Health service challenges at senior centres in an urban South Korean community: A mixed-method approach focusing on nurses' roles.

AIMS: We aim to identify challenges and recommendations for senior centre health services focusing on nurses' roles in an urban South Korean community. BACKGROUND: Senior centres can potentially provide easily accessible and cost-effective health services to older adults. It is essential to identify current challenges to improve health services. METHOD: This study used an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. Quantitative descriptive data were obtained from a survey of all nurses at senior centres in Seoul (n = 30). For the qualitative data, focus group interviews were conducted with various senior centre stakeholders (n = 15). RESULTS: Two main themes, discrepancy between services and needs and reform senior centres, were identified with six subthemes. CONCLUSIONS: Challenges identified included insufficient availability to meet health service needs, overlapping health services, and no legal clarification of nurses' roles. Recommendations to improve the senior centre health services include to focus on the centres' main goals, function as health and welfare hubs, establish legal guidelines, and provide adequate nurse staffing. IMPLICATION FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: The senior centres need to hire more nurses and define nurses' occupational roles legally for the centres to serve as a hub connecting medical care and welfare.

Seniors centre-based health intervention programmes in the United States and South Korea: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Despite the great need for health interventions among seniors centre participants, this matter has received little attention. AIM AND DESIGN: This systematic review aimed to identify what types of health interventions are effective and feasible for seniors centre participants. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Ovid, CINAHL, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and RISS were searched. REVIEW METHODS: We searched for health intervention studies conducted in seniors centres published in English and Korean between 1990 and 2014. Of 907 screened articles, 22 studies of all types of experimental designs were selected. RESULTS: Selected studies were grouped by intervention domain: health promotion (n = 8), safety (n = 5), chronic disease management (n = 6), and comprehensive wellness (n = 3). Overall, 59.1% of the interventions were provided by nurses. The health interventions resulted in positive effects on seniors centre participants' knowledge, health behaviours, clinical indices, and hospitalization rates. Few studies reported on feasibility outcomes such as satisfaction and cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the impact and ease of access to older people at seniors centres, health interventions and services within seniors centres should be strengthened. There is potential for nursing to spearhead seniors centre health intervention programmes to enhance active ageing for participants.

Psychometric evaluation of the Korean version of the Diabetes Self-efficacy Scale among South Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the Korean version of the Diabetes Self-efficacy Scale among South Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BACKGROUND: Self-efficacy has been reported to be a key component of enhancing diabetes self-management, and many healthcare providers have paid attention to the instruments to accurately measure self-efficacy as related to diabetes self-management. DESIGN: A psychometric test of an instrument measuring self-efficacy as related to diabetes self-management. METHODS: A total of 278 Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes were recruited in one senior centre in Seoul, South Korea. The instrument included the Diabetes Self-efficacy Scale and the summary of the Diabetes Self-care Activities. Item analyses, reliability including internal consistency and stability, and validity including exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and hypothesised relationships test were used to examine the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Diabetes Self-efficacy Scale. RESULTS: The item-total correlation coefficients of all items were >0·30 and ranged from 0·47-0·73. The coefficient alpha for the internal consistency was 0·89, and the intraclass correlation coefficient for the stability was 0·90. Two factors were extracted from the exploratory factor analysis (factor 1, self-efficacy for diet-related self-management behaviours; factor 2, self-efficacy for diabetes self-management behaviours except diet), and the two-factor model for the confirmatory factor analysis had good fitness indices. The diabetes self-efficacy scores were positively correlated with the level of diabetes self-management. CONCLUSIONS: The findings supported that the Korean version of the Diabetes Self-efficacy Scale was reliable and valid in measuring self-efficacy as related to diabetes self-management in Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The Korean version of the Diabetes Self-efficacy Scale can allow healthcare providers to effectively measure self-efficacy related to diabetes self-management so that they can provide the appropriate and adequate nursing care to Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes.

Body composition, fitness level, anabolic hormones, and inflammatory cytokines in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Elastic band exercise is considered as an effective and safe resistance type of exercise. However, there is a paucity of knowledge of the physiological effect of long-term elastic band exercise in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 12-week elastic band exercise program on body composition, physical fitness, anabolic hormones, and inflammatory cytokines in the elderly. METHODS: The subjects (aged 65-82 years) were randomly assigned into the exercise group (n = 18) or the control group (n = 22). Elastic band exercise session was performed for 60 min, three times per week for 12 weeks, during which various types of resistance exercises were assigned to the exercise group using red-colored bands. Body composition was analyzed using the biolelectrical impedance measurement. Senior fitness test was adopted to determine the level of physical fitness. RESULTS: After 12 weeks of band exercise program, body composition and all fitness components of senior fitness test were significantly improved in the exercise group compared to the control group. In contrast, blood lipid profiles (TC, TG, and HDL), anabolic hormones (GH, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3), and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and CRP) were not significantly changed in the exercise group compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that elastic band exercise did not appear to positively impact on blood lipids, anabolic hormones, and inflammatory cytokines, but significantly improved body composition and overall physical fitness level in the elderly.

Combined exercise training and self-management education for community-dwelling older adults with diabetes in Korea.

This study examined the effect of a combined program of exercise training and self-management education on risk factors for diabetes complications and adherence behavior. A two-group, quasi-experimental study design was used to test the 12-week intervention program with community-dwelling older adults in Korea. Change scores (from baseline to Week 13) of outcome variables were compared between the intervention group (n = 21) and the control group (n = 16). The change scores in triglyceride levels, body weight, body mass index, and diabetes self-management behavior showed significant differences between groups. However, no significant differences were found in A1C and blood pressure change scores between the groups in this sample, in which these characteristics were relatively well controlled at baseline. The results of this study showed some promising synergistic effects of lowering cardiovascular risk factors from combining the two interventions.

An evaluation of Web-based education as an alternative to group lectures for diabetes self-management.

This study evaluated the efficacy of Web-based diabetes self-management education for newly diagnosed patients with type II diabetes as an alternative to group lectures. Using a non-equivalent control group, pretest-post-test design, the participants in the Web group (n = 15) took part in a Web-based diabetes self-management program, while those in the lecture group (n = 16) attended 3 h of group lectures provided by health-care professionals specializing in diabetes care. The outcome variables were measured at the baseline (T0), and 6 weeks (T1) and 3 months (T2) after the interventions. The glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) percentage and diabetes care knowledge in the Web group improved significantly from T0 to T1, while the diabetes care behavior improved significantly from T0 to T1 and from T1 to T2. The diabetes care knowledge and diabetes care behavior in the lecture group improved significantly from T0 to T1, but the HbA1c percentage did not change significantly between any times. These results show the potential of the Web-based program as an alternative to group lectures for diabetes self-management education.

Effect of a Health Literacy-Considered Diabetes Self-Management Program for Older Adults in South Korea.

The current randomized controlled study evaluated the effects of a health literacy-considered diabetes self-management program on diabetes-related parameters: diabetes self-management knowledge (DSK), diabetes health beliefs (DHB), diabetes self-efficacy (DSE), diabetes self-management behavior (DSMB), and diabetes biomarkers. Fifty-one Korean older adults with diabetes completed 12 weekly sessions that were developed based on their health literacy and health-related characteristics. The results indicate significant posttest differences between groups in DSK (p = 0.046), DSE (p = 0.046), DSMB (p = 0.012), and the DSMB self-monitored blood glucose subscale (p = 0.002). Significant pre-post changes between groups were observed in the DHB benefit subscale (p = 0.043), DSE (p = 0.006), DSMB (p = 0.008), DSMB diet (p = 0.029), and the self-monitored blood glucose subscale (p < 0.001). A significant pre-post difference was observed in the intervention group's HbA1c levels (p = 0.008). The program effectively improved participants' DSK, DHB, DSE, and DSMB values, which may be helpful for improving HbA1c levels. [Res Gerontol Nurs. 2017; 10(5):215-225.].

Development of a scale to measure diabetes self-management behaviors among older Koreans with type 2 diabetes, based on the seven domains identified by the American Association of Diabetes Educators.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to develop the Diabetes Self-Management Behavior for Older Koreans (DSMB-O). This scale is based on the seven relevant domains that have been identified by the American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE) and is adjusted for sociocultural and age-related characteristics. METHODS: Four phases were used to develop of the DSMB-O as a criterion-referenced measure. In phases 1 and 2, the DSMB-O adopted the AADE's seven domains and established a self-report questionnaire using a small number of items that are applicable to older Koreans. In phase 3, the DSMB-O was formulated with 16 preliminary items, including seven subitems. By assessing the content validity, 14 items (including five subitems) were selected. The final phase involved evaluating the DSMB-O's psychometric properties, including test-retest reliability, content validity, and criterion-related validity, using data from 150 older Koreans with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: The coefficients of agreement and Cohen's Kappa for the test-retest reliability test ranged from 0.32 to 1.0 and -0.07 to 1.0, respectively. For the content validity, the values of both the item- and scale-level content validity indices were 1.0. The scores from the DSMB-O were positively correlated with the scores from the Korean version of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire. CONCLUSION: The DSMB-O is short and easy for older Koreans to use, as well as having acceptable levels of reliability and validity. Hence, the DSMB-O can be a useful tool to evaluate diabetes self-management behaviors in older Koreans with type 2 diabetes.

The Effects of Mind Subtraction Meditation on Breast Cancer Survivors' Psychological and Spiritual Well-being and Sleep Quality: A Randomized Controlled Trial in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: Most breast cancer survivors experience psychological and spiritual distress, including depression, anxiety, perceived stress, and loss of meaningfulness in life. This distress can negatively impact physical health, quality of life, and quality of sleep. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare and examine the effectiveness of mind subtraction meditation (MSM) and a self-management education (SME) group on breast cancer survivors. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with South Korean female breast cancer survivors (stages I-III). Self-reported questionnaires were administered to both MSM group (n = 22) and SME group (n = 24) to measure psychological and spiritual well-being, as well as quality of sleep. RESULTS: Compared with the SME group, the MSM group reported a significant decrease in depression (P = .034), anxiety (P = .036), and perceived stress (P = .009) and an increase in quality of life (P < .001), satisfaction with life (P < .001), posttraumatic growth (P = .007), and quality of sleep (P = .010). CONCLUSIONS: Mind subtraction meditation may have positive therapeutic effects among breast cancer survivors. This meditation program may be useful to manage psychological and spiritual distress, as well as improve quality of life and sleep, in clinical settings among breast cancer survivors. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study demonstrated the clinical effectiveness and the feasibility of applying the MSM method to breast cancer survivors. The participants had a high attendance rate in the program, which speaks to the likelihood of the applicability of the meditation program on an outpatient basis.

Effects of an integrated health education and elastic band resistance training program on physical function and muscle strength in community-dwelling elderly women: Healthy Aging and Happy Aging II study.

AIM: In the present study, we determined the effect of an integrated health education and elastic band resistance training program on body composition, physical function, muscle strength and quality in community-dwelling elderly women. METHODS: We recruited participants with eligibility inclusion criteria, and randomly assigned them to either the control group (n = 19) or the intervention group (n = 19). The integrated intervention program comprised of health education and individual counseling, and elastic band training for 18 weeks (8 weeks of supervised training and 10 weeks of self-directed training). We assessed body composition, muscle strength and quality, and physical function at pre-, after 8 weeks (mid-) and 18 weeks (post-training). RESULTS: After the intervention, there were no significant changes in skeletal muscle index, fat free mass, total lean mass and total fat mass for both the control group and intervention group. However, the interaction effect was significantly different in SPPB score (P < 0.05), isokinetic strength (60 deg/s, P < 0.001; 120 deg/s; P < 0.05) and muscle quality (P < 0.05) after 18 weeks of intervention relative to the baseline of the control and intervention groups. The supervised elastic band training of 8 weeks did not improve short physical performance battery score and isokinetic strength, whereas there was a significant increase of those outcomes (10.6% improvement, 9.8~23.5% improvement) after 10 weeks of following self-directed exercise compared with the baseline. CONCLUSIONS: These results show the effectiveness of following self-directed resistance training with health education after supervised training cessation in improvement of short physical performance battery and leg muscle strength. This intervention program might be an effective method to promote muscle strength and quality, and to prevent frailty in elderly women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 825-833.

Chief Complaints of Elderly Individuals on Presentation to Emergency Department: A Retrospective Analysis of South Korean National Data 2014.

PURPOSE: We aimed to assess the chief complaints (CCs) of elderly individuals on presentation to the emergency department (ED) according to gender, age, and disease-related and injury-related visits. METHODS: The 2014 registry database of the National Emergency Department Information System in South Korea, which included data on 908,761 ED visits by individuals aged 65 years and over, was reviewed. RESULTS: We found that 80.7% ED visits were related to disease, whereas the remaining visits were related to injury. The most common CCs presented by elderly male and female individuals with disease-related visits were dyspnea and dizziness, respectively. The 10 most common CCs accounted for 45.5% and 49.2% of the total disease-related visits for male and female individuals, respectively. The most common CC in male and female individuals with injury-related visits was headache and hip pain, respectively. The CC rank showed minimal variance among the different age groups, but a difference was observed between male and female individuals. The most common mechanism of injury in elderly male and female individuals was slipping, wherein females showed a higher occurrence rate than their male counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: These findings can be used to establish an ED training curriculum for nursing students and ED nurses, particularly for ED triage in the elderly.

Communication barriers perceived by older patients and nurses.

This study investigated the communication barriers perceived by older hospitalized patients and nurses in Korea, with the aim of identifying disparities between the two parties. The authors developed a 50-item communication-barrier questionnaire that includes patient, nurse, and environmental factors. One hundred older hospitalized patients and 136 nurses were asked to rate the importance of each communication-barrier item. Nurses and patients were found to perceive the importance of barriers differently: nurses reported higher scores on patient-related communication barriers, whereas patients reported higher scores on the nurse-related barriers. There were significant differences between patients and nurses in 57%, 62%, and 71% of the nurse-, patient-, and environment-related communication barriers, respectively. Based on these findings, it is necessary for nurses to understand older patients' perceptions about communication barriers and acquire better communication skills and attitudes.

[Effects of Self-management Program applying Dongsasub Training on Self-efficacy, Self-esteem, Self-management Behavior and Blood Pressure in Older Adults with Hypertension].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a self-management program applying Dongsasub training based on self-efficacy theory, and to verify the program effectiveness on self-esteem as well as self-efficacy, self-management behaviors, and blood pressure. METHODS: The study design was a non-equivalent, pre-post controlled quasi-experiment study. Thirty-eight patients aged 65 and older from a senior welfare center in Seoul participated in this study (20 patients in the experimental group and 18 patients in the control group). The self-management program applying Dongsasub training consisted of eight sessions. After development was complete the program was used with the experimental group. Outcome variables included self-efficacy, self-esteem, self-management behaviors measured by questionnaires, and blood pressure measured by electronic manometer. RESULTS: Self-efficacy (t=2.42, p=.021), self-esteem (t=2.57, p=.014) and self-management behaviors (t=2.21, p=.034) were significantly higher and systolic blood pressure (t=-2.14, p=.040) was significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the control group. However, diastolic blood pressure (t=-.85, p=.400) was not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the self-management program applying Dongsasub training can be used as a nursing intervention in community settings for improving self-management behaviors for older adults with hypertension.

Older adults' definitions of health: A metasynthesis.

BACKGROUND: Despite many gerontological studies focusing on the health of older adults, little attention has been paid to their perceptions of health. Understanding older adults' health perceptions is important because their self-perceptions are important predictors of and strongly related to survival and mortality. Older adults have different perceptions of health compared with younger adults because of their age-related changes, diseases, and limitations. There are also differences between older adults' and health professionals' perceptions of health. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze and synthesize qualitative studies that have explored older adults' perceptions of health. METHODS: Four electronic databases were searched for qualitative studies published from the earliest year to 2013, revealing 12 studies for inclusion. The systematic review employed three components of the meta-study including meta-data-analysis, meta-method, and meta-theory. RESULTS: Five health themes are identified from the included studies: ability to do something independently, absence or management of symptoms, acceptance and adjustment with optimism, connectedness with others, and feeling enough energy. CONCLUSION: Future gerontological research should use appropriate existing health theories and develop new health theories specific to older adults. Healthcare providers should evaluate and revise their health definitions according to older adults' health perceptions and provide appropriate health interventions. Policymakers should have an in-depth understanding of older adults' health perceptions to establish effective older-adult-centered health policies.

[Successful Aging of Korean Older Adults based on Rowe and Kahn's Model: A Comparative Study According to the Use of Community Senior Facilities].

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of successful aging and factors influencing successful aging. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis study. Data were analyzed from 10,462 elderly people who participated in the 2011 National Elderly Survey. According to the use of community senior facilities, participants were divided into 4 groups: those who used senior centers (group A, n=580), village senior clubs (group B, n=3,240), both of the 2 facilities (group C, n=339), and neither of the 2 facilities (group D, n=6,303). Cross-tabulation and logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of successful aging was highest in group C (20.94%) and lowest in group D (10.41%). The physical & mental function and active engagement domains were highest in group C, while they were lowest in group D. The disease & risk factors domain were highest in group A, while lowest in group B. An educational level of middleschool or higher and income level in the third or higher quintile were significant factors for predicting successful aging in all groups. CONCLUSION: These results provide a basis for designing prevention and management programs as interventions to increase the prevalence of successful aging in Korean older adults.

Intervention mapping protocol for developing a theory-based diabetes self-management education program.

Development of behavior theory-based health promotion programs is encouraged with the paradigm shift from contents to behavior outcomes. This article describes the development process of the diabetes self-management program for older Koreans (DSME-OK) using intervention mapping (IM) protocol. The IM protocol includes needs assessment, defining goals and objectives, identifying theory and determinants, developing a matrix to form change objectives, selecting strategies and methods, structuring the program, and planning for evaluation and pilot testing. The DSME-OK adopted seven behavior objectives developed by the American Association of Diabetes Educators as behavioral outcomes. The program applied an information-motivation-behavioral skills model, and interventions were targeted to 3 determinants to change health behaviors. Specific methods were selected to achieve each objective guided by IM protocol. As the final step, program evaluation was planned including a pilot test. The DSME-OK was structured as the 3 determinants of the IMB model were intervened to achieve behavior objectives in each session. The program has 12 weekly 90-min sessions tailored for older adults. Using the IM protocol in developing a theory-based self-management program was beneficial in terms of providing a systematic guide to developing theory-based and behavior outcome-focused health education programs.

[Effects of a Multi-disciplinary Approached, Empowerment Theory Based Self-management Intervention in Older Adults with Chronic Illness].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a multi-disciplinary self-management intervention based on empowerment theory and to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention for older adults with chronic illness. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was used with 43 Korean older adults with chronic illness (Experimental group=22, Control group=21). The intervention consisted of two phases: (1) 8-week multi-disciplinary, team guided, group-based health education, exercise session, and individual empowerment counseling, (2) 16-week self-help group activities including weekly exercise and group discussion to maintain acquired self-management skills and problem-solving skills. Baseline, 8-week, and 24-week assessments measured health empowerment, exercise self-efficacy, physical activity, and physical function. RESULTS: Health empowerment, physical activity, and physical function in the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group over time. Exercise self-efficacy significantly increased in experimental group over time but there was no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The self-management program based on empowerment theory improved health empowerment, physical activity, and physical function in older adults. The study finding suggests that a health empowerment strategy may be an effective approach for older adults with multiple chronic illnesses in terms of achieving a sense of control over their chronic illness and actively engaging self-management.

Family functioning in the context of chronic illness in women: a Korean study.

The aims of this study were to clarify the concept of family functioning in the context of a female family member's chronic illness, and to describe the processes by which the housewife copes with the situation. The study applied the hybrid model of concept development, which consists of three phases: theoretical, empirical, and analytic. In the theoretical phase, a working definition of family functioning was established and the dimensions of family functioning and subconcepts were identified through an extensive review of the literature. In the empirical phase, in-depth interviews with members of six normal families and seven families in which the housewife had a long-term diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis were carried out in order to gain descriptions of family functioning in both contexts, and to assess how the housewife coped with her illness in relation to family functioning. The final analytic phase identified the differences and similarities in family functioning between the normal family and family with a chronically ill housewife. A refined definition of family functioning emerged that identified the concept in terms of a complex set of functional dimensions comprising affective, structural, control, cognitive, and external relationships. The data revealed that family functioning is dynamically changed when the housewife becomes ill with a chronic disease. Three types of adaptation process were identified by which the housewives adapted to family functioning in the context of their chronic illnesses: negotiated, self-accommodating, and separated-enduring. The implications of these findings for research and nursing practice are discussed.

[Prevalence and risk factors of orthostatic hypotension among the community-dwelling aged].

PURPOSE: This study was to identify the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension and its association with risk factors of orthostatic hypotension aged over 60 in Seoul and Chungju, Korea. METHOD: The data were collected from the 22th of August, 2000 to the 7th May 2001. The participants were 74 community-dwelling aged who could stand up from sitting position without assistance. Subjects were interviewed with structured questionnaire in order to ask experience of previous falls, hours in per day, symptoms related orthostatic hypotension and demographic characteristics. Orthostatic hypotension was assessed at 1 minute after the subjects standing from sitting position and defined as 20 mmHg or greater decrease in systolic blood pressure after standing. RESULT: The prevalence of orthostatic hypotension was 17.1%. The mean drop of systolic blood pressure was 27.46 mmHg among orthostatic hypotension subjects. The significant variables which explain the occurrence of orthostatic hypotension was the basal systolic blood pressure, the hit ratio of discriminant function with basal systolic blood pressure was 69.7%. CONCLUSION: Finding indicate that this study will contribute to develop nursing strategies to identify risk factors and to prevent orthostatic hypotension for the aged.

[Comparison of nursing activities reflected in nursing notes and in-depth interviews of nurses in an acute hospital].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the nursing activities delineated by interview of nurses with those on nursing notes. METHOD: The participants of interview were 18 nurses working in medical and surgical units of a large hospital in Seoul. Each nurse was asked to choose one patient who demand most nursing care among her patients. The nurse was then interviewed to describe what her nursing activities for the patient was that day. The audio-taped interview was transcribed and the content was analyzed by researchers. Nursing notes of each nurses' patients were copied and the content analyzed by researchers. Finally, themes from the interview data and those from nursing notes were compared. RESULT: Activities related to emotional or psychological nursing, education for patient and families, and problem solving related to treatment or nursing procedure were most often omitted in nursing notes. Most of the documentation in nursing notes were related to physical condition of patients or physician's orders. Nurses described that they will do better recording if they were given less patient care responsibility, had better nursing knowledge, had better recording system, and received more training on nursing record. CONCLUSION: Nursing notes did not reflect nursing activities properly. Few independent nursing roles were documented in the nursing notes. Development of nursing education program and nursing record system is needed for improvement of nursing record.