Exploration of α1-antitrypsin treatment protocol for islet transplantation: dosing plan and route of administration.

Life-long weekly infusions of human α1-antitrypsin (hAAT) are currently administered as augmentation therapy for patients with genetic AAT deficiency (AATD). Several recent clinical trials attempt to extend hAAT therapy to conditions outside AATD, including type 1 diabetes. Since the endpoint for AATD is primarily the reduction of risk for pulmonary emphysema, the present study explores hAAT dose protocols and routes of administration in attempt to optimize hAAT therapy for islet-related injury. Islet-grafted mice were treated with hAAT (Glassia™; i.p. or s.c.) under an array of clinically relevant dosing plans. Serum hAAT and immunocyte cell membrane association were examined, as well as parameters of islet survival. Results indicate that dividing the commonly prescribed 60 mg/kg i.p. dose to three 20 mg/kg injections is superior in affording islet graft survival; in addition, a short dynamic descending dose protocol (240→120→60→60 mg/kg i.p.) is comparable in outcomes to indefinite 60 mg/kg injections. While hAAT pharmacokinetics after i.p. administration in mice resembles exogenous hAAT treatment in humans, s.c. administration better imitated the physiological progressive rise of hAAT during acute phase responses; nonetheless, only the 60 mg/kg dose depicted an advantage using the s.c. route. Taken together, this study provides a platform for extrapolating an islet-relevant clinical protocol from animal models that use hAAT to protect islets. In addition, the study places emphasis on outcome-oriented analyses of drug efficacy, particularly important when considering that hAAT is presently at an era of drug-repurposing towards an extended list of clinical indications outside genetic AATD.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin therapy is safe and well tolerated in children and adolescents with recent onset type 1 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) has been shown to reduce pro-inflammatory markers and protect pancreatic islets from autoimmune responses in recent studies. Our aim was to evaluate its safety and tolerability in three different doses, in a pediatric population with recent onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). METHODS: A 37-wk prospective, open-label, phase I/II interventional trial, comprised of 24 recently diagnosed subjects (12 males; age 12.9 ± 2.4 yr), who received 18 infusions of 40, 60, or 80 mg/kg/dose high-purity, liquid, ready to use AAT over 28 wk (Glassia(®) ; Kamada Ltd., Ness Ziona, Israel). PRIMARY OUTCOMES: safety and tolerability; secondary outcomes: glycemic control, C-peptide reserve, and autoantibody levels. Possible responders were defined as individuals with peak C-peptide that declined less than 7.5% below baseline. RESULTS: No serious adverse events, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), or severe hypoglycemic episodes were reported. Adverse events were dose-independent and transient. Glycemic control parameters improved during the study in all groups, independent of dosage. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) decreased from 8.43 to 7.09% (mean, p < 0.001). At the end of the study, 18 subjects (75%) had a peak C-peptide ≥0.2 pmol/mL. Eight subjects (33.3%) were considered possible responders and were characterized by shorter duration of T1DM at screening (54.5 ± 34.3 vs. 95.9 ± 45.7 d, p = 0.036) and greater decrease in their HbA1c during the study period (-2.94 ± 1.55 vs.-0.95 ± 1.83%, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: AAT treatment was safe and well tolerated in pediatric subjects with recently diagnosed autoimmune diabetes. Placebo-controlled studies with larger cohorts and dose range are warranted in order to assess efficacy in maintaining pancreatic beta cell reserve and glycemic control.

Biochemical efficacy and safety of a new, ready-to-use, liquid alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, GLASSIA (alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (human), intravenous).

Maintaining serum levels of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI) >11 µM by augmentation with plasma-derived human A1PI is currently the only specific therapy available to treat patients with the genetic deficiency of A1PI. In this study, a new, high-purity (≥90% A1PI in monomeric form), ready-to-use, liquid formulation of A1PI-GLASSIA (Kamada, Ness Ziona, Israel) was compared to PROLASTINÆ (Talecris, Research Triangle Park, NC, now Grifols), both commercially available, FDA-approved products. This multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial with partial cross-over was designed to test the non-inferiority and safety of GLASSIA compared to PROLASTIN, assessing both antigenic and functional A1PI trough levels in subject serum. Non-inferiority of GLASSIA to PROLASTIN was demonstrated by remaining within the lower bounds of the confidence intervals (≤3 µM) for both antigenic and functional A1PI. The study concluded that GLASSIA, a new liquid, ready to use, formulation of A1PI, was not inferior to PROLASTIN and it was well tolerated with a safety profile comparable to PROLASTIN.

Mechanistic evidence in support of alpha1-antitrypsin as a therapeutic approach for type 1 diabetes.

Utilizing endogenous molecules as a therapeutic approach is almost unequivocally superior to engineered or synthetic molecules. However, one rarely encounters an anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, immunomodulatory and wound-healing molecule that has been available for use for decades. α1-antitrypsin (AAT), a circulating protein that rises more than 4-fold during acute-phase responses, has been administered for a rare genetic deficiency at large doses, for life. Aside from advances in insulin therapy, medical research in type 1 diabetes (T1D) has predominantly focused on autoimmunity--controlling the adaptive immune response. However, it is now appreciated that one may need to extend therapeutic targets to incorporate immune responses to cellular injury, as well as promote selective control over excessive inflammation and early tissue repair. Recent data suggest that tissue damage related to lung and renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, stroke, and ischemic heart disease is markedly reduced by AAT. AAT was also shown to protect pancreatic islet ß cells at multiple levels. Unlike classic immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory approaches, AAT exerts some antiviral and antibacterial activities. Based on these and other reports, AAT is under evaluation for treatment of T1D patients in multiple clinical trials. Initial results suggest that AAT therapy could potentially improve insulin production without adverse effects. Up to 50% of individuals displayed improved islet function. It is a rare occurrence in T1D research that a therapy is offered that holds a safety profile equal or superior to that of insulin alone. While placebo-controlled trials are ongoing, the mechanism(s) behind these favorable activities of AAT are still being explored.