Uranium contamination of bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis, speciation and localization.

Uranium is a natural radioelement (also a model for heavier actinides), but may be released through anthropogenic activities. In order to assess its environmental impact in a given ecosystem, such as the marine system, it is essential to understand its distribution and speciation, and also to quantify its bioaccumulation. Our objective was to improve our understanding of the transfer and accumulation of uranium in marine biota with mussels taken here as sentinel species because of their sedentary nature and ability to filter seawater. We report here on the investigation of uranium accumulation, speciation, and localization in Mytilus galloprovincialis using a combination of several analytical (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, ICP-MS), spectroscopic (X ray Absorption Spectroscopy, XAS, Time Resolved Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy, TRLIFS), and imaging (Transmission Electron Microscopy, TEM, µ-XAS, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, SIMS) techniques. Two cohorts of mussels from the Toulon Naval Base and the Villefranche-sur-Mer location were studied. The measurement of uranium Concentration Factor (CF) values show a clear trend in the organs of M. galloprovincialis: hepatopancreas â‰« gill > body ≥ mantle > foot. Although CF values for the entire mussel are comparable for TNB and VFM, hepatopancreas values show a significant increase in those from Toulon versus Villefranche-sur-Mer. Two organs of interest were selected for further spectroscopic investigations: the byssus and the hepatopancreas. In both cases, U(VI) (uranyl) is accumulated in a diffuse pattern, most probably linked to protein complexing functions, with the absence of a condensed phase. While such speciation studies on marine organisms can be challenging, they are an essential step for deciphering the impact of metallic radionuclides on the marine biota in the case of accidental release. Following our assumptions on uranyl speciation in both byssus and hepatopancreas, further steps will include the inventory and identification of the proteins or metabolites involved.

Interaction Between the Transferrin Protein and Plutonium (and Thorium), What's New?

Transferrin (Tf) is a glycoprotein that transports iron from the serum to the various organs. Several studies have highlighted that Tf can interact with metals other than Fe(III), including actinides that are chemical and radiological toxics. We propose here to report on the behavior of Th(IV) and Pu(IV) in comparison with Fe(III) upon Tf complexation. We considered UV-Vis and IR data of the M2 Tf complex (M=Fe, Th, Pu) and combined experimental EXAFS data with MD models. EXAFS data of the first M-O coordination sphere are consistent with the MD model considering 1 synergistic carbonate. Further EXAFS data analysis strongly suggests that contamination by Th/Pu colloids seems to occur upon Tf complexation, but it seems limited. SAXS data have also been recorded for all complexes and also after the addition of Deferoxamine-B (DFOB) in the medium. The Rg values are very close for apoTf, ThTf and PuTf, but slightly larger than for holoTf. Data suggest that the structure of the protein is more ellipsoidal than spherical, with a flattened oblate form. From this data, the following order of conformation size might be considered:holoTf

Investigation of the Plutonium(IV) Interactions with Two Variants of the EF-Hand Ca-Binding Site I of Calmodulin.

Due to its presence in the nuclear industry and its strong radiotoxicity, plutonium is an actinide of major interest in the event of internal contamination. To improve the understanding of its mechanisms of transport and accumulation in the body, the complexation of Pu(IV) to the most common protein calcium-binding motif found in cells, the EF-hand motif of calmodulin, was investigated. Visible and X-ray absorption spectroscopies (XAS) in solution made it possible to investigate the speciation of plutonium at physiological pH (pH 7.4) and pH 6 in two variants of the calmodulin Ca-binding site I and using Pu(IV) in different media: carbonate, chloride, or nitrate solutions. Three different species of Pu were identified in the samples, with formation of 1:1 Pu(IV):calmodulin peptide complexes, Pu(IV) reduction, and formation of peptide-mediated Pu(IV) hexanuclear cluster.

Uranium Speciation in a Chalky Soil.

In this article, the speciation and behavior of anthropogenic metallic uranium deposited on natural soil are approached by combining EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure) and TRLFS (time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy). First, uranium (uranyl) speciation was determined along the vertical profile of the soil and bedrock by linear combination fitting of the EXAFS spectra. It shows that uranium migration is strongly limited by the sorption reaction onto soil and rock constituents, mainly mineral carbonates and organic matter. Second, uranium sorption isotherms were established for calcite, chalk, and chalky soil materials along with EXAFS and TRLFS analysis. The presence of at least two adsorption complexes of uranyl onto carbonate materials (calcite) could be inferred from TRLFS. The first uranyl tricarbonate complex has a liebigite-type structure and is dominant for low loads on the carbonate surface (<10 mgU/kg(rock)). The second uranyl complex is incorporated into the calcite for intermediate (∼10 to 100 mgU/kg(rock)) to high (high: >100 mgU/kg(rock)) loads. Finally, the presence of a uranium-humic substance complex in subsurface soil materials was underlined in the EXAFS analysis by the occurrence of both monodentate and bidentate carboxylate (or/and carbonate) functions and confirmed by sorption isotherms in the presence of humic acid. This observation is of particular interest since humic substances may be mobilized from soil, potentially enhancing uranium migration under colloidal form.

X-ray absorption spectroscopy and actinide electrochemistry: a setup dedicated to radioactive samples applied to neptunium chemistry.

A spectroelectrochemical setup has been developed to investigate radioactive elements in small volumes (0.7 to 2 ml) under oxidation-reduction (redox) controlled conditions by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The cell design is presented together with in situ XAS measurements performed during neptunium redox reactions. Cycling experiments on the NpO22+/NpO2+ redox couple were applied to qualify the cell electrodynamics using XANES measurements and its ability to probe modifications in the neptunyl hydration shell in a 1 mol l-1 HNO3 solution. The XAS results are in agreement with previous structural studies and the NpO22+/NpO2+ standard potential, determined using Nernst methods, is consistent with measurements based on other techniques. Subsequently, the NpO2+, NpO22+ and Np4+ ion structures in solution were stabilized and measured using EXAFS. The resulting fit parameters are again compared with other results from the literature and with theoretical models in order to evaluate how this spectroelectrochemistry experiment succeeds or fails to stabilize the oxidation states of actinides. The experiment succeeded in: (i) implementing a robust and safe XAS device to investigate unstable radioactive species, (ii) evaluate in a reproducible manner the NpO22+/NpO2+ standard potential under dilute conditions and (iii) clarify mechanistic aspects of the actinyl hydration sphere in solution. In contrast, a detailed comparison of EXAFS fit parameters shows that this method is less appropriate than the majority of the previously reported chemical methods for the stabilization of the Np4+ ion.

Interaction of Th(IV), Pu(IV) and Fe(III) with ferritin protein: how similar?

Ferritin is the main protein of Fe storage in eukaryote and prokaryote cells. It is a large multifunctional, multi-subunit protein consisting of heavy H and light L subunits. In the field of nuclear toxicology, it has been suggested that some actinide elements, such as thorium and plutonium at oxidation state +IV, have a comparable `biochemistry' to iron at oxidation state +III owing to their very high tendency for hydrolysis and somewhat comparable ionic radii. Therefore, the possible mechanisms of interaction of such actinide elements with the Fe storage protein is a fundamental question of bio-actinidic chemistry. We recently described the complexation of Pu(IV) and Th(IV) with horse spleen ferritin (composed mainly of L subunits). In this article, we bring another viewpoint to this question by further combining modeling with our previous EXAFS data for Pu(IV) and Th(IV). As a result, the interaction between the L subunits and both actinides appears to be non-specific but driven only by the density of the presence of Asp and Glu residues on the protein shell. The formation of an oxyhydroxide Th or Pu core has not been observed under the experimental conditions here, nor the interaction of Th or Pu with the ferric oxyhydroxide core.

Characterization of a Hexanuclear Plutonium(IV) Nanostructure in an Acetate Solution via Visible-Near Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy, Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy, and Density Functional Theory.

A new hexanuclear plutonium cluster has been stabilized in aqueous media with acetate ligands. To probe the formation of such a complex structure, visible-near infrared (vis-NIR) absorption spectroscopy, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) were combined. The presence of Pu6O4(OH)4(CH3COO)12 species in solution was first detected by vis-NIR and EXAFS spectroscopy. To confirm unambiguously this structure, EXAFS spectra were simulated from ab initio calculations. Debye-Waller factors and structural parameters were derived from DFT calculations. A large number of 5f electrons were treated as valence or core electrons using small- and large-core relativistic effective pseudopotentials. It is possible to reproduce accurately the EXAFS spectrum of the octahedral hexamer cluster at both levels of calculations. Further DFT and EXAFS calculations were performed on clusters of lower or higher nuclearities and of different geometries using the 5f-core approximation. The result shows that trimer, tetramer, flat hexamer, and even 16-mer clusters exhibit different EXAFS patterns and confirm the very specific octahedral hexanuclear EXAFS signature.

Optimized Coordination of Uranyl in Engineered Calmodulin Site 1 Provides a Subnanomolar Affinity for Uranyl and a Strong Uranyl versus Calcium Selectivity.

As an alpha emitter and chemical toxicant, uranium toxicity in living organisms is driven by its molecular interactions. It is therefore essential to identify main determinants of uranium affinity for proteins. Others and we showed that introducing a phosphoryl group in the coordination sphere of uranyl confers a strong affinity of proteins for uranyl. In this work, using calmodulin site 1 as a template, we modulate the structural organization of a metal-binding loop comprising carboxylate and/or carbonyl ligands and reach affinities for uranyl comparable to that provided by introducing a strong phosphoryl ligand. Shortening the metal binding loop of calmodulin site 1 from 12 to 10 amino acids in CaMΔ increases the uranyl-binding affinity by about 2 orders of magnitude to log KpH7 = 9.55 ± 0.11 (KdpH7 = 280 ± 60 pM). Structural analysis by FTIR, XAS, and molecular dynamics simulations suggests an optimized coordination of the CaMΔ-uranyl complex involving bidentate and monodentate carboxylate groups in the uranyl equatorial plane. The main role of this coordination sphere in reaching subnanomolar dissociation constants for uranyl is supported by similar uranyl affinities obtained in a cyclic peptide reproducing CaMΔ binding loop. In addition, CaMΔ presents a uranyl/calcium selectivity of 107 that is even higher in the cyclic peptide.

Accumulation and Speciation of Cobalt in Paracentrotus lividus.

Since the first human release of radionuclides on Earth at the end of the Second World War, impact assessments have been implemented. Radionuclides are now ubiquitous, and the impact of local accidental release on human activities, although of low probability, is of tremendous social and economic consequences. Although radionuclide inventories (at various scales) are essential as input data for impact assessment, crucial information on physicochemical speciation is lacking. Among the metallic radionuclides of interest, cobalt-60 is one of the most important activation products generated in the nuclear industry. In this work, a marine model ecosystem has been defined because seawater and more generally marine ecosystems are final receptacles of metal pollution. A multistep approach from quantitative uptake to understanding of the accumulation mechanism has been implemented with the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. In a well-controlled aquarium, the day-by-day uptake of cobalt and its quantification in different compartments of the sea urchin were monitored with various conditions of exposure by combining ICP-OES analysis and γ spectrometry. Cobalt is mainly distributed following the rating intestinal tract ≫ gonads > shell spines. Cobalt speciation in seawater and inside the gonads and the intestinal tract was determined using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The cobalt inside the gonads and the intestinal tract is mainly complexed by the toposome, the main protein in the sea urchin P. lividus. Complexation with purified toposome was characterized and a complexation site combining EXAFS and AIMD (ab initio molecular dynamics) was proposed implying monodentate carboxylates.

How Does Iron Storage Protein Ferritin Interact with Plutonium (and Thorium)?

The impact of the contamination of living organisms by actinide elements has been a constant subject of attention since the 1950s. But to date still little is understood. Ferritin is the major storage and regulation protein of iron in many organisms, it consists of a protein ring and a ferrihydric core at the center. This work sheds light on the interactions of early actinides (Th, Pu) at oxidation state +IV with ferritin and its ability to store those elements at physiological pH compared to Fe. The ferritin-thorium load curve suggests that ThIV saturates the protein (2840 Th atoms per ferritin) in a similar way that Fe does on the protein ring. Complementary spectroscopic techniques (spectrophotometry, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy) were combined with molecular dynamics to provide a structural model of the interaction of ThIV and PuIV with ferritin. Comparison of spectroscopic data together with MD calculations suggests that ThIV and PuIV are complexed mainly on the protein ring and not on the ferrihydric core. Indeed from XAS data, there is no evidence of Fe neighbors in the Th and Pu environments. On the other hand, carboxylates from amino acids of the protein ring and a possible additional carbonate anion are shaping the cation coordination spheres. This thorough description from a molecular view point of ThIV and PuIV interaction with ferritin, an essential iron storage protein, is a cornerstone in comprehensive nuclear toxicology.

Structural and Thermodynamics Studies on Polyaminophosphonate Ligands for Uranyl Decorporation.

The development of actinide decorporation agents with high complexation affinity, high tissue specificity, and low biological toxicity is of vital importance for the sustained and healthy development of nuclear energy. After accidental actinide intake, sequestration by chelation therapy to reduce acute damage is considered as the most effective method. In this work, a series of bis- and tetra-phosphonated pyridine ligands have been designed, synthesized, and characterized for uranyl (UO22+) decorporation. Owing to the absorption of the ligand and the luminescence of the uranyl ion, UV-vis spectroscopy and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) were used to probe in situ complexation and structure variation of the complexes formed by the ligands with uranyl. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy on uranyl-ligand complexes revealed the coordination geometry around the uranyl center at pH 3 and 7.4. High affinity constants (log K ∼17) toward the uranyl ion were determined by displacement titration. A preliminary in vitro chelation study proves that bis-phosphonated pyridine ligands can remove uranium from calmodulin (CaM) at a low dose and in the short term, which supports further uranyl decorporation applications of these ligands.

Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Study of EuIII and EuII Coordination in the 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide Ionic Liquid.

Separation processes based on room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) and electrochemical refining are promising strategies for the recovery of lanthanides from primary ores and electronic waste. However, they require the speciation of dissolved elements to be known with accuracy. In the present study, Eu coordination and EuIII /EuII electrochemical behavior as a function of water content in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIm][NTf2 ]) was investigated using UV-visible spectrophotometry, time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In situ measurements were performed in spectroelectrochemical cells. Under anhydrous conditions, EuIII and EuII were complexed by NTf2 , forming Eu-O and Eu-(N,O) bonds with the anion sulfoxide function and N atoms, respectively. This complexation resulted in a greater stability of EuII , and in quasi-reversible oxidation-reduction with an E0 ' potential of 0.18 V versus the ferrocenium/ferrocene (Fc+ /Fc) couple. Upon increasing water content, progressive incorporation of water in the EuIII coordination sphere occurred. This led to reversible oxidation-reduction reactions, but also to a decrease in stability of the +II oxidation state (E0 '=-0.45 V vs. Fc+ /Fc in RTIL containing 1300 mm water).

Carboxylate- and Phosphonate-Modified Polyethylenimine: Toward the Design of Actinide Decorporation Agents.

Plutonium (Pu) is an anthropogenic element involved in the nuclear industry cycle. Located at the bottom of the periodic table within the actinide family, it is a chemical toxic but also a radiological toxic, regardless of isotopy. After nearly 80 years of Pu industrialization, it has become clear that inhalation and wounds represent the two main ways a person may become contaminated after an accident. In order to reduce the deleterious health effects of Pu, it is crucial to limit chronic exposure by removing it or preventing its incorporation into the body. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) has emerged as the gold standard for Pu decorporation, although it suffers from very short retention time in serum. Other molecules like the hydroxypyridonate family with high chemical affinity have also been considered. We have been considering alternative polymeric chelates and, in particular, polyethylenimine (PEI) analogues of DTPA (the carbonate or phosphonate version), which may present a real breakthrough in Pu decorporation not only because of their higher loading capacity but also because of their indirect vectorization properties correlated with a specific biodistribution into the lungs, bone, kidney, or liver. In the first part of this Forum Article, new data on the structural characterization of the complexation of PuIV with polyethylenimine methylphosphonate (PEI-MP) were obtained using the combination of extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculations. The use of thorium (Th) as a Pu chemical surrogate is also discussed because its unique oxidation state is IV+ in solution. In the second part of the paper, we put this new set of data on PEI-MP-Pu into perspective with use of the PEI platform to complex ThIV and PuIV. Uptake curves of ThIV witth polyethylenimine methylcarboxylate (PEI-MC) are compared with those of PEI-MP and DTPA, and the AIMD data are discussed.

Insight of the Metal-Ligand Interaction in f-Element Complexes by Paramagnetic NMR Spectroscopy.

The magnetic properties of LnIII and AnIII complexes formed with dipicolinate ligands have been studied by NMR spectroscopy. To know precisely the geometries of these complexes, a crystallographic study by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) in solution was performed. Several methods to separate the paramagnetic shifts observed in the NMR spectra were applied to these complexes. Methods using a number of nuclei of the dipicolinate ligands revealed an abrupt change in the geometries of the complexes and a metal-ligand interaction in the middle of the lanthanide series. A study of the variation of the paramagnetic shifts with temperature demonstrated that higher-order terms of the dipolar and contact contributions are required, especially for the lightest LnIII and almost all the studied AnIII . Bleaney's parameters a and C a D relating to the contact and dipolar terms, respectively, were deduced from experimental data and compared with the results of ab initio calculations. Quite a good agreement was found for the temperature dependencies of a and C a D . However, the C a D values obtained from cation magnetic anisotropy calculations showed some discrepancies with the values derived from Bleaney's equation defined for LnIII . Other parameters, such as the crystal field parameter and the hyperfine constants Fi obtained from the experimental data of the [An(ethyl-dpa)3 ]3- complexes (ethyl-dpa=4-ethyl-2,6-dipicolinic acid), are at odds with the assumptions underlying Bleaney's theory.

Speciation Change of Uranyl in Lithium Borate Glasses.

Determining the uranyl(VI) UO22+ reactivity in crystalline and amorphous oxides is necessary to control its mobility. The intrinsic versatility of borate structural units containing both triangular BO3 and tetrahedral BO4 makes them original and rich hosts for uranyl. As part of the effort to determine the uranium stability in borate oxides, we have determined the speciation of uranium(VI) in two lithium borate glasses containing, respectively, 10 mol % and 30 mol % Li2O using a combined structural and spectroscopic approach based on X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). M4- and L3-edge high-resolution XAS demonstrates the speciation of U(VI) as uranyl in both glasses. Comparison of uranyl bond distances obtained by EXAFS with distances found in borate crystals reveals that in the low alkali borate glass, uranyl is present as hexagonal bipyramids with six equatorial oxygen ligands. This local environment was never observed in any other oxide glass. We show that the increase of the lithium content induces the decrease of the equatorial coordination number. The associated uranyl bond elongation suggests the influence of the alkali cations in relation with drastic changes in the structure of the borate network. The spectroscopic evidence of this speciation change is discussed in terms of change in the uranyl electronic structure and covalency.

Uranium Uptake in Paracentrotus lividus Sea Urchin, Accumulation and Speciation.

Uranium speciation and bioaccumulation were investigated in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Through accumulation experiments in a well-controlled aquarium followed by ICP-OES analysis, the quantification of uranium in the different compartments of the sea urchin was performed. Uranium is mainly distributed in the test (skeletal components), as it is the major constituent of the sea urchin, but in terms of quantity of uranium per gram of compartment, the following rating: intestinal tract > gonads ≫ test, was obtained. Combining both extended X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopic analysis, it was possible to identify two different forms of uranium in the sea urchin, one in the test, as a carbonato-calcium complex, and the second one in the gonads and intestinal tract, as a protein complex. Toposome is a major calcium-binding transferrin-like protein contained within the sea urchin. EXAFS data fitting of both contaminated organs in vivo and the uranium-toposome complex from protein purified out of the gonads revealed that it is suspected to complex uranium in gonads and intestinal tract. This hypothesis is also supported by the results from two imaging techniques, i.e., Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy. This thorough investigation of uranium uptake in sea urchin is one of the few attempts to assess the speciation in a living marine organism in vivo.

Structural Analysis of Uranyl Complexation by the EF-Hand Motif of Calmodulin: Effect of Phosphorylation.

Better understanding of uranyl-protein interactions is a prerequisite to predict uranium chemical toxicity in cells. The EF-hand motif of the calmodulin site I is about thousand times more affine for uranyl than for calcium, and threonine phosphorylation increases the uranyl affinity by two orders of magnitude at pH 7. In this study, we confront X-ray absorption spectroscopy with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS), and structural models obtained by molecular dynamics simulations to analyze the uranyl coordination in the native and phosphorylated calmodulin site I. For the native site I, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data evidence a short U-Oeq distance, in addition to distances compatible with mono- and bidentate coordination by carboxylate groups. Further analysis of uranyl speciation by TRLFS and thorough investigation of the fluorescence decay kinetics strongly support the presence of a hydroxide uranyl ligand. For a phosphorylated site I, the EXAFS and FTIR data support a monodentate uranyl coordination by the phosphoryl group and strong interaction with mono- and bidentate carboxylate ligands. This study confirms the important role of a phosphoryl ligand in the stability of uranyl-protein interactions. By evidencing a hydroxide uranyl ligand in calmodulin site I, this study also highlights the possible role of less studied ligands as water or hydroxide ions in the stability of protein-uranyl complexes.

Cyclic Phosphopeptides to Rationalize the Role of Phosphoamino Acids in Uranyl Binding to Biological Targets.

The specific molecular interactions responsible for uranium toxicity are not yet understood. The uranyl binding sites in high-affinity target proteins have not been identified yet and the involvement of phosphoamino acids is still an important question. Short cyclic peptide sequences, with three glutamic acids and one phosphoamino acid, are used as simple models to mimic metal binding sites in phosphoproteins and to help understand the mechanisms involved in uranium toxicity. A combination of peptide design and synthesis, analytical chemistry, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, and DFT calculations demonstrates the involvement of the phosphate group in the uranyl coordination sphere together with the three carboxylates of the glutamate moieties. The affinity constants measured with a reliable analytical competitive approach at physiological pH are significantly enhanced owing to the presence of the phosphorous moiety. These findings corroborate the importance of phosphoamino acids in uranyl binding in proteins and the relevance of considering phosphoproteins as potential uranyl targets in vivo.

Effect of natural uranium on the UMR-106 osteoblastic cell line: impairment of the autophagic process as an underlying mechanism of uranium toxicity.

Natural uranium (U), which is present in our environment, exerts a chemical toxicity, particularly in bone where it accumulates. Generally, U is found at oxidation state +VI in its oxocationic form [Formula: see text] in aqueous media. Although U(VI) has been reported to induce cell death in osteoblasts, the cells in charge of bone formation, the molecular mechanism for U(VI) effects in these cells remains poorly understood. The objective of our study was to explore U(VI) effect at doses ranging from 5 to 600 µM, on mineralization and autophagy induction in the UMR-106 model osteoblastic cell line and to determine U(VI) speciation after cellular uptake. Our results indicate that U(VI) affects mineralization function, even at subtoxic concentrations (<100 µM). The combination of thermodynamic modeling of U with EXAFS data in the culture medium and in the cells clearly indicates the biotransformation of U(VI) carbonate species into a meta-autunite phase upon uptake by osteoblasts. We next assessed U(VI) effect at 100 and 300 µM on autophagy, a survival process triggered by various stresses such as metal exposure. We observed that U(VI) was able to rapidly activate autophagy but an inhibition of the autophagic flux was observed after 24 h. Thus, our results indicate that U(VI) perturbs osteoblastic functions by reducing mineralization capacity. Our study identifies for the first time U(VI) in the form of meta-autunite in mammalian cells. In addition, U(VI)-mediated inhibition of the autophagic flux may be one of the underlying mechanisms leading to the decreased mineralization and the toxicity observed in osteoblasts.

Use of HERFD-XANES at the U L3- and M4-Edges To Determine the Uranium Valence State on [Ni(H2O)4]3[U(OH,H2O)(UO2)8O12(OH)3].

We report and discuss here the unambiguous uranium valence state determination on the complex compound [Ni(H2O)4]3[U(OH,H2O)(UO2)8O12(OH)3] by using high-energy-resolution fluorescence detection-X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (HERFD-XANES). The spectra at both U L3- and M4-edges confirm that all five nonequivalent U atoms are solely in the hexavalent form in this compound, as previously suggested by bond-valence-sum analysis and X-ray diffraction pattern refinement. Moreover, the presence of the preedge feature, due to the 2p3/2-5f quadrupole transition, has been observed in the U L3-edge HERFD-XANES spectrum, in agreement with theoretical and experimental observations of other uranium-based compounds. Recently, this feature has been proposed as a possible tool to determine the uranium oxidation state in a manner similar to that of 3d and 4d metals. Nevertheless, this feature is also very sensitive to the uranium local environment, as revealed by our theoretical calculations, and consequently could not be used to attribute without ambiguity the uranium valence state. In contrast, U M4-edge HERFD-XANES appears to be the most straightforward and reliable way to assess the uranium valence state in very complex materials such as [Ni(H2O)4]3[U(OH,H2O)(UO2)8O12(OH)3] or a mixture of compounds.