Midterm Outcomes of BeGraft Stent Grafts Used as Bridging Stents in Fenestrated Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

PURPOSE: Fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (fEVAR) is established for the treatment of juxtarenal, pararenal, and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs). Bridging stents are used to connect the main body of the stent graft to the aortic branch vessels. Complications related to the bridging stents compromise the durability of the repair and require urgent re-intervention. Here we present the midterm results of the BeGraft stent graft system used for fEVAR. MATERIALS AND METHOD: All consecutive patients treated with fEVAR and the current BeGraft Peripheral Stent Graft between November 2015 and September 2016 were included. RESULTS: Thirty-nine consecutive patients (38 men) were enrolled and 101 BeGraft second-generation stent grafts were implanted. The median aneurysm diameter was 60 mm (54.5-67.0 mm). Aneurysms were juxtarenal and pararenal (19/39, 48.1%), type 4 TAAA (3/39, 7.7%), type 1, 2, and 3 TAAA (7/39, 17.8%), type 5 TAAA (4/39, 10.2%), and 15.4% (6/39) had a type I endoleak following a previous EVAR. Fifty-five BeGrafts were implanted in mesenteric arteries (22 in coeliac trunks, 31 in the superior mesenteric artery, and 2 in a hepatic or splenic artery) and 46 into renal arteries (24 right and 22 left). The renal artery diameters were 5, 6, 7, and 8 mm in 9, 7, 26, and 4 patients, respectively. Mesenteric arteries were exclusively stented with 9 and 10 mm diameter devices. The median follow-up was 33 months (IQ25 17-IQ75 36). During follow-up, 11 patients died (28%) from non-aneurysm-related causes. The overall patency rates for bridging stents were 98% and 97% at 1 and 2 years, respectively, with a freedom from secondary procedure rate on BeGraft stent grafts of 96% (97/101). All events occurred on stents implanted in renal arteries. CONCLUSION: Early favorable outcomes are confirmed during longer term follow-up. Vigilant surveillance is required.

Editor's Choice - Long-term Survival and Risk Analysis in 136 Consecutive Patients With Type B Aortic Dissection Presenting to a Single Centre Over an 11 Year Period.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate, in patients with acute type B aortic dissection, the results of medical and endovascular treatment in a large single centre experience and to investigate the clinical and imaging features on presentation that relate to poor outcome. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected clinical and CT imaging data. Consecutive patients (136) with acute type B aortic dissection were included in the study over an 11 year period. The characteristics of patients receiving endovascular (complicated) or medical treatment (uncomplicated) were compared. Kaplan-Meier estimators were used to estimate cumulative overall survival and survival free of aortic events. Factors associated with overall and aortic event free survival were also explored using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: The mean follow up was 51 months (1-132), during which time 33 deaths and 48 aortic events occurred. At one and five years, overall survival was 94.0% and 74.8%, respectively, and freedom from aortic events was 75.6% and 58.7%. There was no difference in all cause survival and aortic event free survival at one and five years between the patients treated endovascularly and those receiving medical treatment alone. Risk analysis for aortic events demonstrated the maximum size of the proximal entry tear, the maximum thoracic aortic diameter, and the thoracic aortic false lumen maximum diameter to have a significant effect on the incidence of aortic events. CONCLUSIONS: Active management of patients with type B aortic dissection results in good long-term survival even in the presence of features traditionally associated with adverse outcomes. All patients require close lifetime surveillance as aortic events continue to occur during follow up even after endografting.

Functional Results of Cervical Rib Resection for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Impact on Professional Activity.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to report long-term functional results following cervical rib (CR) resection for thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). METHODS: This monocentric study included all cases of resection of CR for TOS performed between January 2004 and December 2016. Data were retrospectively collected from the hospital electronic database including preoperative symptoms and the evaluation of occupational well-being, intraoperative data, and early clinical evaluation and occupational well-being during the postoperative period. Patients were categorized as neurogenic TOS (NTOS), arterial TOS (ATOS), arterial and neurogenic TOS (ANTOS), venous TOS (VTOS), or asymptomatic according to preoperative evaluation. We evaluated the improvement in work life between the preoperative and the postoperative period. Further assessment was a negative Roos or elevated arm stress test (EAST) during the postoperative period. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients with a median age of 38.5 years (30-46) were included. Thirty-six procedures were performed: 33% to treat ATOS (12/36), 39% for NTOS (14/36), 19% for ANTOS (7/36), 3% for VTOS (1/36), and 6% (2/36) for asymptomatic lesions. There were 9 cases of subclavian artery aneurysms leading to additional arterial repair. Due to distal embolization, a cervical sympathectomy was associated in 5 procedures. First rib resection was associated in 4 procedures (11%) and C7 transverse process resection was performed in 15 procedures (42%). The technical success rate was 100% and intraoperative complications were observed in 4 patients (11%) with favorable postoperative outcomes. During the early postoperative period, 3 Claude Bernard-Horner's syndrome and 1 asymptomatic subclavian dissection were detected. Late complications included 2 bypass thromboses (6%) at 6 weeks and 16 months. Postoperative EAST improved in 16 limbs (44%). Prior to the procedure, only 27% (9/33) patients had normal work lives. After the procedure, 64% (21/33) of patients were able to return to their normal work activity. CONCLUSIONS: CR resection for TOS seems to be a safe procedure leading to good short- and long-term clinical results with a favorable impact on recovering a normal work life in these young patients.

Let-7f: A New Potential Circulating Biomarker Identified by miRNA Profiling of Cells Isolated from Human Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a progressive vascular disease responsible for 1-4% of the deaths in elderly men. This study aimed to characterize specific microRNA (miRNA) expression in aneurysmal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and macrophages in order to identify circulating miRNAs associated with AAA. We screened 850 miRNAs in aneurysmal SMCs, M1 and M2 macrophages, and in control SMCs isolated by micro-dissection from aortic biopsies using microarray analysis. In all, 92 miRNAs were detected and 10 miRNAs were selected for validation by qRT-PCR in isolated cells (n = 5), whole control and aneurysmal aorta biopsies (n = 13), and plasma from patients (n = 24) undergoing AAA (over 50 mm) repair matched to patients (n = 18) with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) with atherosclerosis but not AAA. Seven miRNAs were modulated similarly in all aneurysmal cells. The Let-7f was downregulated in aneurysmal cells compared to control SMCs with a significant lower expression in M1 compared to M2 macrophages (0.1 fold, p = 0.03), correlated with a significant downregulation in whole aneurysmal aorta compared to control aorta (0.2 fold, p = 0.03). Significant levels of circulating let-7f (p = 0.048) were found in AAA patients compared to PAD patients with no significant correlation with aortic diameter (R2 = 0.03). Our study underlines the utility of profiling isolated aneurysmal cells to identify other miRNAs for which the modulation of expression might be masked when the whole aorta is used. The results highlight let-7f as a new potential biomarker for AAA.

Complex endovascular repair of postdissection arch and thoracoabdominal aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: We report our experience of the treatment of postdissection arch aneurysms and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs) by endovascular repair using fenestrated and branched endografts. METHODS: This study includes all patients presenting with chronic postdissection aneurysms >55 mm in diameter deemed unfit for open surgery and treated by complex endografting between October 2011 and April 2017. Where appropriate, staged management strategies including left subclavian artery revascularization, thoracic endografting, dissection flap fenestration, and tear enlargement were performed before the complex endovascular repair. Outcome data were collected prospectively, specifically including technical success, endoleaks, target vessel patency, aneurysm diameter, adverse events, reinterventions, and mortality. RESULTS: We treated 40 patients with a median age of 63 years (55-71 years). In total, 43 procedures were performed: 19 arch repairs using inner branch endografts (one to three branches) and 24 TAAA repairs using fenestrated or branched endografts. Three patients were treated using both arch and TAAA repair. The median time between initial presentation with acute dissection and the first complex aortic repair was 5 years (3.0-10.0 years). Staged procedures were performed in 33 of 40 patients (82.5%). The technical success rate was 93%, the median procedure length was 240 minutes (170-285 minutes), and the median dose-area product was 80 Gy · cm2 (54.3-138.4 Gy · cm2). The 30-day and in-hospital mortality rates were 2.3% (1/43) and 4.7% (2/43), respectively. The spinal cord ischemia rate was 7% and occurred only after TAAA repair. One stroke with partial recovery and one transient ischemic attack were observed (4.7%) after arch repair. Six early reinterventions (14%) were performed: three for access complications, two to treat acute hemorrhage, and one to treat a type II endoleak. Median follow-up was 25.5 months (11-42.25 months). The 1- and 5-year survival rates were 90% and 76.4%, respectively. Late reinterventions were required in eight patients, two in the arch group (to treat endoleaks at 3 and 33 months) and six in the TAAA group (2 iliac and 1 bifurcated endograft extensions, 2 additional renal stents, 1 inferior mesenteric artery embolization). Aneurysm diameter was stable (72%) or shrank (23%) during follow-up. Enlargement was shown in two patients with endoleaks. CONCLUSIONS: Complex endovascular repair of postdissection aneurysms is a safe procedure in patients deemed unfit for open surgery. Our experience suggests that close follow-up is mandatory as secondary procedures are frequently required to completely exclude the false lumen.

One Year Outcomes of 101 BeGraft Stent Grafts used as Bridging Stents in Fenestrated Endovascular Repairs.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the outcomes of the second generation BeGraft balloon expandable covered stent Graft System (Bentley InnoMed, Hechingen, Germany) implanted as bridging stent grafts during fenestrated endovascular aortic repair (FEVAR) of complex aneurysms. DESIGN: This was a single centre prospective study including all consecutive patients treated by FEVAR performed with second generation BeGraft stent grafts as bridging stents. METHODS: Demographics of patients, diameter and length of the bridging stent grafts, technical success, re-interventions, occlusions, post-operative events, and imaging (Cone Beam CT and/or CT scan, and contrast enhanced ultrasound) were prospectively collected in an electronic database. Duplex ultrasound was performed before discharge and at 6 month follow-up. At 1 year, patients were evaluated clinically and by imaging (CT and ultrasound). RESULTS: Between November 2015 and September 2016, 39 consecutive patients (one woman) were treated with custom made fenestrated endografts (2-5 fenestrations) for complex aneurysms or type 1 endoleak after EVAR, using a variety of bridging stents including the BeGraft. All 101 BeGraft stent grafts were successfully delivered and deployed. There was no in hospital mortality. Early fenestration patency rate was 99% (96/97); the sole target vessel post-operative occlusion was secondary to a dissection of the renal artery distal to the stent. Complementary stenting was unsuccessful in recovering renal artery patency; bilateral renal stent occlusion was observed in the same patient on a CT scan performed 2 months after the procedure. He required post-operative dialysis. No additional renal impairment was observed. During follow-up (median 13 months [11-15]), all fenestrations stented with BeGraft stent grafts remained patent (95/97, 98%). One type 1b endoleak was detected and treated (2.6%). CONCLUSIONS: BeGraft stent grafts used as bridging stents during FEVAR are associated with favourable outcomes at 1 year follow-up. Long-term follow-up is required to confirm these promising results.

Femoral Bifurcation Endarterectomy with Transection-Eversion of the Superficial Femoral Artery: Technique and Results.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the results of femoral bifurcation endarterectomy using the eversion technique with transection of the superficial femoral artery (femoral bifurcation endarterectomy with eversion [FBEE]). METHODS: We included all patients who underwent a femoral revascularization using the eversion technique, with or without antegrade or retrograde revascularization, from January 2006 to December 2015. Data were retrospectively collected. Primary and primary assisted patency (PAP) of the femoral bifurcation were analyzed. Secondary outcomes were 30-day postoperative complications. RESULTS: A total of 129 patients (143 limbs) underwent consecutive FBEE (86.8% men, with a mean age of 69.7 years). Patients presented with claudication (93, 65%) and critical ischemia (46, 32.2%). Primary patency was 96.3%, 94.6%, and 93% at 1, 2, and 5 years, respectively. PAP was 99% at 3 time points. Reintervention was necessary in 8 patients during follow-up. The 30-day mortality was 0.7% (1 patient), and the access complication rate was 18.8% (n = 27), of which only 2.8% (n = 4) were major complications. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study confirmed the efficiency and the reproducibility of this technique for the treatment of femoral bifurcation lesions. This technique allowed treating extensive atherosclerotic lesions of the deep femoral artery and may be associated with antegrade and retrograde revascularizations.

Early experience with a modified preloaded system for fenestrated endovascular aortic repair.

OBJECTIVE: Preloaded endovascular delivery systems expand the anatomic eligibility for complex aortic repair by requiring only one iliac access vessel and providing a stable platform for guiding sheaths into challenging target vessels. This article reports the lessons learned and early clinical outcomes using a modified preloaded delivery system for fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR) in three aortic centers in Europe. METHODS: From October 2015 to March 2016, consecutive patients presenting with extensive aortic aneurysm treated with a modified preloaded FEVAR were prospectively enrolled from three high volume European aortic centers. The new design is a modification of previous designs of preloaded fenestrated stent grafts and of the p-branch device platform. The technical details of implantation are described and perioperative outcomes, including the learning curve, are collected and reported. RESULTS: All patients (30 patients; 80% men; 70.2 years old) presented for nonurgent repair of either a type Ia endoleak (3/30; 10%), a type I-II-III thoracoabdominal (8/30; 27%), or a type IV thoracoabdominal or pararenal (19/30; 63.%) aneurysm repair of a mean size of 64 ± 13 mm using a custom made device. Primary technical success was achieved in 28 of 30 patients (93%) and assisted primary technical success in 29 of 30 patients (97%). The two technical failures included open conversion to repair a ruptured iliac artery and restenting of a dissected superior mesenteric artery which was recognized hours after the index procedure had finished. The mean procedure time was 277 ± 153 minutes, fluoroscopy time 79 ± 36 minutes, dose area product 112 ± 90 Gy cm2, and contrast volume 87 ± 46 mL. All renal fenestrations were successfully stented without type III endoleak on completion angiogram; the preloaded guiding sheaths were used for 53 of 58 renal arteries (91%). Challenges related to learning to the use of the modified preloaded system were experienced early and had no clinical consequences. Major complications occurred in seven cases (23%), including two perioperative deaths because of stroke and sepsis following primary conversion attributable to iliac rupture. There were no target vessel occlusions or type I/III endoleaks found on postoperative imaging. CONCLUSIONS: Based on early experience, the modified preloaded system can be safely and effectively used during FEVAR, with good technical result and a short period of learning. This device expands treatment to patients with compromised iliac access, thus, additional patients and more follow-up will be required to determine unique risks of operating in this patient population.

Total Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Arch Disease Using an Arch Endograft With 3 Inner Branches.

PURPOSE: To report early experience with a new endovascular graft developed for aortic arch aneurysm repair in patients unfit for open surgery. CASE REPORT: Three consecutive men (62, 74, and 69 years old) at high risk for open repair were treated for postdissection aortic arch aneurysms using a custom-made 3 inner branched endovascular graft. The 2 proximal branches are antegrade and perfuse the innominate artery and the left common carotid artery; the third branch is retrograde and perfuses the left subclavian artery. The latter is preloaded with a catheter and wire to aid cannulation. Technical success was achieved in each case. The mean procedure time, fluoroscopy duration, and contrast volume were 180 minutes, 35 minutes, and 145 mL, respectively. The perioperative period was uneventful. All branches were patent on 6-month computed tomography and duplex ultrasound imaging. CONCLUSION: This new patient-specific device allows total endovascular revascularization of the supra-aortic trunks during arch repair. These encouraging results support its more widespread use.

Rapid Aneurysmal Sac Expansion Following Endovascular Repair of a Dissecting Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm.

Endovascular repair of dissecting thoracoabdominal aneurysms (TAAA) is challenging and often requires multiple procedures. A 61-year-old man with a dissecting type-II TAAA treated first by placement of a thoracic endograft, and subsequently implantation of a fenestrated endograft. Six months postoperatively, a 10-mm increase of the aorta was observed. A reentry tear in left external iliac artery (EIA) was perfusing the false lumen in a retrograde fashion connecting with the endoleak caused by the inferior mesenteric artery and lumbar arteries. False lumen embolization of the left EIA and outflow vessels was performed. Thrombosis and rapid decrease of false lumen diameter was then observed. This case illustrates the complexity of endovascular management of extensive chronic aortic dissections.

Endovascular Repair of Thoracoabdominal and Arch Aneurysms in Patients with Connective Tissue Disease Using Branched and Fenestrated Devices.

BACKGROUND: Prophylactic open surgery is the standard practice in patients with connective tissue and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) and aortic arch disease. Branched and fenestrated devices offer a less invasive alternative but there are concerns regarding the durability of the repair and the effect of the stent graft on the fragile aortic wall. The aim of this study is to evaluate mid-term outcomes of fenestrated and/or branched endografting in patients with connective tissue disease. METHODS: All patients with connective tissue disease who underwent TAAA or arch aneurysm repair using a fenestrated and/or branched endograft in a single, high-volume center between 2004 and 2015 were included. Ruptured aneurysms and acute aortic dissections were excluded from this study, but not chronic aortic dissections. RESULTS: In total, 427 (403 pararenal and TAAAs, and 24 arch aneurysms) endovascular interventions were performed during the study period. Of these, 17 patients (4%) (16 TAAAs, 1 arch) had connective tissue disease. All patients were classified as unfit for open repair. The mean age was 51 ± 8 years. Thirteen patients with TAAA were treated with a fenestrated, 1 with a branched, and 2 with a combined fenestrated/branch device. A double inner branch device was used to treat the arch aneurysm. The technical success rate was 100% with no incidence of early mortality, spinal cord ischemia, stroke, or further dissection. Postoperative deterioration in renal function was seen in 3 patients (18.8%) and no hemodialysis was required. The mean follow-up was 3.4 years (0.3-7.4). Aneurysm sac shrinkage was seen in 35% of patients (6/17) and the sac diameter remained stable in 65% of patients (11/17). No sac or sealing zone enlargement was observed in any of the patients and there were no conversions to open repair. Reintervention was required in 1 patient at 2 years for bilateral renal artery occlusion (successful fibrinolysis). One type II endoleak (lumbar) is under surveillance and 1 type III (left renal stent) sealed spontaneously. One patient died at 2 years after the procedure from nonaortic causes (endocarditis). CONCLUSIONS: The favorable mid-term outcomes in this series that demonstrate fenestrated and/or branched endografting should be considered in patients with connective tissue and TAAA and aortic arch disease, which are considered unfit for open surgery. All patients require close lifetime surveillance at a center specializing in aortic surgery, with sufficient experience in both open and endovascular aortic surgery, so that if endovascular treatment failure occurs it can be recognized early and further treatment offered.

Total Endovascular Aortic Repair in a Patient with Marfan Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to describe a total endovascular aortic repair with branched and fenestrated endografts in a young patient with Marfan syndrome and a chronic aortic dissection. Open surgery is the gold standard to treat aortic dissections in patients with aortic disease and Marfan syndrome. METHODS: In 2000, a 38-year-old man with Marfan syndrome underwent open ascending aorta repair for an acute type A aortic dissection. One year later, a redo sternotomy was performed for aortic valve replacement. In 2013, the patient presented with endocarditis and pulmonary infection, which necessitated tracheostomy and temporary dialysis. In 2014, the first stage of the endovascular repair was performed using an inner branched endograft to exclude a 77-mm distal arch and descending thoracic aortic aneurysm. In 2015, a 63-mm thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm was excluded by implantation of a 4-fenestrated endograft. Follow-up after both endovascular repairs was uneventful. RESULTS: Total aortic endovascular repair was successfully performed to treat a patient with arch and thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm associated with chronic aortic dissection and Marfan syndrome. The postoperative images confirmed patency of the endograft and its branches, and complete exclusion of the aortic false lumen. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular repair is a treatment option in patients with connective tissue disease who are not candidates for open surgery. Long-term follow-up is required to confirm these favorable early outcomes.

Results of celiac trunk stenting during fenestrated or branched aortic endografting.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular repair of aortic aneurysms involving the visceral segment of the aorta often requires placement of a covered bridging stent in the celiac axis (CA). The median arcuate ligament (MAL) is a fibrous arch that unites the diaphragmatic crura on either side of the aortic hiatus. The ligament may compress and distort the celiac artery and result in difficult cannulation, or stenosis and occlusion of the vessel. This study evaluated the influence of the MAL compression on the technical success and the patency of the celiac artery after branched and fenestrated endovascular aortic repair. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of consecutive patients treated electively for complex aneurysms with branched and fenestrated endovascular aortic repair between January 2007 and April 2014. All data were collected prospectively. Analysis of preoperative computed tomography angiography on a three-dimensional workstation determined the presence of MAL compression. Patency of the CA bridging stent was assessed during follow-up by computed tomography angiography and duplex ultrasound evaluation. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the outcomes of patients with MAL (MAL+) and without MAL (MAL-) compression. RESULTS: Of 315 patients treated for aortic disease involving the visceral segment during the study period, 113 had endografts designed with a branch (n = 57) or fenestration (n = 56) for the CA. In 45 patients (39.8%), asymptomatic compression of the CA by the MAL was depicted (MAL+). Complex endovascular techniques were required in this group to access the CA in 16 (14.2%) patients (vs none in the MAL- group; P = .003), which lead to a failed bridging stent implantation in seven patients (6.2%). Increased operative time and dose area product were observed in the MAL+ group, but this did not reach statistical significance. In the MAL+ group, no thrombosis of the CA bridging stents were observed during follow-up; an external compression of the CA bridging stent was depicted in six patients but without hemodynamic effect on duplex ultrasound imaging. In the MAL- group, one CA bridging stent occlusion occurred owing to an embolus from a cardiac source. CONCLUSIONS: MAL compression is associated with good celiac trunk bridging stent patency during follow-up, but with a higher rate of technical difficulties and failed bridging stent implantation during the procedure.

Translumbar Puncture for Retrograde Catheterization of a Kinked Left Renal Stent After Fenestrated Endograft Repair.

PURPOSE: To describe a case of percutaneous retrograde left renal artery cannulation and restenting for severe distortion of a bridging stent diagnosed at the time of fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR). CASE REPORT: A 79-year-old man underwent 4-vessel FEVAR, during which completion angiography showed a good postoperative result, but cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) demonstrated severe distortion of the proximal part of the left renal stent. An antegrade or hybrid approach to recannulate the vessel was not possible due to the stent architecture and patient comorbidities. Contrast-enhanced CBCT was used to define the needle trajectory for a percutaneous translumbar approach. Fusion imaging software registered the planned needle track to the live fluoroscopy image. Respiratory motion compensation was used. Retrograde cannulation of the left renal artery was achieved; via a through-and-through wire with the left femoral artery, the left renal artery stent was relined using a covered stent. No deterioration of renal function was observed following the procedure. Contrast-enhanced duplex ultrasound demonstrated good flow in all target vessels without endoleak. CONCLUSION: Translumbar puncture and retrograde catheterization of a severely distorted left renal artery stent is possible during FEVAR using advanced imaging applications and can prevent target vessel loss.

Renal outcomes analysis after endovascular and open aortic aneurysm repair.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare renal outcomes (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] and renal volume) after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) and open repair (OR) of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). METHODS: All AAA repairs performed between November 2009 and July 2011 were included in this retrospective study. Patients requiring suprarenal clamping and renal bypass or reimplantation and patients requiring fenestrated endografting were excluded from the OR and EVAR groups, respectively. All EVARs were performed with transrenal proximal fixation. Renal volume (calculated with a three-dimensional workstation) and GFR (estimated with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula) were evaluated before the procedure, at 12 months after the procedure, and yearly thereafter. RESULTS: The study included 90 patients (41 ORs and 49 EVARs). Both groups were comparable except for age at intervention, body mass index, smoking, peripheral arterial disease, arrhythmia, and vitamin K antagonist treatment. Median follow-up was 2.8 years for OR (2.5-2.9 years) and 3.2 years for EVAR (3.0-3.4 years). In both groups, we found a significant decrease when comparing postoperative estimated GFR with 1-year (14.4% decrease [3.8%-23.8%]; P = .002) and 3-year (12.8% decrease [3.8%-20.9%]; P = .0007) levels. In both groups, total renal volumes significantly diminished. Median preoperative total renal volume (372 cm(3) [311-349]) significantly decreased (6.7% [2.8%-10.5%]; P = .008) between 1 year and 2 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Renal function impairment is similar after open and endovascular AAA repair. It is associated with a decrease in total renal volume, which seems to be an early and constant marker of postoperative renal impairment.

Evaluation of the Zenith low-profile abdominal aortic aneurysm stent graft.

BACKGROUND: Low-profile (LP) stent grafts are now commercially available in Europe for endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). In this study the midterm outcomes and characteristics of patients treated with this last generation of stent grafts were compared with a cohort of patients treated with "standard-profile" (SP) stent grafts. METHODS: The current study enrolled all patients treated for elective EVAR by the SP Zenith Flex stent graft (Cook Medical, Bloomington, Ind) between March 2010 and November 2011 and patients treated for elective EVAR by the Zenith LP stent graft (Cook Medical) between November 2011 and March 2013. All patients had a follow-up >18 months. Preoperative computed tomography angiograms were analyzed on a dedicated three-dimensional workstation. All data were prospectively collected in an electronic database and retrospectively analyzed. A comparative study was conducted. RESULTS: The present study included 208 patients (107 SP and 101 LP). Patients' physiologic characteristics were similar in both groups. The iliac anatomy was considered "more challenging" in LP patients: respectively, 7% and 22% (P = .002) of SP and LP patients had bilateral external iliac diameter <7 mm; and 16% and 34% (P = .005) had a combination of an external iliac diameter <7 mm and an iliac tortuosity ratio index >1.5. No 30-day deaths were documented. The 24-month freedom from reintervention and overall survival rates after SP and LP were, respectively, 88% and 91% (P = .450) and 92% and 96% (P = .153). The 24-month rates for freedom from sac expansion and from limb occlusion were 96.4% and 98.7% (P = .320) and 92% and 95% (P = .293), respectively. One patient in each group presented with a type I endoleak during follow-up, and two LP patients presented with a type III endoleak (P = .235). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the last-generation LP stent grafts have favorable midterm outcomes similar to SP stent grafts despite being used to treat more patients with unfavorable iliac anatomy.

Adventitial Tertiary Lymphoid Organs as Potential Source of MicroRNA Biomarkers for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an inflammatory disease associated with marked changes in the cellular composition of the aortic wall. This study aims to identify microRNA (miRNA) expression in aneurysmal inflammatory cells isolated by laser microdissection from human tissue samples. The distribution of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, B and T lymphocytes, mast cells) was evaluated in human AAA biopsies. We observed in half of the samples that adventitial tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs) with a thickness from 0.5 to 2 mm were located exclusively in the adventitia. Out of the 850 miRNA that were screened by microarray in isolated ATLOs (n = 2), 164 miRNAs were detected in ATLOs. The three miRNAs (miR-15a-3p, miR-30a-5p and miR-489-3p) with the highest expression levels were chosen and their expression quantified by RT-PCR in isolated ATLOs (n = 4), M1 (n = 2) and M2 macrophages (n = 2) and entire aneurysmal biopsies (n = 3). Except for the miR-30a-5p, a similar modulation was found in ATLOs and the two subtypes of macrophages. The modulated miRNAs were then evaluated in the plasma of AAA patients for their potential as AAA biomarkers. Our data emphasize the potential of miR-15a-3p and miR-30a-5p as biomarkers of AAA but also as triggers of ATLO evolution. Further investigations will be required to evaluate their targets in order to better understand AAA pathophysiology.

Role of proinflammatory CD68(+) mannose receptor(-) macrophages in peroxiredoxin-1 expression and in abdominal aortic aneurysms in humans.

OBJECTIVE: Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), dilations of the infrarenal aorta, are characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress. We previously showed increased levels of peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX-1) in macrophages cultured from AAA patients. The purpose of the study was to determine which subpopulation of macrophages is present in AAAs and is involved in upregulation of PRDX-1 in aneurysmal disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study used immunohistochemistry with antibodies against CD68 and mannose receptor (MR) to determine the subtype of macrophages in AAA tissue samples (n=33); laser capture microdissection to isolate each subtype; and quantitative-reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and ELISA to assess PRDX-1 mRNA and PRDX-1protein levels in both types. Proinflammatory CD68(+)MR(-) macrophages predominated in adventitial tissue, whereas the intraluminal thrombus contained CD68(+)MR(+) macrophages. The presence of lipids and iron-containing deposits confirmed their phagocytic phenotype. Laser capture microdissection-isolated CD68(+)MR(-) and CD68(+)MR(+) macrophages, characterized by quantitative-reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (TNF, IL1B, MRC1, and CCL18) and Western blot (stabilin and hemoglobin), validated the microdissected subtypes. PRDX-1 expression was colocalized with CD68(+)MR(-) macrophages. PRDX-1 mRNA and PRDX-1 protein were both more abundant in CD68(+)MR(-) than CD68(+)MR(+) macrophages in AAA. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the proteins or mRNAs expressed by the proinflammatory CD68(+)MR(-) macrophages may contribute to aneurysmal pathology.

Computed Tomography-Aortography Versus Color-Duplex Ultrasound for Surveillance of Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: A Prospective Multicenter Diagnostic-Accuracy Study (the ESSEA Trial).

Background Color-duplex ultrasonography (DUS) could be an alternative to computed tomography-aortography (CTA) in the lifelong surveillance of patients after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), but there is currently no level 1 evidence. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of DUS as an alternative to CTA for the follow-up of post-EVAR patients. Methods Between December 16, 2010, and June 12, 2015, we conducted a prospective, blinded, diagnostic-accuracy study, in 15 French university hospitals where EVAR was commonly performed. Participants were followed up using both DUS and CTA in a mutually blinded setup until the end of the study or until any major aneurysm-related morphological abnormality requiring reintervention or an amendment to the follow-up policy was revealed by CTA. Database was locked on October 2, 2017. Our main outcome measures were sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive and negative likelihood ratios of DUS against reference standard CTA. CIs are binomial 95% CI. Results This study recruited prospectively 659 post-EVAR patients of whom 539 (82%) were eligible for further analysis. Following the baseline inclusion visit, 940 additional follow-up visits were performed in the 539 patients. Major aneurysm-related morphological abnormalities were revealed by CTA in 103 patients (17.2/100 person-years [95% CI, 13.9-20.5]). DUS accurately identified 40 patients where a major aneurysm-related morphological abnormality was present (sensitivity, 39% [95% CI, 29-48]) and 403 of 436 patients with negative CTA (specificity, 92% [95% CI, 90-95]). The negative predictive value and positive predictive value of DUS were 92% (95% CI, 90-95) and 39% (95% CI, 27-50), respectively. The positive likelihood ratio was 4.87 (95% CI, 2.9-9.6). DUS sensitivity reached 73% (95% CI, 51-96) in patients requiring an effective reintervention. Conclusions DUS had an overall low sensitivity in the follow-up of patients after EVAR, but its performance improved meaningfully when the subset of patients requiring effective reinterventions was considered. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01230203.