acquired PMWS and (iii) five controls were investigated at mRNA and protein levels by means of multiplex real-time RT-PCR and flow cytometric intracellular cytokine detection, respectively. IL-1alpha, IL-6 and IFN-gamma mRNA expressions were found to be elevated in PDNS pigs. At the protein level, an increased capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to produce IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma was evident. Hematological investigations revealed a hypochromic anemia while basophils and monocytes were relatively and neutrophils absolutely increased in PDNS pigs. PCV2 antibody levels did not differ significantly between PDNS and PMWS affected animals. Taken results together, the cytokine profile of the PDNS affected animals together with hematological data pointed towards a proinflammatory condition supporting a Th1 bias. Cytokine data of PMWS affected animals exhibited only minor non-significant differences when compared to controls, only IL-10 was significantly decreased at the mRNA level.
Assuntos
Citocinas/genética , Dermatite/veterinária , Nefropatias/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Infecções por Circoviridae/genética , Infecções por Circoviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Circoviridae/veterinária , Circovirus/genética , Circovirus/isolamento & purificação , Citocinas/biossíntese , DNA Viral/genética , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Dermatite/genética , Dermatite/imunologia , Citometria de Fluxo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Nefropatias/genética , Nefropatias/imunologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Sus scrofa , Doenças dos Suínos/genética , Síndrome , Células Th1/imunologiaRESUMO
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is an economically important disease in pigs caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Development of this disease is presumably associated with an impairment of the immune system. We, therefore, investigated the systemic expression of relevant cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) and IL-2Ralpha at mRNA (semiquantitative RT-PCR) and at protein level (flow cytometric intracellular cytokine detection after short-time stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells) in 10 feeder pigs aged 14 weeks suffering from natural PMWS and in 10 clinically healthy pen-mates. Hematological examination revealed a significant (p < 0.001) relative lymphopenia in the diseased animals when compared to reference pigs. IL-1alpha and IL-10 mRNA levels were notably increased in the affected pigs, whereas IL-2 and IL-2Ralpha (CD25) mRNA levels tended to be down-regulated. IL-8, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma mRNA expressions appeared to be slightly increased. Intracellular cytokine levels as measured by flow cytometry revealed an increase of IL-1beta, IL-2, and IL-6, whereas IL-12 and TNF-alpha expressions were not affected. IFN-gamma was slightly decreased in the diseased animals. In conclusion, despite the assumption, that the cellular immune response to PMWS as a virus-induced disease should be characterized by either a Th1 driven cytokine profile or a cytokine profile indicative of T cell immunosuppression, our results did not support that hypothesis. Nevertheless, data from intracellular cytokine detection suggest an even increased percentage of the remaining lymphocytes capable to produce IL-2 upon in vitro stimulation, which is in contrast to the slightly diminished IL-2 mRNA levels reflecting the in vivo situation at least at the mRNA level.
Assuntos
Infecções por Circoviridae/veterinária , Circovirus/imunologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Síndrome de Emaciação/veterinária , Animais , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas , Infecções por Circoviridae/sangue , Infecções por Circoviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Circoviridae/virologia , Circovirus/genética , Citocinas/genética , Citometria de Fluxo/veterinária , RNA Mensageiro/química , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/veterinária , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Síndrome de Emaciação/sangue , Síndrome de Emaciação/imunologia , Síndrome de Emaciação/virologiaRESUMO
The introduction deals with immunogenetic investigations on the field of life-stock. The main chapter is outlined as a tabular overview of current opportunities of the application of indicator traits as well as marker and causal genes in breeding for disease resistance in cattle, sheep, goats and swine. In the discussion of the second part, emphasis was layed on diseases of small ruminants in central and western Europe. Indicator traits are discussed with respect of their advantages and disadvantages. The rigorous selection of specific traits is connected with an increase of the number of homozygotes. In contrary, pathogens do undergo mutations, thus escaping the host's immune system. Out of this point of view it is advisable, to set on selection very cautiously. The role of technologies of modern immunogenetics is pointed out in respect of constructing disease resistant animals.
Assuntos
Imunidade Inata , Imunogenética , Seleção Genética , Animais , Cruzamento , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/genética , Doenças dos Bovinos/imunologia , Suscetibilidade a Doenças/veterinária , Feminino , Doenças das Cabras/genética , Doenças das Cabras/imunologia , Cabras , Imunidade Inata/genética , Masculino , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/genética , Doenças dos Ovinos/imunologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/genética , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologiaRESUMO
The introduction of the first part deals with immunogenetic investigations on the field of life-stock. The main chapter is outlined as a tabular overview of current opportunities of the application of indicator traits as well as marker and causal genes in breeding for disease resistance in cattle, sheep, goats and swine. In the discussion of the second part, emphasis was laied on diseases of small ruminants in central and western Europe with special respect of endoparasitoses, scrapie, foot-rot and maedi-visna virus infection. Indicator traits are discussed with respect of their advantages and disadvantages. The rigorous selection on specific traits is connected with an increase of the number of homozygotes. In contrary, pathogens do undergo mutations, thus escaping the host's immune system. Out of this point of view it is advisable, to set on selection very cautiously. The role of technologies of modern immunogenetics is pointed out in respect of constructing disease resistant animals.
Assuntos
Doenças das Cabras/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/genética , Seleção Genética , Doenças dos Ovinos/imunologia , Animais , Cruzamento , Suscetibilidade a Doenças/veterinária , Feminino , Pododermatite Necrótica dos Ovinos/genética , Pododermatite Necrótica dos Ovinos/imunologia , Marcadores Genéticos , Doenças das Cabras/genética , Cabras , Humanos , Masculino , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/genética , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/imunologia , Scrapie/genética , Scrapie/imunologia , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/genética , Visna/genética , Visna/imunologiaRESUMO
Cathepsin S is a cysteine protease that controls adipocyte differentiation and has been implicated in vascular and metabolic complications of obesity. Considering the inverse relation of osteoblasts and adipocytes and their mutual precursor cell, we hypothesized that cathepsin S may also affect osteoblast differentiation and bone remodeling. Thus, the fat and bone phenotypes of young (3 months old) and aged (12 or 18 months old) cathepsin S knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were determined. Cathepsin S KO mice had a normal body weight at both ages investigated, even though the amount of subscapular and gonadal fat pads was reduced by 20%. Further, cathepsin S deficiency impaired adipocyte formation (-38%, p<0.001), which was accompanied by a lower expression of adipocyte-related genes and a reduction in serum leptin, IL-6 and CCL2 (p<0.001). Micro-CT analysis revealed an unchanged trabecular bone volume fraction and density, while tissue mineral density was significantly lower in cathepsin S KO mice at both ages. Aged KO mice further had a lower cortical bone mass (-2.3%, p<0.05). At the microarchitectural level, cathepsin S KO mice had thinner trabeculae (-8.3%), but a better connected trabecular network (+24%). Serum levels of the bone formation marker type 1 procollagen amino-terminal-propeptide and osteocalcin were both 2-3-fold higher in cathepsin S KO mice as was the mineralized surface. Consistently, osteogenic differentiation was increased 2-fold along with an increased expression of osteoblast-specific genes. Interestingly, serum levels of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen were also higher (+43%) in cathepsin S KO mice as were histological osteoclast parameters and ex vivo osteoclast differentiation. Thus, cathepsin S deficiency alters the balance between adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation, increases bone turnover, and changes bone microarchitecture. Therefore, bone and fat metabolisms should be monitored when using cathepsin S inhibitors clinically.
Assuntos
Adipócitos/citologia , Remodelação Óssea/fisiologia , Osso e Ossos/ultraestrutura , Catepsinas/fisiologia , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Osteoblastos/citologia , Animais , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Microtomografia por Raio-XRESUMO
Minipigs have become popular pets in recent years. Therefore, an increasing number of veterinarians are being challenged by specific problems of these animals. This retrospective study gives an overview on the diagnoses and therapeutic interventions of the patients submitted to the clinic for swine at the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna during the last 6 years (n=48). Most frequently, colic symptoms of the gastro-intestinal tract (n=12) and orthopaedic locomotion disorders (n=10), mainly due to accidents or long claws, could be observed, followed by urogenital tract and skin disorders (n=4 each). Therapeutic interventions are discussed with regard to medical aspects as well as statutory provisions.
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Doenças dos Suínos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Suínos/terapia , Porco Miniatura , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/fisiologia , Animais , Animais Domésticos , Feminino , Casco e Garras/patologia , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , SuínosRESUMO
This case report is the first description of a fibroepithelial hamartoma in a pig. The dysplasia, which covered half of the face of the newborn piglet, did not increase in relative size until the animal was euthanatized at 6 months of age. Histologic examination revealed a moderate orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with variable degrees of epithelial proliferation. The main body of the dysplasia consisted of collagenous fibers. In addition, some proliferating small blood vessels as well as focally gathered dilated apocrine glands were evident. Given morphologic and clinical features, the diagnosis of a hamartoma seemed to be justified.
Assuntos
Hamartoma/veterinária , Neoplasias Fibroepiteliais/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/patologia , Animais , Hamartoma/diagnóstico , Hamartoma/patologia , Neoplasias Fibroepiteliais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Fibroepiteliais/patologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/diagnósticoRESUMO
The health status of a 4-year-old female, dd-haplotype miniature pig deteriorated rapidly, so the animal finally had to be euthanized because of poor clinical condition. Necropsy revealed a massive leukocytic infiltration in the parenchymatous organs of the abdominal cavity. On hematologic cell counting, severe leukocytosis (69.3 x 10(9) cells/liter) and high-grade basophilia (6.9 x 10(9) cells/liter) were evident. Cytologic examination, as well as analysis of expression of leukocyte differentiation antigens by means of flow cytometry, classified blasts, which accounted for about 22% of leukocytes, as biphenotypic cells co-expressing the myeloid marker SWC3 (CD172a) and the lymphoid markers CD5 and CD25. Hematologic features resembled those seen in humans with chronic myeloid leukemia at blast phase.
Assuntos
Leucemia/veterinária , Leucócitos/metabolismo , Doenças dos Suínos/sangue , Doenças dos Suínos/imunologia , Animais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Feminino , Imunofenotipagem , Leucemia/imunologia , Leucemia/metabolismo , Leucemia/patologia , Leucócitos/imunologia , Fígado/patologia , Ovário/patologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/metabolismoRESUMO
Panels of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for porcine interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were evaluated for their applicability in flow cytometric intracellular cytokine detection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were short-time stimulated in the presence of brefeldin-A, ionomycin and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, fixed and incubated with the respective mAbs as well as phycoerythrin-conjugated second-step antibodies. Suitability of mAbs was judged by use of statistical data and by visual control of scattergrams, considering the capability of mAbs to discriminate between cytokine-positive and cytokine-negative cell populations. The number of suitable clones differed to a high degree between the investigated cytokines, but at least one mAb fitting for flow cytometric intracellular cytokine detection could be identified within each panel. Monoclonal Abs producing scattergrams with a clear demarcation between positive and negative cell populations were found within the anti-IL-2, IL-6 and IFN-gamma panels, whereas less well defined positive and negative cell populations could be generated by use of mAbs within the anti-IL-4 and TNF-alpha panels. Only one moderately fitting mAb was identified within the anti-IL-12 panel. After having evaluated the best fitting mAbs, these were used to obtain reference levels for the physiological range of porcine lymphocytic cytokine production in a second set of experiments. For that reason, 13 clinically healthy pigs aged between 6 weeks and 6 months were investigated. Data presented are given as mean +/- SD of the percentage of positive-staining lymphocytes: IL-2, 45.5 +/- 27.6; IL-4, 34.1 +/- 21.3; IL-6, 45.4 +/- 23.8; IL-12, 13.9 +/- 8.6; TNF-alpha, 43.4 +/- 11.3; IFN-gamma, 65.5 +/- 14.8.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais , Citocinas/isolamento & purificação , Citometria de Fluxo/veterinária , Linfócitos/imunologia , Suínos/imunologia , Animais , Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Ativação Linfocitária , Valores de Referência , Suínos/sangueRESUMO
164 feed samples were collected in Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Styria and Carynthia in the crop years 2002 and 2003 and were analysed by means of the RIDASCREEN(®) ELISA-assay for theFusarium toxins Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Zearalenone (ZON). The collected samples consisted of swine feeds, cereals and silages. DON concentrations were found up to the range of mg/kg (ppm), in contrast ZON results remained significantly lower.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Tratamento Farmacológico/veterinária , Leucemia de Mastócitos/veterinária , Porco Miniatura , Animais , Ciclofosfamida/administração & dosagem , Progressão da Doença , Contagem de Eritrócitos/veterinária , Furosemida/administração & dosagem , Leucemia de Mastócitos/diagnóstico , Leucemia de Mastócitos/tratamento farmacológico , Contagem de Leucócitos/veterinária , Masculino , Prednisolona/administração & dosagem , Indução de Remissão , Suínos , Porco Miniatura/sangue , Vimblastina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Sequence variation present within the mitochondrial genome was used to investigate genetic diversity within sheep breeds from Asia and Europe. Comparison of 2027 bp of sequence from 121 animals revealed 44 phylogenetically informative nucleotide positions and a single insertion/deletion. A total of 57 haplotypes were observed which formed two distinct clades. Type A haplotypes were found in breeds from Asia (India, Indonesia, Mongolia, and Tibet), while type B haplotypes were observed at the highest frequency in breeds sourced from Europe (nine breeds from Austria, Aland, Finland, Spain, and northwestern Russia). The distribution of haplotypes indicates sheep appear to have the weakest population structure and the highest rate of intercontinental dispersal of any domestic animal reported to date. Only 2.7% of the sequence variation observed was partitioned between continents, which is lower than both goat (approximately 10%) and cattle (approximately 50%). Diagnostic restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) tests which distinguish type A and B haplotypes were used to test an additional 223 animals from 17 breeds of European and Asian origin. A mixture of the two lineages was found in every breed except Suffolk and the Indian Garole, indicating introgression has played a major part during breed development and subsequent selection.
Assuntos
Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Filogenia , Ovinos/genética , Animais , Ásia , Sequência de Bases , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Europa (Continente) , Haplótipos/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
The biologically active form of vitamine D(3) [1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)] has recently been described not only to influence bone metabolism but also to exert immunomodulating activities, which may have an impact on bone formation/resorption as well. In this study, we analysed the effects of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) on the cytokine pattern of porcine bone marrow-derived cells from piglets aged 1-3 weeks. After culture for 1 week, the number of osteoclasts was determined, with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive, multinucleated cells being considered osteoclasts. Cultured bone marrow cell-derived mRNA was subjected to semiquantitative RT-PCR specific for a panel of porcine cytokines (IL-1alpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-alpha). In addition, an immunofluorescence analysis using anti-porcine mAbs specific for IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma was performed. In order to prove the existence of a porcine homologue of the receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) bone marrow cell- as well as porcine white blood cell-derived mRNA was investigated by RT-PCR using primer pairs specific for murine RANKL. Cell culture supernatant was analysed for soluble RANKL by means of an ELISA designed for quantification of human RANKL. By means of RT-PCR, expression of IL-1alpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-alpha mRNA could be found in cells cultured with and without 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were produced by both stromal cells and osteoclasts. Besides its known osteoclastogenic effects, 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) tended to downregulate the respective cytokines, but significantly upregulated RANKL expression. The homology between the porcine RANKL-specific sequence and the corresponding human RANKL sequence was 79%. The data found support the idea that porcine bone marrow cell cultures may provide a suitable alternative to murine systems in human osteological research.
Assuntos
Células da Medula Óssea/imunologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Osteoclastos/imunologia , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Animais , Células da Medula Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Células da Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte/análise , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/genética , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Feminino , Imunofluorescência/veterinária , Leucócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucócitos/imunologia , Leucócitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/análise , Osteoclastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteoclastos/metabolismo , Ligante RANK , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptor Ativador de Fator Nuclear kappa-B , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/veterinária , Suínos , Vitamina D/farmacologiaRESUMO
Clostridium perfringens types A, B, C, D and E are known to cause severe enteritis/enterotoxaemia and diseases (especially caused by type A) belonging to the gas oedema complex in many species. Samples from the small intestine as well as faeces of domestic and exotic animals suffering from enterotoxaemic signs or having died within days after first occurance of toxaemia were submitted for typing C. perfringens toxovars by multiplex PCR. The following species have been investigated: domestic sheep (Ovis ammon; n = 10), domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus; n = 26), Japanese serow (Capricornis sumatraensis; n = 4), lechwe waterbuck (Hydrotragus leche; n = 1), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra; n = 1), European reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus; n = 4), domestic swine (Sus scrofa; n = 52), and collared peccary (Tayassu albirostris; n = 1). Interestingly, the predominant C. perfringens toxovar in domestic sheep was type A. This toxovar could also be diagnosed in all reindeer, in three Japanese serows, one lechwe waterbuck and most pigs (n = 47), the majority of those being at suckling age. Type D was the most prevalent toxovar (n = 18) in domestic goats, but also types A and E could be identified as pathogens in this species. Type C could only be found in domestic swine (n = 5) and in one case of clostridiosis in a Japanese serow. Two cases of enterotoxaemia in goats, one case in reindeer, and a single case in blackbuck and collared peccary were caused by C. perfringens type E. Genotyping of C. perfringens is recommended before starting vaccination programmes as it could be shown, that the importance of specific toxovars has been underestimated in specific species and/or age groups.
Assuntos
Infecções por Clostridium/veterinária , Clostridium perfringens/isolamento & purificação , Ruminantes/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Suínos/microbiologia , Animais , Áustria/epidemiologia , Infecções por Clostridium/epidemiologia , Infecções por Clostridium/etiologia , Clostridium perfringens/genética , Genótipo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterináriaRESUMO
The article refers about several cases of isoimmunohaemolytic icterus in neonatal calves from different farms, whose dams had all been vaccinated against piroplasmosis. Clinical signs of immunomediated icterus neonatorum gravis, results of blood chemistry (with special regard to liver-specific parameters in the neonatal calf and results of haematology) as well as gross pathology and pathohistology are to be discussed. It is summarized, that the most relevant indicators for a hepatopathy in the newborn calf are total-bilirubin and the glutamate-dehydrogenase. Today, the production of piroplasmosis-vaccines out of blood of splenectomized animals is referred to as the only practicable method of harvesting sufficient amounts of vaccine-antigen.