Efficient recycling pathway of bio-based composite polyurethane foams via sustainable diamine.

Aminolysis is widely recognized as a valuable chemical route for depolymerizing polymeric materials containing ester, amide, or urethane functional groups, including polyurethane foams. Bio-based polyurethane foams, pristine and reinforced with 40 wt% of sustainable fillers, were depolymerized in the presence of bio-derived butane-1,4-diamine, BDA. A process comparison was made using fossil-derived ethane-1,2-diamine, EDA, by varying amine/polyurethane ratio (F/A, 1:1 and 1:0.6). The obtained depolymerized systems were analyzed by FTIR and NMR characterizations to understand the effect of both diamines on the degradation pathway. The use of bio-based BDA seemed to be more effective with respect to conventional EDA, owing to its stronger basicity (and thus higher nucleophilicity), corresponding to faster depolymerization rates. BDA-based depolymerized systems were then employed to prepare second-generation bio-based composite polyurethane foams by partial replacement of isocyanate components (20 wt%). The morphological, mechanical, and thermal conductivity properties of the second-generation polyurethane foams were evaluated. The best performances (σ10 %=71 ± 9 kPa, λ = 0.042 ± 0.015 W∙ m-1 ∙K-1) were attained by employing the lowest F/A ratio (1:0.6); this demonstrates their potential application in different sectors such as packaging or construction, fulfilling the paradigm of the circular economy.

Circadian Rhythmicity in Cerebral Microvascular Tone Influences Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Injury.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Circadian rhythms influence the extent of brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), but the mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that cerebrovascular myogenic reactivity is rhythmic and explains the circadian variation in SAH-induced injury. METHODS: SAH was modeled in mice with prechiasmatic blood injection. Inducible, smooth muscle cell-specific Bmal1 (brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1) gene deletion (smooth muscle-specific Bmal1 1 knockout [sm-Bmal1 KO]) disrupted circadian rhythms within the cerebral microcirculation. Olfactory cerebral resistance arteries were functionally assessed by pressure myography in vitro; these functional assessments were related to polymerase chain reaction/Western blot data, brain histology (Fluoro-Jade/activated caspase-3), and neurobehavioral assessments (modified Garcia scores). RESULTS: Cerebrovascular myogenic vasoconstriction is rhythmic, with a peak and trough at Zeitgeber times 23 and 11 (ZT23 and ZT11), respectively. Histological and neurobehavioral assessments demonstrate that higher injury levels occur when SAH is induced at ZT23, compared with ZT11. In sm-Bmal1 KO mice, myogenic reactivity is not rhythmic. Interestingly, myogenic tone is higher at ZT11 versus ZT23 in sm-Bmal1 KO mice; accordingly, SAH-induced injury in sm-Bmal1 KO mice is more severe when SAH is induced at ZT11 compared to ZT23. We examined several myogenic signaling components and found that CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) expression is rhythmic in cerebral arteries. Pharmacologically stabilizing CFTR expression in vivo (3 mg/kg lumacaftor for 2 days) eliminates the rhythmicity in myogenic reactivity and abolishes the circadian variation in SAH-induced neurological injury. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebrovascular myogenic reactivity is rhythmic. The level of myogenic tone at the time of SAH ictus is a key factor influencing the extent of injury. Circadian oscillations in cerebrovascular CFTR expression appear to underlie the cerebrovascular myogenic reactivity rhythm.

Disrupting the key circadian regulator CLOCK leads to age-dependent cardiovascular disease.

The circadian mechanism underlies daily rhythms in cardiovascular physiology and rhythm disruption is a major risk factor for heart disease and worse outcomes. However, the role of circadian rhythms is generally clinically unappreciated. Clock is a core component of the circadian mechanism and here we examine the role of Clock as a vital determinant of cardiac physiology and pathophysiology in aging. ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice develop age-dependent increases in heart weight, hypertrophy, dilation, impaired contractility, and reduced myogenic responsiveness. Young ClockΔ19/Δ19 hearts express dysregulated mRNAs and miRNAs in the PTEN-AKT signal pathways important for cardiac hypertrophy. We found a rhythm in the Pten gene and PTEN protein in WT hearts; rhythmic oscillations are lost in ClockΔ19/Δ19 hearts. Changes in PTEN are associated with reduced AKT activation and changes in downstream mediators GSK-3ß, PRAS40, and S6K1. Cardiomyocyte cultures confirm that Clock regulates the AKT signalling pathways crucial for cardiac hypertrophy. In old ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice cardiac AKT, GSK3ß, S6K1 phosphorylation are increased, consistent with the development of age-dependent cardiac hypertrophy. Lastly, we show that pharmacological modulation of the circadian mechanism with the REV-ERB agonist SR9009 reduces AKT activation and heart weight in old WT mice. Furthermore, SR9009 attenuates cardiac hypertrophy in mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC), supporting that the circadian mechanism plays an important role in regulating cardiac growth. These findings demonstrate a crucial role for Clock in growth and renewal; disrupting Clock leads to age-dependent cardiomyopathy. Pharmacological targeting of the circadian mechanism provides a new opportunity for treating heart disease.

Evolution of Diaphragm Thickness during Mechanical Ventilation. Impact of Inspiratory Effort.

RATIONALE: Diaphragm atrophy and dysfunction have been reported in humans during mechanical ventilation, but the prevalence, causes, and functional impact of changes in diaphragm thickness during routine mechanical ventilation for critically ill patients are unknown. OBJECTIVES: To describe the evolution of diaphragm thickness over time during mechanical ventilation, its impact on diaphragm function, and the influence of inspiratory effort on this phenomenon. METHODS: In three academic intensive care units, 107 patients were enrolled shortly after initiating ventilation along with 10 nonventilated intensive care unit patients (control subjects). Diaphragm thickness and contractile activity (quantified by the inspiratory thickening fraction) were measured daily by ultrasound. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Over the first week of ventilation, diaphragm thickness decreased by more than 10% in 47 (44%), was unchanged in 47 (44%), and increased by more than 10% in 13 (12%). Thickness did not vary over time following extubation or in nonventilated patients. Low diaphragm contractile activity was associated with rapid decreases in diaphragm thickness, whereas high contractile activity was associated with increases in diaphragm thickness (P = 0.002). Contractile activity decreased with increasing ventilator driving pressure (P = 0.01) and controlled ventilator modes (P = 0.02). Maximal thickening fraction (a measure of diaphragm function) was lower in patients with decreased or increased diaphragm thickness (n = 10) compared with patients with unchanged thickness (n = 10; P = 0.05 for comparison). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in diaphragm thickness are common during mechanical ventilation and may be associated with diaphragmatic weakness. Titrating ventilatory support to maintain normal levels of inspiratory effort may prevent changes in diaphragm configuration associated with mechanical ventilation.

Therapeutically Targeting Tumor Necrosis Factor-α/Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signaling Corrects Myogenic Reactivity in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a complex stroke subtype characterized by an initial brain injury, followed by delayed cerebrovascular constriction and ischemia. Current therapeutic strategies nonselectively curtail exacerbated cerebrovascular constriction, which necessarily disrupts the essential and protective process of cerebral blood flow autoregulation. This study identifies a smooth muscle cell autocrine/paracrine signaling network that augments myogenic tone in a murine model of experimental SAH: it links tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, and sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling. METHODS: Mouse olfactory cerebral resistance arteries were isolated, cannulated, and pressurized for in vitro vascular reactivity assessments. Cerebral blood flow was measured by speckle flowmetry and magnetic resonance imaging. Standard Western blot, immunohistochemical techniques, and neurobehavioral assessments were also used. RESULTS: We demonstrate that targeting TNFα and sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in vivo has potential therapeutic application in SAH. Both interventions (1) eliminate the SAH-induced myogenic tone enhancement, but otherwise leave vascular reactivity intact; (2) ameliorate SAH-induced neuronal degeneration and apoptosis; and (3) improve neurobehavioral performance in mice with SAH. Furthermore, TNFα sequestration with etanercept normalizes cerebral perfusion in SAH. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular smooth muscle cell TNFα and sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling significantly enhance cerebral artery tone in SAH; anti-TNFα and anti-sphingosine-1-phosphate treatment may significantly improve clinical outcome.

Priming of hypoxia-inducible factor by neuronal nitric oxide synthase is essential for adaptive responses to severe anemia.

Cells sense and respond to changes in oxygen concentration through gene regulatory processes that are fundamental to survival. Surprisingly, little is known about how anemia affects hypoxia signaling. Because nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) figure prominently in the cellular responses to acute hypoxia, we defined the effects of NOS deficiency in acute anemia. In contrast to endothelial NOS or inducible NOS deficiency, neuronal NOS (nNOS)(-/-) mice demonstrated increased mortality during anemia. Unlike wild-type (WT) animals, anemia did not increase cardiac output (CO) or reduce systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in nNOS(-/-) mice. At the cellular level, anemia increased expression of HIF-1α protein and HIF-responsive mRNA levels (EPO, VEGF, GLUT1, PDK1) in the brain of WT, but not nNOS(-/-) mice, despite comparable reductions in tissue PO(2). Paradoxically, nNOS(-/-) mice survived longer during hypoxia, retained the ability to regulate CO and SVR, and increased brain HIF-α protein levels and HIF-responsive mRNA transcripts. Real-time imaging of transgenic animals expressing a reporter HIF-α(ODD)-luciferase chimeric protein confirmed that nNOS was essential for anemia-mediated increases in HIF-α protein stability in vivo. S-nitrosylation effects the functional interaction between HIF and pVHL. We found that anemia led to nNOS-dependent S-nitrosylation of pVHL in vivo and, of interest, led to decreased expression of GSNO reductase. These findings identify nNOS effects on the HIF/pVHL signaling pathway as critically important in the physiological responses to anemia in vivo and provide essential mechanistic insight into the differences between anemia and hypoxia.

Physiologic effects of the maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis): a focus on metabolic homeostasis.

The prevalence and socioeconomic impact of metabolic diseases is rapidly growing. The limited availability of effective and affordable treatments has fuelled interest in the therapeutic potential of natural compounds as they occur in selected food sources. These compounds might help to better manage the current problems of treatment availability, affordability, and adverse effects that, in combination, limit treatment duration and efficacy at present. Specifically, berries garnered interest given a strong epidemiological link between their consumption and improved metabolic functions, making the analysis of their phytochemical composition and the identification and characterization of biologically active ingredients an emerging area of research. In this regard, the present review focuses on the South American maqui berry Aristotelia chilensis, which has been extensively used by the indigenous Mapuche population for generations to treat a variety of disease conditions. An overview of the maqui plant composition precedes a review of pre-clinical and clinical studies that investigated the effects of maqui berries and their major components on metabolic homeostasis. The final part of the review highlights possible technologies to conserve maqui berry structural and functional integrity during passage through the small intestine, ultimately aiming to augment their systemic and luminal bioavailability and biological effects. The integration of the various aspects discussed herein can assist in the development of effective maqui-based therapies to benefit the growing population of metabolically compromised patients.

Female mice display sex-specific differences in cerebrovascular function and subarachnoid haemorrhage-induced injury.

BACKGROUND: In male mice, a circadian rhythm in myogenic reactivity influences the extent of brain injury following subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). We hypothesized that female mice have a different cerebrovascular phenotype and consequently, a distinct SAH-induced injury phenotype. METHODS: SAH was modelled by pre-chiasmatic blood injection. Olfactory cerebral resistance arteries were functionally assessed by pressure myography; these functional assessments were related to brain histology and neurobehavioral assessments. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) expression was assessed by PCR and Western blot. We compared non-ovariectomized and ovariectomized mice. FINDINGS: Cerebrovascular myogenic reactivity is not rhythmic in females and no diurnal differences in SAH-induced injury are observed; ovariectomy does not unmask a rhythmic phenotype for any endpoint. CFTR expression is rhythmic, with similar expression levels compared to male mice. CFTR inhibition studies, however, indicate that CFTR activity is lower in female arteries. Pharmacologically increasing CFTR expression in vivo (3 mg/kg lumacaftor for 2 days) reduces myogenic tone at Zeitgeber time 11, but not Zeitgeber time 23. Myogenic tone is not markedly augmented following SAH in female mice and lumacaftor loses its ability to reduce myogenic tone; nevertheless, lumacaftor confers at least some injury benefit in females with SAH. INTERPRETATION: Female mice possess a distinct cerebrovascular phenotype compared to males, putatively due to functional differences in CFTR regulation. This sex difference eliminates the CFTR-dependent cerebrovascular effects of SAH and may alter the therapeutic efficacy of lumacaftor compared to males. FUNDING: Brain Aneurysm Foundation, Heart and Stroke Foundation and Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research.

Tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated downregulation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator drives pathological sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in a mouse model of heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling is a central regulator of resistance artery tone. Therefore, S1P levels need to be tightly controlled through the delicate interplay of its generating enzyme sphingosine kinase 1 and its functional antagonist S1P phosphohydrolase-1. The intracellular localization of S1P phosphohydrolase-1 necessitates the import of extracellular S1P into the intracellular compartment before its degradation. The present investigation proposes that the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator transports extracellular S1P and hence modulates microvascular S1P signaling in health and disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: In cultured murine vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and isolated murine mesenteric and posterior cerebral resistance arteries ex vivo, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (1) is critical for S1P uptake; (2) modulates S1P-dependent responses; and (3) is downregulated in vitro and in vivo by tumor necrosis factor-α, with significant functional consequences for S1P signaling and vascular tone. In heart failure, tumor necrosis factor-α downregulates the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator across several organs, including the heart, lung, and brain, suggesting that it is a fundamental mechanism with implications for systemic S1P effects. CONCLUSIONS: We identify the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator as a critical regulatory site for S1P signaling; its tumor necrosis factor-α-dependent downregulation in heart failure underlies an enhancement in microvascular tone. This molecular mechanism potentially represents a novel and highly strategic therapeutic target for cardiovascular conditions involving inflammation.

Proximal cerebral arteries develop myogenic responsiveness in heart failure via tumor necrosis factor-α-dependent activation of sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure is associated with neurological deficits, including cognitive dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying reduced cerebral blood flow in the early stages of heart failure, particularly when blood pressure is minimally affected, are not known. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using a myocardial infarction model in mice, we demonstrate a tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-dependent enhancement of posterior cerebral artery tone that reduces cerebral blood flow before any overt changes in brain structure and function. TNFα expression is increased in mouse posterior cerebral artery smooth muscle cells at 6 weeks after myocardial infarction. Coordinately, isolated posterior cerebral arteries display augmented myogenic tone, which can be fully reversed in vitro by the competitive TNFα antagonist etanercept. TNFα mediates its effect via a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-dependent mechanism, requiring sphingosine kinase 1 and the S1P(2) receptor. In vivo, sphingosine kinase 1 deletion prevents and etanercept (2-week treatment initiated 6 weeks after myocardial infarction) reverses the reduction of cerebral blood flow, without improving cardiac function. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral artery vasoconstriction and decreased cerebral blood flow occur early in an animal model of heart failure; these perturbations are reversed by interrupting TNFα/S1P signaling. This signaling pathway may represent a potential therapeutic target to improve cognitive function in heart failure.

The TNF-α/sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling axis drives myogenic responsiveness in heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) is hallmarked by an increase in total peripheral resistance (TPR) that compensates for the drop in cardiac output. While initially allowing for the maintenance of mean arterial pressure at acceptable levels, the long-term upregulation of TPR is prone to compromise cardiac performance and tissue perfusion, and to ultimately accelerate disease progression. Augmented vasoconstriction of terminal arteries, the site of TPR regulation, is cooperatively driven by mechanisms such as: (i) endothelial dysfunction, (ii) increased sympathetic activity and (iii) enhanced pressure-induced myogenic responsiveness. Herein, we review emerging evidence that the increase in myogenic responsiveness is central to the long-term elevation of TPR in HF. On a molecular level, this augmented intrinsic response is governed by an activation of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)/sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling axis in microvascular smooth muscle cells. The beneficial effect of TNF-α scavenging strategies on tissue perfusion in HF mouse models adds to the gaining momentum to revisit the use of anti-TNF-α treatment modalities in discrete HF patient populations.

Nuclear factor kappaB downregulates the transient outward potassium current I(to,f) through control of KChIP2 expression.

RATIONALE: The fast transient outward K(+) current (I(to,f)) plays a critical role in early repolarization of the heart. I(to,f) is consistently downregulated in cardiac disease. Despite its importance, the regulation of I(to,f) in disease remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: Because the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB is activated in cardiac hypertrophy and disease, we studied the role of NF-κB in mediating I(to,f) reductions induced by hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Culturing neonatal rat ventricular myocytes in the presence of phenylephrine (PE) plus propranolol (Pro), to selectively activate α(1)-adrenergic receptors, caused reductions in I(to,f), as well as KChIP2 and Kv4.3 expression, while increasing Kv4.2 expression. Inhibition of NF-κB, via overexpression of a phosphorylation-deficient mutant of IκBα (IκBαSA) prevented PE/Pro-induced reductions in I(to,f) and KChIP2 mRNA, without affecting Kv4.2 or Kv4.3 expression, suggesting NF-κB mediates the I(to,f) reductions by repressing KChIP2. Indeed, overexpression of the NF-κB activator IκB kinase-ß also decreased KChIP2 expression and I(to,f) (despite increasing Kv4.2), whereas IκBαSA overexpression elevated KChIP2 and decreased Kv4.2 levels. In addition, the classic NF-κB activator tumor necrosis factor α also induced NF-κB-dependent reductions of KChIP2 and I(to,f). Finally, inhibition of calcineurin did not prevent PE/Pro-induced reductions in KChIP2. CONCLUSIONS: NF-κB regulates KChIP2 and Kv4.2 expression. The reductions in I(to,f) observed following α-adrenergic receptor stimulation or tumor necrosis factor α application require NF-κB-dependent decreases in KChIP2 expression.

Disrupting circadian control of peripheral myogenic reactivity mitigates cardiac injury following myocardial infarction.

AIMS: Circadian rhythms orchestrate important functions in the cardiovascular system: the contribution of microvascular rhythms to cardiovascular disease progression/severity is unknown. This study hypothesized that (i) myogenic reactivity in skeletal muscle resistance arteries is rhythmic and (ii) disrupting this rhythmicity would alter cardiac injury post-myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Cremaster skeletal muscle resistance arteries were isolated and assessed using standard pressure myography. Circadian rhythmicity was globally disrupted with the ClockΔ19/Δ19 mutation or discretely through smooth muscle cell-specific Bmal1 deletion (Sm-Bmal1 KO). Cardiac structure and function were determined by echocardiographic, hemodynamic and histological assessments. Myogenic reactivity in cremaster muscle resistance arteries is rhythmic. This rhythm is putatively mediated by the circadian modulation of a mechanosensitive signalosome incorporating tumour necrosis factor and casein kinase 1. Following left anterior descending coronary artery ligation, myogenic responsiveness is locked at the circadian maximum, although circadian molecular clock gene expression cycles normally. Disrupting the molecular clock abolishes myogenic rhythmicity: myogenic tone is suspended at the circadian minimum and is no longer augmented by MI. The reduced myogenic tone in ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice and Sm-Bmal1 KO mice associates with reduced total peripheral resistance (TPR), improved cardiac function and reduced infarct expansion post-MI. CONCLUSIONS: Augmented microvascular constriction aggravates cardiac injury post-MI. Following MI, skeletal muscle resistance artery myogenic reactivity increases specifically within the rest phase, when TPR would normally decline. Disrupting the circadian clock interrupts the MI-induced augmentation in myogenic reactivity: therapeutics targeting the molecular clock, therefore, may be useful for improving MI outcomes.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate-dependent activation of p38 MAPK maintains elevated peripheral resistance in heart failure through increased myogenic vasoconstriction.

RATIONALE: Mechanisms underlying vasomotor abnormalities and increased peripheral resistance exacerbating heart failure (HF) are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To explore the role and molecular basis of myogenic responses in HF. METHODS AND RESULTS: 10 weeks old C57Bl6 mice underwent experimental myocardial infarction (MI) or sham surgery. At 1 to 12 weeks postoperative, mice underwent hemodynamic studies, mesenteric, cerebral, and cremaster artery perfusion myography and Western blot. Organ weights and hemodynamics confirmed HF and increased peripheral resistance after MI. Myogenic responses, ie, pressure-induced vasoconstriction, were increased as early as 1 week after MI and remained elevated. Vasoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine were decreased 1 week after MI, but not at 2 to 6 weeks after MI, whereas those to endothelin (ET)-1 and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) were increased at all time points after MI. An antagonist (JTE-013) for the most abundant S1P receptor detected in mesenteric arteries (S1P(2)R) abolished the enhanced myogenic responses of HF, with significantly less effect on controls. Mice with genetic absence of sphingosine-kinases or S1P(2)R (Sphk1(-/-); Sphk1(-/-)/Sphk2(+/-); S1P(2)R(-/-)) did not manifest enhanced myogenic responses after MI. Mesenteric arteries from HF mice exhibited increased phosphorylation of myosin light chain, with deactivation of its phosphatase (MLCP). Among known S1P-responsive regulators of MLCP, GTP-Rho levels were unexpectedly reduced in HF, whereas levels of activated p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) were increased. Inhibiting p38 MAPK abolished the myogenic responses of animals with HF, with little effect on controls. CONCLUSIONS: Rho-independent p38 MAPK-mediated deactivation of MLCP underlies S1P/S1P(2)R-regulated increases in myogenic vasoconstriction observed in HF. Therapeutic targeting of these findings in HF models deserves study.

The emerging significance of circadian rhythmicity in microvascular resistance.

The Earth's rotation generates environmental oscillations (e.g., in light and temperature) that have imposed unique evolutionary pressures over millions of years. Consequently, the circadian clock, a ubiquitously expressed molecular system that aligns cellular function to these environmental cues, has become an integral component of our physiology. The resulting functional rhythms optimize and economize physiological performance: perturbing these rhythms, therefore, is frequently deleterious. This perspective article focuses on circadian rhythms in resistance artery myogenic reactivity, a key mechanism governing tissue perfusion, total peripheral resistance and systemic blood pressure. Emerging evidence suggests that myogenic reactivity rhythms are locally generated in a microvascular bed-specific manner at the level of smooth muscle cells. This implies that there is a distinct interface between the molecular clock and the signalling pathways underlying myogenic reactivity in the microvascular beds of different organs. By understanding the precise nature of these molecular links, it may become possible to therapeutically manipulate microvascular tone in an organ-specific manner. This raises the prospect that interventions for vascular pathologies that are challenging to treat, such as hypertension and brain malperfusion, can be significantly improved.

Restoring myocardial infarction-induced long-term memory impairment by targeting the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is a serious comorbidity in heart failure patients, but effective therapies are lacking. We investigated the mechanisms that alter hippocampal neurons following myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: MI was induced in male C57Bl/6 mice by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. We utilised standard procedures to measure cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein levels, inflammatory mediator expression, neuronal structure, and hippocampal memory. Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we assessed the role of neuroinflammation in hippocampal neuron degradation and the therapeutic potential of CFTR correction as an intervention. FINDINGS: Hippocampal dendrite length and spine density are reduced after MI, effects that associate with decreased neuronal CFTR expression and concomitant microglia activation and inflammatory cytokine expression. Conditioned medium from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia (LCM) reduces neuronal cell CFTR protein expression and the mRNA expression of the synaptic regulator post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) in vitro. Blocking CFTR activity also down-regulates PSD-95 in neurons, indicating a relationship between CFTR expression and neuronal health. Pharmacologically correcting CFTR expression in vitro rescues the LCM-mediated down-regulation of PSD-95. In vivo, pharmacologically increasing hippocampal neuron CFTR expression improves MI-associated alterations in neuronal arborisation, spine density, and memory function, with a wide therapeutic time window. INTERPRETATION: Our results indicate that CFTR therapeutics improve inflammation-induced alterations in hippocampal neuronal structure and attenuate memory dysfunction following MI. FUNDING: Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation [F 2015/2112]; Swedish Research Council [VR; 2017-01243]; the German Research Foundation [DFG; ME 4667/2-1]; Hjärnfonden [FO2021-0112]; The Crafoord Foundation; Åke Wibergs Stiftelse [M19-0380], NMMP 2021 [V2021-2102]; the Albert Påhlsson Research Foundation; STINT [MG19-8469], Lund University; Canadian Institutes of Health Research [PJT-153269] and a Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario Mid-Career Investigator Award.

Cerebral Autoregulation in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating stroke subtype with a high rate of mortality and morbidity. The poor clinical outcome can be attributed to the biphasic course of the disease: even if the patient survives the initial bleeding emergency, delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) frequently follows within 2 weeks time and levies additional serious brain injury. Current therapeutic interventions do not specifically target the microvascular dysfunction underlying the ischemic event and as a consequence, provide only modest improvement in clinical outcome. SAH perturbs an extensive number of microvascular processes, including the "automated" control of cerebral perfusion, termed "cerebral autoregulation." Recent evidence suggests that disrupted cerebral autoregulation is an important aspect of SAH-induced brain injury. This review presents the key clinical aspects of cerebral autoregulation and its disruption in SAH: it provides a mechanistic overview of cerebral autoregulation, describes current clinical methods for measuring autoregulation in SAH patients and reviews current and emerging therapeutic options for SAH patients. Recent advancements should fuel optimism that microvascular dysfunction and cerebral autoregulation can be rectified in SAH patients.

Deletion of type VIII collagen reduces blood pressure, increases carotid artery functional distensibility and promotes elastin deposition.

Arterial stiffening is a significant predictor of cardiovascular disease development and mortality. In elastic arteries, stiffening refers to the loss and fragmentation of elastic fibers, with a progressive increase in collagen fibers. Type VIII collagen (Col-8) is highly expressed developmentally, and then once again dramatically upregulated in aged and diseased vessels characterized by arterial stiffening. Yet its biophysical impact on the vessel wall remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that Col-8 functions as a matrix scaffold to maintain vessel integrity during extracellular matrix (ECM) development. These changes are predicted to persist into the adult vasculature, and we have tested this in our investigation. Through our in vivo and in vitro studies, we have determined a novel interaction between Col-8 and elastin. Mice deficient in Col-8 (Col8-/-) had reduced baseline blood pressure and increased arterial compliance, indicating an enhanced Windkessel effect in conducting arteries. Differences in both the ECM composition and VSMC activity resulted in Col8-/- carotid arteries that displayed increased crosslinked elastin and functional distensibility, but enhanced catecholamine-induced VSMC contractility. In vitro studies revealed that the absence of Col-8 dramatically increased tropoelastin mRNA and elastic fiber deposition in the ECM, which was decreased with exogenous Col-8 treatment. These findings suggest a causative role for Col-8 in reducing mRNA levels of tropoelastin and the presence of elastic fibers in the matrix. Moreover, we also found that Col-8 and elastin have opposing effects on VSMC phenotype, the former promoting a synthetic phenotype, whereas the latter confers quiescence. These studies further our understanding of Col-8 function and open a promising new area of investigation related to elastin biology.

A microfluidic platform for probing small artery structure and function.

Although pathologic changes to the structure and function of small blood vessels are hallmarks of various cardiovascular diseases, limitations of conventional investigation methods (i.e. pressure myography) have prohibited a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms. We developed a microfluidic device to facilitate assessment of resistance artery structure and function under physiological conditions (37 degrees C, 45 mmHg transmural pressure). The platform allows for on-chip fixation, long-term culture and fully automated acquisition of up to ten dose-response sequences of intact mouse mesenteric artery segments (diameter approximately 250 micrometres and length approximately 1.5 mm) in a well-defined microenvironment. Even abluminal application of phenylephrine or acetylcholine (homogeneous condition) yielded dose-response relationships virtually identical to conventional myography. Unilateral application of phenylephrine (heterogeneous condition) limited constriction to the drug-exposed side, suggesting a lack of circumferential communication. The microfluidic platform allows us to address new fundamental biological questions, replaces a manually demanding procedure with a scalable approach and may enable organ-based screens to be routinely performed during drug development.

Tumor necrosis factor-α enhances microvascular tone and reduces blood flow in the cochlea via enhanced sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We sought to demonstrate that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, via sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling, has the potential to alter cochlear blood flow and thus, cause ischemic hearing loss. METHODS: We performed intravital fluorescence microscopy to measure blood flow and capillary diameter in anesthetized guinea pigs. To measure capillary diameter ex vivo, capillary beds from the gerbil spiral ligament were isolated from the cochlear lateral wall and maintained in an organ bath. Isolated gerbil spiral modiolar arteries, maintained and transfected in organ culture, were used to measure calcium sensitivity (calcium-tone relationship). In a clinical study, a total of 12 adult patients presenting with typical symptoms of sudden hearing loss who were not responsive or only partially responsive to prednisolone treatment were identified and selected for etanercept treatment. Etanercept (25 mg s.c.) was self-administered twice a week for 12 weeks. RESULTS: TNF-α induced a proconstrictive state throughout the cochlear microvasculature, which reduced capillary diameter and cochlear blood flow in vivo. In vitro isolated preparations of the spiral modiolar artery and spiral ligament capillaries confirmed these observations. Antagonizing sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 subtype signaling (by 1 µmol/L JTE013) attenuated the effects of TNF-α in all models. TNF-α activated sphingosine kinase 1 (Sk1) and induced its translocation to the smooth muscle cell membrane. Expression of a dominant-negative Sk1 mutant (Sk1(G82D)) eliminated both baseline spiral modiolar artery calcium sensitivity and TNF-α effects, whereas a nonphosphorylatable Sk1 mutant (Sk1(S225A)) blocked the effects of TNF-α only. A small group of etanercept-treated, hearing loss patients recovered according to a 1-phase exponential decay (half-life=1.56 ± 0.20 weeks), which matched the kinetics predicted for a vascular origin. CONCLUSIONS: TNF-α indeed reduces cochlear blood flow via activation of vascular sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling. This integrates hearing loss into the family of ischemic microvascular pathologies, with implications for risk stratification, diagnosis, and treatment.