Methods of Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Application for the Therapy of Central Nervous System Diseases.

The use of induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSC) is a promising approach to the therapy of CNS diseases. The undeniable advantage of IPSC technology is the possibility of obtaining practically all types of somatic cells for autologous transplantation bypassing bioethical problems. The review presents integrative and non-integrative methods for obtaining IPSC and the ways of their in vitro and in vivo application for the study and treatment of neurological diseases.

Distribution and Migration of Human Placental Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Brain of Healthy Rats after Stereotaxic or Intra-Arterial Transplantation.

Human placenta mesenchymal stromal cells were injected to healthy rats either stereotaxically into the striatum or intra-arterially through the internal carotid artery. Some cells injected into the brain migrated along the corpus callosum both medially and laterally or concentrated around small blood vessels. A small fraction of MSC injected intra-arterially adhered to the endothelium and stayed inside blood vessels for up to 48 hours mostly in the basin of the middle cerebral artery. Neither stereotaxic, nor intra-arterial transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells modulated the proliferation of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the brain, but stereotaxic transplantation suppressed activation of their proliferation in response to traumatization with the needle.

[Evaluation of the liver functional changes due to modeling the hemodynamic effects of microgravity in bed rest studies].

Ultrasonic investigations of 8 male volunteers for bed rest at -15 degrees showed plethora in peritoneal veins and slow blood flow through the liver with no effect on biochemical parameters. Breath test with 100 mg of 13C-methacetine (MBT) pointed to diminution of the metabolic capacity and decline of the hepatic detoxification activity due to the hemodynamic effects. MBT can be used as a nonintrusive method for diagnosing functional changes in the liver induced by hemodynamic developments in microgravity and other situations triggering similar hemodynamic mechanisms.

[Nickelid titanium mesh for orbital floor reconstruction].

The treatment plan for patients with mid-face fractures was presented in this article. In maxillofacial department of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University we used nickelid titanium mesh for reconstruction of the orbital floor. The clinical case with good result of treatment was presented here.

[Functional activity of the liver in immersion and effects of the countermeasures].

Two groups of male volunteers for 4-day dry immersion with and w/o countermeasures (support load imitator (SLI) or high-frequency electrostimulator) underwent ultrasonic investigation (USI) of the liver, gastroduodenal organs and vessels, and blood biochemical analysis. Two other groups of volunteers performed the 13C-methacetin breath test (13C-MBT) to study the effects of immersion and SLI on the liver detox activity and metabolic capacity. In immersion, USI diagnosed slowdown of blood flow along the hepatic vein and signs of plethora in the abdominal venous system. In addition, immersion was accompanied by increases in blood pepsinogen, pancreatic amylase, total bilirubin, the "indirect" fraction specifically, insulin and C-peptide. 13C-MBT detected deceleration of 13C-methacetin inactivation and diminution of the liver metabolic capacity. Administration of the countermeasures did not improve the ultrasonic image of hemodynamic alterations in the liver and abdomen significantly. High-frequency electrostimulation cancelled out changes in all biochemical parameters except C-peptide; SLI was favorable to recovery of pepsinogen and amylase baseline values only. Besides, the SLI wearing prevented loss of the 13C-methacetin inactivation rate but was not effective enough against diminution of the hepatic metabolic capacity.

["Medicine of the future is preventive medicine"--N.I. Pirogov].

The role of N.I. Pirogov is shown in the study of infectious factors significance in high mortality during the Crimean war combats. He recommended important organizational, sanitary and therapeutic measures both in war and peacetime conditions.

[Investigation of the evacuatory function of the gastrointestinal tract in 5-day dry immersion].

Six male volunteers for dry immersion (DI) modeling the microgravity effects on human organism were subjects in the GI evacuatory function investigation. The investigation was aimed to evaluate liquid food evacuation from the stomach (13C-acetate test) and time of chymus orocecal transit (H2-inulin test). The 13C-acetate test did not reveal changes in stomach evacuatory activity after 4 days in DI. The H2-inulin test demonstrated shortening of chymus transit along the small intestine and extension of chymus passage from the ileum to cecum. Subsequent reduction of inulin metabolism in the large intestine suggested inhibited passage of these GI segments. The results showed that stability of liquid evacuation from the stomach and acceleration of chymus transit along the small intestine hinder evacuation of the large intestine content which is the primary cause for inhibition of GI evacuatory activity in DI.

Promising Methods of Antibacterial Finishing of Textile Materials.

A review article, containing information on the options, possibilities, and prospects for the development of antibacterial finishing of textile materials, is presented. A wide range of products designed to impart antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties to textile materials is considered. The main factors determining the appropriate decision on the technological and functional choice of the protective composition are presented, including the nature of the fiber-forming polymer, the tasks that the resulting material is designed to solve, and its application options. Compositions providing the required effect of destruction of the pathogenic flora and their application technologies are described. Special attention is paid to antimicrobial agents based on silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticles of this metal have a detrimental effect on antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria; their effectiveness is higher as compared to a number of well-known antibiotics, for example, penicillin and its analogues. Silver nanoparticles are harmless to the human body. Acting as an inhibitor, they limit the activity of the enzyme responsible for oxygen consumption by single-cell bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In this case, silver ions bind to the outer and inner proteins of the bacterial cell membranes, blocking cellular respiration and reproduction. Various options to apply microencapsulation methods for the implementation of antibacterial finishing are considered, including: phase separation, suspension crosslinking, simple and complex coacervation, spray drying, crystallization from the melt, evaporation of the solvent, co-extrusion, layering, fluidized bed spraying, deposition, emulsion and interphase polymerization, layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly etc. All presented technologies are at various development stages-from the laboratory stage to production tests, they all have certain advantages and disadvantages. The accelerated development and implementation of the described methods in production of textile materials is relevant and is related to the existing complex epidemiological situation in the world.