RESUMO
Airway epithelial-derived nitric oxide (NO), through the activation of nucleotide cyclases and downstream kinases, stimulates ciliary beating, yet the precise locations of these enzymes are unknown. We hypothesized that these NO-activated enzymes are located within, or adjacent to, the ciliary axoneme. Immunohistochemistry of intact ciliated cells revealed that endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the RII isoform of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA-RII), the type I isoform of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG-I), and guanylate cyclase beta (GC-beta) all colocalized with pericentrin to the basal body. In contrast, the PKA-RI isoform and the PKG-II isoform localized to ciliary axonemes. Western blot analysis of isolated demembranated ciliary preparations detected eNOS, GC-beta, and both isoforms of PKA and PKG. An A-kinase-anchoring protein was also detected. Our findings suggest that these enzymes are sequestered close to their points of action into a discrete ciliary metabolon, enabling targeted phosphorylation and efficient upregulation of ciliary beating.
Assuntos
Brônquios/enzimologia , Óxido Nítrico/fisiologia , Mucosa Respiratória/enzimologia , Animais , Brônquios/citologia , Brônquios/ultraestrutura , Bovinos , Cílios/enzimologia , Cílios/ultraestrutura , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de GMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Guanilato Ciclase/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Mucosa Respiratória/citologia , Mucosa Respiratória/ultraestruturaRESUMO
We generated an inventory of 27 interpersonal behaviors and examined the extent to which participants judged each behavior as cheating on a long-term partner. We predicted variation in these judgments based on participant sex and attachment insecurity. Ratings for items ranged considerably; participants rated sexual behaviors as most indicative of cheating, then erotic behaviors, followed by behaviors consistent with a romantic relationship, and then behaviors related to financial support. Women rated ten items higher than did men, and men's ratings were higher on a minor financial support item. Higher attachment anxiety was associated with higher ratings for 18 of 27 behaviors; higher attachment avoidance was associated with lower scores on five items and higher scores on one item. Principle Axis Factoring identified three dimensions; sexual interaction, behaviors indicating close relationships, and casual social interaction. We discuss these results using the framework of attachment theory and sex-specific mating strategies.