Association between preterm infant body composition in the first 3 months of life and preschool age: a cohort study.

Compared with full-term infants, preterm infants have fat-free mass deficit in the first months of life, which increases the risk of metabolic diseases in the future. In this cohort of children born under 32-week gestational age or less than 1500 g, we aimed to evaluate the associations of body composition at term equivalent age and in the first 3 months of life with fat-free mass and fat mass percentage at 4 to 7 years of life. Body composition assessments by air displacement plethysmography and anthropometry were performed at term, at 3 months of corrected age, and at 4 to 7 years of age. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to observe the associations between body composition at these ages. At term, fat mass percentage showed a negative association and fat-free mass a positive association with fat-free mass at 4 to 7 years. The fat-free mass at 3 months and the gain in fat-free mass between term and 3 months showed positive associations with fat-free mass at 4 to 7 years.   Conclusion: Body composition at preschool age is associated with fat-free mass in the first 3 months of life, a sensitive period for the risk of metabolic diseases. What is Known: • Preterm infants have a deficit in fat-free mass and high adiposity at term equivalent age compared to full-term infants. • Fat-free mass reflects metabolic capacity throughout life and therefore is considered a protective factor against the risk of metabolic syndrome. What is New: •Fat-free mass gain in the first 3 months of corrected age is associated with fat-free mass at preschool and school ages. •The first 3 months of life is a sensitive period to the risk of metabolic diseases.

Comparison of growth curves in very low birth weight preterm infants after hospital discharge.

Monitoring preterm infants' growth is essential to ensure the best prognosis for their growth and development. We aimed to compare growth curves in very low birth weight preterm infants after hospital discharge. In this retrospective longitudinal study, 178 preterm infants' growth was assessed by z-scores for weight for age and length to age and compared between Fenton and Kim and Intergrowth-21st charts from hospital discharge until 50 weeks postnatal, and between Intergrowth-21st and WHO charts, 50 and 64 weeks postnatal. The Kappa test was used to evaluate the agreement of the number of cases classified above or below the -2 Z-score concerning weight-for-age and length-for-age indicators to each proposed curve. Our results found that the agreement between Fenton and Kim and Intergrowth-21st curves was almost perfect for most of the weeks investigated, except 35-38 (k = 0.79) and 47-50 (k = 0.61) weeks postnatal. When evaluating the agreement between WHO and Intergrowth-21st, it was substantial for most of the weeks investigated, except for 55-58 and 69-64 weeks postnatal, in which the agreement was almost perfect (k = 0.84; k = 0.81, respectively). Furthermore, we observed that Fenton and Kim curve identified 8.4% and WHO, 5.8% more cases of preterm infants below -2 z than Intergrowth-21st.Conclusion: Although the agreement of the curves was substantial to almost perfect, the Fenton and Kim and WHO curve seem to identify more cases of preterm infants compared to the Intergrowth-21st, a finding that deserves more in-depth investigation in clinical practice. What is Known: • The adequate interpretation of postnatal growth depends on the standard growth chart. • Studies comparing the classification of anthropometric indicators of preterm infants between growth curves consider only the period from birth to hospital discharge. What is New: • This is the first study that compares the classification of weight-for-age and length-for-age indicators of VLBW preterm infants between Intergrowth-21st and Fenton and Kim curves until 64 weeks postnatal. • Substantial to almost perfect agreement of length-for-age indicator was found between the two growth curves of preterm infants during outpatient follow-up.

Infants with microcephaly due to ZIKA virus exposure: nutritional status and food practices.

BACKGROUND: Children with microcephaly due to vertical exposure to Zika virus are an interesting population for investigation. Highlighted among their unique aspects are those related to nutrition due to its impact on child growth and development. Knowledge about the nutrition of microcephalic infants can help mothers and caregivers provide better care. Thus, this study aimed to describe the nutritional status and feeding practices of infants with microcephaly due to Zika virus exposure at birth and 12-23 months of age. METHODS: This is a descriptive study developed from a cohort of patients attending a public institution of reference. A total of 65 infants attended outpatient nutrition clinics. The food practices were described using the 24-h food recall and food consumption indicators. Anthropometric measurements and consultations were made using the Child Health Handbook to obtain information on the nutritional status (weight, height and head circumference) at the time of consultation and birth. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in z-scores for weight, height and head circumference (HC) from birth to the time of the consultation. However, most infants did not show weight-for-height deficits. Additionally, HC was correlated with the anthropometric indices weight-for-age, height-for-age, body mass index-for-age and weight-for-height. CONCLUSION: Infants exhibited a worsening of their nutritional status between birth and the time of their consultation, notably when we evaluated the indices of height and head circumference for age. The main inadequacies regarding dietary practices were low food diversity, use of ultra-processed products and low lipid intake.

The trajectory of head circumference and neurodevelopment in very preterm newborns during the first two years of life: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the growth trajectory of head circumference and neurodevelopment, and to correlate head circumference with cognitive, language, and motor outcomes during the first two years. METHOD: Prospective cohort study in a tertiary hospital including 95 newborns under 32 weeks or 1500 g. Neonates who developed major neonatal morbidities were excluded. The head circumference was measured at birth, at discharge, and at term-equivalent age, 1, 3, 5, 12, 18, and 24 months of corrected age, and the Bayley Scales (Bayley-III) were applied at 12, 18 and 24 months of corrected age to assess cognitive, language and, motor domains. Scores below 85 were classified as mild/moderate deficits and scores below 70 as severe deficits. The association between head circumference Z score and Bayley scores was assessed using Pearson's correlation. The study considered a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: There was a decrease of -0.18 in the head circumference Z score between birth and discharge and the catch-up occurred between discharge and 1 month (an increase of 0.81 in the Z score). There was a positive correlation between head circumference and Bayley scores at 18 months. There was also a positive correlation between head circumference at discharge and at 5 months with the three domains of the Bayley. CONCLUSION: Serial measurements of head circumference provide knowledge of the trajectory of growth, with early catch-up between discharge and 1 month, as well as its association with neurodevelopment. Head circumference is therefore a valuable clinical marker for neurodevelopment, especially in very preterm newborns.

Plasma and breast milk adipokines in women across the first year postpartum and their association with maternal depressive symptoms and infant neurodevelopment: Protocol for the APPLE prospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Adiponectin and leptin play important roles in the central nervous system. During the postpartum period, there is a need for a better understanding of the relationship between these cytokines and the neurological development of the infant, as well as their influence on preventing maternal depressive symptoms. OBJECTIVES: To assess the correlation between adiponectin and leptin in maternal plasma and breast milk and their association with: infant neurodevelopment at 6 and 12 months of age; and maternal mental health over the first year postpartum. METHODS: Prospective cohort study with four follow-up. Mothers and their newborns are recruited within the first 15 days postpartum (baseline). Follow-up visits occur at 2, 6, and 12 months postpartum. Visits include blood and breast milk collection, application of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Beck Depression Inventory to assess maternal mental health, application of the Bayley-III scale for infant developmental assessment, maternal and infant anthropometry and body composition, evaluation of reproductive history, mother-infant bonding, breastfeeding, consumption of ultra-processed foods, sleep quality, and socio-economic and demographic data. RESULTS: The research received funds in August 2022, and participant recruitment began in September 2022. The sample size will consist of 95 mother-child pairs. As of September 2023, 68 participants have been recruited. CONCLUSION: The project will provide insights into the association between adiponectin and leptin with postpartum depression and infant neurodevelopment, ultimately promoting improved care and quality of life for these groups. Additionally, it will provide data on the type of delivery, infant physical growth, maternal and infant body composition changes, sleep quality, consumption of ultra-processed foods, and maternal metabolic health, including vitamin D metabolites, oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites, phospholipid species and triacylglycerols, which are of significant relevance to public health and, when interconnected, may yield important results and contribute to the existing literature. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Name of the registry: Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (ReBec). Registration number: RBR-9hcby8c.

Body composition at 4 to 7 years of age in children born <32 weeks gestational age or 1500 g: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Small for gestational age preterm infants show differences in body composition when compared to those appropriate for gestational age at term, which have consequences on metabolism. AIM: To compare growth and body composition of children born small and appropriate for gestational age between 4 and 7 years. METHOD: A Cohort of small and appropriate for gestational age infants <32 weeks or 1500 g were followed at term and 3 months corrected ages and at 4 to 7 years. Body composition assessment by air displacement plethysmography and anthropometry were performed at all moments. Differences between the two groups were assessed using t-student and Chi-square tests. RESULTS: Ninety-four infants were included at term (26 small and 68 appropriate for gestational age); 88 at 3 months (24 small and 64 appropriate for gestational age) and 47 between 4 and 7 years (11 small and 36 appropriate for gestational age). At term, small for gestational age infants had lower fat-free mass, fat mass, weight and length compared with those appropriate for gestational age (p < 0.001). At 3 months, fat-free mass (grams) remained lower in small for gestational age group (p < 0.001). Between 4 and 7 years, body composition and anthropometry were similar between the groups. CONCLUSION: Between 4 and 7 years, children born small and appropriate for gestational age had similar body composition. New long-term longitudinal studies are necessary to understand the influence of fat-free mass and fat mass in the first months of age on body composition throughout life.

Anthropometric Parameters of Children with Congenital Zika Virus Exposure in the First Three Years of Life.

Little is known about the impact of congenital Zika virus (ZIKV) exposure on growth in the first years of life. In this prospective cohort study,201 ZIKV antenatally-exposed children were followed at a tertiary referral center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Eighty-seven were classified as congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) patients and 114 as not congenital Zika syndrome (NCZS); growth parameters were described and compared between groups and with WHO standard growth curves. Thirty-four (39%) newborns with CZS and seven (6%) NCZS were small for gestational age (p < 0.001). NCZS mean weight measures ranged from −0.45 ± 0.1 to 0.27 ± 0.2 standard deviations (SD) from the WHO growth curve median during follow-up, versus −1.84 ± 0.2 to −2.15 ± 0.2 SD for the CZS group (p < 0.001). Length mean z-scores varied from −0.3 ± 0.1 at 1 month to 0.17 ± 0.2 SD between 31 and 36 months in the NCZS group, versus −2.3 ± 0.3 to −2.0 ± 0.17 SD in the CZS group (p < 0.001). Weight/height (W/H) and BMI z-scores reached -1.45 ± 0.2 SD in CZS patients between 31 and 36 months, versus 0.23 ± 0.2 SD in the NCZS group (p < 0.01). Between 25 and 36 months of age, more than 50% of the 70 evaluated CZS children were below weight and height limits; 36 (37.1%) were below the W/H cut-off. Gastrostomy was performed in 23 (26%) children with CZS. During the first three years of life, CZS patients had severe and early growth deficits, while growth of NCZS children was normal by WHO standards.

Do Thyroid Diseases during Pregnancy and Lactation Affect the Nutritional Composition of Human Milk?

OBJECTIVE: To identify whether the effects of thyroid disease during pregnancy and lactation affect the nutritional composition of human milk. METHODS: Systematic review of the scientific literature using the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/MedLine databases to evaluate the association of thyroid diseases during pregnancy and lactation with the nutritional composition of human milk. There was no delimitation by period or by language, and the searches were completed in March 2019. The following descriptors were applied: human milk AND thyroid AND composition, using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol for data search, selection, and extraction. The flowchart proposed for bibliographic search resulted in 12 articles and, of these, four were selected. RESULTS: The articles elected for this review were published between 1976 and 2018. Two studies found significant differences in the nutritional composition of mothers' milk with hypothyroidism or overweight compared with the milk of those without hypothyroidism. Studies have shown that the presence of the disease led to changes in the nutritional composition of human milk, especially a higher concentration of human milk fat. CONCLUSION: It is extremely important that these women have continuous nutritional follow-up to minimize the impact of these morbidities on the nutritional composition of human milk.

OBJETIVO: Identificar se os efeitos da doença da tireoide durante a gestação e lactação afetam a composição nutricional do leite humano. MéTODOS: Revisão sistemática da literatura científica por meio das bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/MedLine a fim de avaliar a associação das doenças da tireoide na gestação e na lactação com a composição nutricional do leite humano. Não houve delimitação por período nem por idioma, e as buscas foram finalizadas em março de 2019. Foram aplicados os seguintes descritores: human milk AND thyroid AND composition, utilizando protocolo preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) para a busca, seleção e extração de dados. De acordo com o fluxograma proposto, a busca bibliográfica resultou em 12 artigos e, destes, quatro foram selecionados. RESULTADOS: Os artigos elegidos para a presente revisão foram publicados entre 1976 e 2018. Dois estudos verificaram diferenças significativas na composição nutricional do leite de mães com hipotireoidismo ou excesso de peso em comparação ao grupo controle sem hipotireoidismo. Os estudos demonstraram que a presença da doença levava a modificações na composição nutricional do leite humano, principalmente em relação à maior concentração da gordura. CONCLUSãO: É de extrema importância que essas mulheres tenham acompanhamento nutricional contínuo a fim de minimizar o impacto dessas morbidades sobre a composição nutricional do leite humano.

Overweight modifies the nutritional composition of human milk? A systematic review. / O excesso de peso modifica a composição nutricional do leite materno? uma revisão sistemática.

This paper aims to identify the association between overweight and the nutritional composition of human milk. A systematic review was performed by searching on PubMed, Virtual Health Library (BVS), EMBASE, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases, from May to June 2018, using keywords "Human Milk" AND "Overweight" OR "Obesity" OR "Body Mass Index". The bibliographic search returned 435 papers after the duplicates were removed. Of this total, 12 papers were selected for abstract reading, and nine works were incorporated into this systematic review. Eight papers showed that overweight increased the total concentration of lipids or glucose or macronutrient fractions, and only one study found no association between overweight and the nutritional composition of human milk. Most works selected evidenced that obesity changed the total concentration of lipids and their fractions. Thus, we recommend that women's weight and height be evaluated in the pregestational visit to identify and monitor nutritional deviations, contributing to weight adequacy before pregnancy and assisting in the production of milk with adequate nutritional composition.

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar associação entre excesso de peso e composição nutricional do leite materno. Foi realizada revisão sistemática nas bases de dados PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), EMBASE, Web of Science e SCOPUS. As buscas foram realizadas de maio a junho de 2018, com os descritores: "Human Milk" and "Overweight" or "Obesity" or "Body Mass Index". A busca bibliográfica resultou em 435 artigos após remoção das duplicatas. Desse total, 12 foram selecionados para leitura dos resumos e nove foram inseridos para compor a presente revisão sistemática. Oito artigos demonstraram que o excesso de peso acarretou aumento da concentração total de lipídeos, e/ou glicose e/ou frações de macronutrientes e um estudo não observou associação entre o excesso de peso e a composição nutricional do leite humano. A maior parte dos artigos selecionados observou que a obesidade modificou a concentração total de lipídeos e de suas frações. Portanto, é recomendado que o peso e a estatura da mulher sejam avaliados na consulta pré-concepcional, a fim de identificar e acompanhar desvios nutricionais, contribuindo para a adequação do peso antes da gravidez e auxiliando na produção de leite com conteúdo nutricional adequado.

MACRONUTRIENTS OF MOTHERS' MILK OF VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS: ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO GESTATIONAL AGE AND MATERNAL VARIABLES.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the composition of macronutrients present in the milk of mothers of preterm newborn infants (PTNB) - protein, fat, carbohydrate, and calories - by gestational age (GA), chronological age (CA) and maternal variables. METHODS: Longitudinal study that analyzed 215 milk samples from the 51 mothers of PTNB admitted in three Neonatal Intensive Care Units of Rio de Janeiro from May/2013-January/2014. Milk collection was performed by pickup pump, on a fixed day of each week until discharge. The spectrophotometric technique with Infrared Analysis (MilkoScan Minor 104) was used for the quantitative analysis. A sample of 7 mL of human milk was taken from the total volume of milk extracted by the mother. The data was grouped by GA (25-27, 28-31, 32-36, 37-40 weeks) and by CA (zero to 4, 5-8, 9-12, 13-16 weeks). RESULTS: Protein, carbohydrate, fat and calories did not show any pattern of change, with no difference among groups of GA. When the macronutrients were analyzed by groups of CA, protein decreased, with significant difference between the first two groups of CA. Carbohydrates, fat and calories presented increasing values in all groups, without significant differences. Weight gain during pregnancy, maternal hypertension and maternal age were associated with changes in fat and calories in the first moment of the analysis of milk. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant decrease in the levels of protein during the first eight weeks after birth. CA may be an important factor in the composition of human milk.

Differences in energy expenditure in human donor milk versus formula milk in preterm newborns: A crossover study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the ratio between energy expenditure and caloric density in human donor milk versus formula milk in preterm newborn infants. METHODS: This was a crossover, randomized clinical trial with 29 preterm newborn infants receiving full diet. The infants were randomly assigned to receive either human milk or formula milk alternating, after a 24-h period. Energy expenditure was evaluated by indirect calorimetry. Total calorie and macronutrient values in the human milk were calculated individually with infrared technique; energy expenditure/caloric density ratio was calculated. RESULTS: Human donor milk energy expenditure/caloric density ratio was significantly greater than in formula milk at all time points. The total mean was 1.04 ± 0.27 for the human milk and 0.81 ± 0.11 for the formula. However, when we analyzed a subgroup of newborns that received human donor milk with >60 kcal/100 mL, there was no statistical difference (P = 0.36). The mean calorie values were 58.9 kcal/100 mL (human donor milk) and 81.4 kcal/100 mL (formula milk). CONCLUSION: Formula milk produced a better metabolic response than human donor milk. Human donor milk with higher caloric content showed no difference from formula, so the use of human donor milk with more caloric density should be reinforced.

ANALYSIS OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE PRESCRIBED AND THE ADMINISTERED DIET TO PRETERM INFANTS USING AN ELECTRONIC TOO.

OBJECTIVE: To create an electronic instrument in order to analyze the adequacy of the preterm infants' nutritional therapy, checking the difference between the prescribed and the administered diet. METHODS: A prospective and observational study on newborns with birthweight ≤1,500g and/or gestational age ≤32 weeks, without congenital malformations. The electronic instrument was developed based on Microsoft Excel 2010 spreadsheets and aimed at automatically calculating body weight gain, calories and macronutrients received daily by each patient from parenteral nutrition, intravenous hydration and enteral feedings. The weekly means of each nutrient were used to compare the prescribed and administered diets. RESULTS: To evaluate the instrument, 60 newborns with a birth weight of 1,289±305 g and a gestational age of 30±2 weeks were included. Of them, 9.6% had restricted growth at birth and 55% at discharge. The median length of stay was 45±17 days. There were significant differences between prescribed and administered diet for all of the macronutrients and for total calories in the first three weeks. The lipid was the macronutrient with the greatest percentage error in the first week of life. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a computational routine was important to verify differences between the prescribed and the administered diet. This analysis is necessary to minimize calculation errors and to speed up health providers' decisions about the nutritional approach, which can contribute to patients' safety and to good nutritional practice. Very low birth weight infants are extremely vulnerable to nutritional deficiencies and any reduction in macronutrients they receive may be harmful to achieve satisfactory growth.

Do maternal morbidities change the nutritional composition of human milk? A systematic review. / Morbidades maternas modificam a composição nutricional do leite humano? uma revisão sistemática.

This paper aims to identify the effects of maternal morbidities on the nutritional composition of human milk. This systematic review of the literature employed a PRISMA's protocol for searching, selecting, and extracting data. The flowchart proposed for bibliographic search resulted in 1,582 papers, of which 14 were selected for this work. The papers selected for this review were published between 1987 and 2016. Nine studies found significant differences in the nutritional composition of the milk of mothers with diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, or overweight compared to the control group. Most studies have shown that the presence of chronic diseases leads to changes in the nutritional composition of human milk. The main results showed a lower concentration of lactose and fat in the milk of women with diabetes mellitus. Concerning hypertension, higher levels of total protein were found in colostrum and mature milk. A higher fat and energy content was observed in overweight mothers. It is imperative that these women have continuous nutritional monitoring to minimize the impact of these morbidities on the nutritional composition of breast milk.

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar os efeitos das morbidades maternas sobre a composição nutricional do leite humano. Revisão sistemática da literatura utilizando protocolo PRISMA para a busca, seleção e extração de dados. De acordo com o fluxograma proposto a busca bibliográfica resultou em 1.582 artigos e, destes, 14 foram selecionados. Os artigos elegidos para a presente revisão foram publicados entre 1987 e 2016. Nove estudos verificaram diferenças significativas na composição nutricional do leite de mães com diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial ou excesso de peso em comparação ao grupo controle. A maioria dos estudos demonstrou que a presença de doenças crônicas acarreta modificações na composição nutricional do leite humano. Os principais resultados evidenciaram menor concentração de lactose e gordura no leite de mulheres com diabetes mellitus. Quanto a hipertensão, foi verificado níveis mais elevados de proteína total no colostro e no leite maduro. Para o excesso de peso, foi observado maior teor de gordura e energia. É de extrema importância que essas mulheres tenham acompanhamento nutricional contínuo a fim de minimizar o impacto dessas morbidades sobre a composição nutricional do leite humano.

Nutritional profile of newborns with microcephaly and factors associated with worse outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the nutritional profile of newborns with microcephaly and factors associated with worse outcomes during the first 14 days of life. METHODS: This investigation is a longitudinal, descriptive study carried out in 21 full-term neonates exposed vertically to the Zika virus and hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit from February to September 2016. Patients receiving parenteral nutrition were excluded. Data analysis was performed using a generalized estimating equation model and Student's t-test to evaluate the association between worsening weight-for-age z-scores and independent clinical, sociodemographic and nutritional variables during hospitalization, with p<0.05 indicating significance. RESULTS: During hospitalization, there was a decrease in the mean values of the weight-for-age z-scores. The factors associated with worse nutritional outcomes were symptomatic exposure to the Zika virus, low maternal schooling, absence of maternal income and consumption of infant formula (p<0.05). Calcification and severe microcephaly were also associated with poor nutritional outcomes. Energy and macronutrient consumption remained below the recommendations and had an upward trend during hospitalization. CONCLUSION: The presence of cerebral calcification, the severity of microcephaly and symptomatic maternal exposure to Zika virus affected the nutritional status of newborns. In terms of nutritional factors, human milk intake had a positive impact, reducing weight loss in the first days of life. Other known factors, such as income and maternal schooling, were still associated with a poor nutritional status.

The trajectory of head circumference and neurodevelopment in very preterm newborns during the first two years of life: a cohort study

Abstract Objective To evaluate the growth trajectory of head circumference and neurodevelopment, and to correlate head circumference with cognitive, language, and motor outcomes during the first two years. Method Prospective cohort study in a tertiary hospital including 95 newborns under 32 weeks or 1500 g. Neonates who developed major neonatal morbidities were excluded. The head circumference was measured at birth, at discharge, and at term-equivalent age, 1, 3, 5, 12, 18, and 24 months of corrected age, and the Bayley Scales (Bayley-III) were applied at 12, 18 and 24 months of corrected age to assess cognitive, language and, motor domains. Scores below 85 were classified as mild/moderate deficits and scores below 70 as severe deficits. The association between head circumference Z score and Bayley scores was assessed using Pearson's correlation. The study considered a significance level of 0.05. Results There was a decrease of -0.18 in the head circumference Z score between birth and discharge and the catch-up occurred between discharge and 1 month (an increase of 0.81 in the Z score). There was a positive correlation between head circumference and Bayley scores at 18 months. There was also a positive correlation between head circumference at discharge and at 5 months with the three domains of the Bayley. Conclusion Serial measurements of head circumference provide knowledge of the trajectory of growth, with early catch-up between discharge and 1 month, as well as its association with neurodevelopment. Head circumference is therefore a valuable clinical marker for neurodevelopment, especially in very preterm newborns.

INFLUENCE OF DILUTION, TIME, AND TEMPERATURE AFTER PREPARATION ON THE OSMOLALITY OF INFANT FORMULAS GIVEN TO NEWBORNS. / INFLUÊNCIA DA DILUIÇÃO, DO TEMPO E DA TEMPERATURA PÓS-PREPARO NA OSMOLALIDADE DAS FÓRMULAS LÁCTEAS OFERECIDAS A RECÉM-NASCIDOS.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of dilution, time, and temperature after preparation on the osmolality of infant formulas given to newborns (NBs). METHODS: Experimental and descriptive study with samples of different neonatal formulas to verify the osmolality of the milk according to dilution, time, and temperature after preparation. We analyzed seven neonatal formulas in the following times after preparation: immediately (up to 5 minutes); 20 and 40 minutes; every hour up to 8 hours; and 12 and 24 hours. The samples were evaluated at room temperature and after refrigeration. Osmolality curves were designed with the mean of triplicate samples of each milk sample. The digital Osmometer A+, model 3320, from Advanced Instruments measured the osmolality. RESULTS: The time and temperature at which the milk was subjected after preparation did not cause the osmolality to exceed its safety cut-off point at a 1:30 dilution in any of the types of milk analyzed. At a 1:25 dilution, the formula with prebiotics in its composition went over the limit after 4 hours. CONCLUSIONS: The milk tested did not exceed the cut-off point of 450 mOsm/kg (approximately 400 mOsm/L), indicated as safe by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) at a dilution recommended by manufacturers. It is important to know the factors that may or may not contribute to the rise of osmolality, in order to establish safe and quality practices for NBs, following protocols based on scientific evidence.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a influência da diluição, o tempo e a temperatura pós-preparo na osmolalidade das fórmulas lácteas oferecidas a recém-nascidos (RN). MÉTODOS: Estudo experimental e descritivo com uma amostra de diferentes fórmulas lácteas neonatais para verificar a osmolalidade do leite segundo a diluição, o tempo e a temperatura pós-preparo. Foram analisadas sete fórmulas lácteas neonatais nos seguintes tempos: imediatamente (até 5 minutos) após o preparo; 20 e 40 minutos após o preparo; de hora em hora, até completar 8 h; e após 12 e 24 h de preparo. As amostras foram avaliadas após o preparo em temperatura ambiente e depois da refrigeração. Foram elaboradas curvas de osmolalidade com a média das triplicatas de cada amostra de leite. O cálculo da osmolalidade foi aferido no Osmômetro digital A+ da Advanced Instruments, modelo 3.320. RESULTADOS: O tempo e a temperatura em que os leites ficaram submetidos após o preparo não ultrapassaram o ponto de corte de segurança da osmolalidade na diluição 1:30 em nenhum dos tipos de leite analisados. Na diluição 1:25 a fórmula láctea que possui prebióticos em sua composição ultrapassou o limite após 4 h de preparo. CONCLUSÕES: Os leites testados não ultrapassaram o ponto de corte de 450 mOsm/kg (aproximadamente 400 mOsm/L), indicado como seguro pela Academia Americana de Pediatria (AAP) na diluição preconizada pelos fabricantes. É necessário conhecer os fatores que podem ou não contribuir com o aumento da osmolalidade, afim de se estabelecer condutas seguras e de qualidade para os RN, seguindo protocolos baseados em evidências científicas.

Energy expenditure, growth, and nutritional therapy in appropriate and small for gestational age preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the resting energy expenditure, growth, and quantity of energy and macronutrients intake in a group of preterm newborns. METHODS: The cohort study was performed with appropriate and small for gestational age preterm infants (birth weight lower than 1500g or gestational age<32 weeks). Resting energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days of life, and at discharge. Length, head circumference and body weight were assessed weekly. Nutritional therapy was calculated during the hospital stay and the information for each type of food was recorded in software that calculates the total amount of energy and macronutrients. RESULTS: 61 preterm infants were followed; 43 appropriate and 18 small for gestational age infants. There was no statistical difference for resting energy expenditure between the groups, and it increased from the first to the fourth week of life (appropriate: 26.3% and small: 21.8%). Energy intake in the first two weeks of life was well below the energy requirement. CONCLUSION: Considering that the results demonstrate high energy expenditure during the first weeks of life, there is an evident need to provide the best quality of nutrition for each child in the first weeks of life so that preterm infants with or without intrauterine growth restriction can achieve their maximum potential for growth and development.

Growth and body composition of preterm infants less than or equal to 32 weeks: Cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Extremely preterm infants with weights less than the 10th percentile at discharge have a fat-free mass deficit. AIM: To analyze the relationship of weight Z-scores less than -2SD at term age with fat-free mass and fat mass at term age and at 1 and 3 months of corrected age in very preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN: COHORT STUDY: Subjects: Sixty-six preterm infants born before or at 32 weeks gestation with birth weight equal or greater than the 10th percentile for age were included at term age. They were classified according to weight Z-score as either: "term (-)" (n = 18) if weight Z-scores were less -2SD or "term (+)" (n = 48) if the weight Z-scores were equal or greater than -2SD at term age. OUTCOME MEASURES: Growth and body composition by an air displacement plethysmography system and bioimpedance were assessed at term age and 1 and 3 months of corrected age. RESULTS: Lower fat-free mass persisted up to 3 months in the "term (-)" group [4137 g (645) vs 4592 g (707), p < .01]. Fat mass was lower in the "term (-)" group at term and at 1 month but was similar at 3 months of corrected age [1295 g (774) vs 1477 g (782), p = .109]. Weight, length and head circumference Z-scores were lower in the "term (-)" group compared to those in the "term (+)" group. CONCLUSIONS: The lean tissue deficits were maintained in the "term (-)" group while the differences in body fat percentage were not.

Macronutrientes do leite materno de recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso: análise segundo idade gestacional e variáveis maternas / Macronutrients of mothers' milk of very low birth weight infants: analysis according to gestational age and maternal variables

Objetivo: Analisar a composição dos macronutrientes presentes no leite de mães de recém-nascidos pré-termo (RNPT) - gorduras, carboidratos e calorias - por idade gestacional (IG), idade cronológica (IC) e variáveis maternos. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal para analisar 215 amostras de leite de 51 mães de RNPT admitidos em três unidades neonatais do Rio de Janeiro de maio/2013 a janeiro/2014. A coleta de leite foi realizada por bomba coletora, em dia fixo a cada semana até a alta. Utilizou-se a técnica espectrofotométrica com análise de infravermelho (MilkoScan Minor 104) para a análise quantitativa. Uma amostra de 7 mL de leite humano foi retirada do volume total de leite extraído pela mãe. Os dados foram agrupados por IG (25-27, 28-31, 32-36 e 37-40 semanas) e por IC (0-4, 5-8, 9-12 e 13-16 semanas). Resultados: Proteínas, carboidratos, gorduras e calorias não apresentaram nenhum padrão de mudança, não havendo diferença entre os grupos de IG. Quando os macronutrientes foram analisados por grupos de IC, a proteína diminuiu, com diferença significante entre os dois primeiros grupos de IC. Carboidratos, gorduras e calorias apresentaram valores crescentes em todos os grupos, sem diferença estatística. O ganho de peso durante a gestação, a presença de hipertensão arterial e a idade materna foram associados a alterações de gordura e calorias no primeiro momento da análise do leite. Conclusões: Observou-se redução estatisticamente significante nos níveis de proteína durante as primeiras oito semanas após o nascimento. A IC pode ser um fator importante na composição do leite humano.