RESUMO
In November 2016, an influenza A(H5N8) outbreak caused deaths of wild birds and domestic poultry in Germany. Clade 2.3.4.4 virus was closely related to viruses detected at the Russia-Mongolia border in 2016 but had new polymerase acidic and nucleoprotein segments. These new strains may be more efficiently transmitted to and shed by birds.
Assuntos
Animais Selvagens , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N8 , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Vírus Reordenados/genética , Animais , Animais Domésticos , Aves , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N8) virus, like the recently described H5N8 strain from Korea, was detected in November 2014 in farmed turkeys and in a healthy common teal (Anas crecca) in northeastern Germany. Infected wild birds possibly introduced this virus.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A/classificação , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Aves , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/genética , Vírus da Influenza A/patogenicidade , Influenza Aviária/patologia , Mutação , Filogenia , PerusRESUMO
Classical swine fever (CSF) has caused significant economic losses in industrialized pig production, and is still present in some European countries. Recent CSF outbreaks in Europe were mainly associated with strains of genogroup 2 (subgroup 2.3). Although there are extensive datasets regarding 2.3 strains, there is very little information available on longer fragments or whole classical swine fever virus (CSFV) genomes. Furthermore, there are no detailed analyses of the molecular epidemiology of CSFV wild boar isolates available. Nevertheless, complete genome sequences are supportive in phylogenetic analyses, especially in affected wild boar populations. Here, German CSFV strains of subgroup 2.3 were fully sequenced using two different approaches: (i) a universal panel of CSFV primers that were developed to amplify the complete genome in overlapping fragments for chain-terminator sequencing; and (ii) generation of a single full-length amplicon of the CSFV genome obtained by long-range RT-PCR for deep sequencing with next-generation sequencing technology. In total, five different strains of CSFV subgroup 2.3 were completely sequenced using these newly developed protocols. The approach was used to study virus spread and evolutionary history in German wild boar. For the first time, the results of our study clearly argue for the possibility of a long-term persistence of genotype 2.3 CSFV strains in affected regions at an almost undetectable level, even after long-term oral vaccination campaigns with intensive monitoring. Hence, regional persistence in wild boar populations has to be taken into account as an important factor in the continual outbreaks in affected areas.
Assuntos
Vírus da Febre Suína Clássica/classificação , Vírus da Febre Suína Clássica/isolamento & purificação , Peste Suína Clássica/epidemiologia , Peste Suína Clássica/virologia , Sus scrofa/virologia , Animais , Vírus da Febre Suína Clássica/genética , Análise por Conglomerados , Primers do DNA/genética , Evolução Molecular , Genoma Viral , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Epidemiologia Molecular , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , RNA Viral/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Homologia de Sequência , Vacinação/métodos , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Virais/imunologiaRESUMO
Swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) can play a crucial role in the generation of new human pandemic viruses. In this study, in-depth passive surveillance comprising nearly 2,500 European swine holdings and more than 18,000 individual samples identified a year-round presence of up to four major swIAV lineages on more than 50% of farms surveilled. Phylogenetic analyses show that intensive reassortment with human pandemic A(H1N1)/2009 (H1pdm) virus produced an expanding and novel repertoire of at least 31 distinct swIAV genotypes and 12 distinct hemagglutinin/neuraminidase combinations with largely unknown consequences for virulence and host tropism. Several viral isolates were resistant to the human antiviral MxA protein, a prerequisite for zoonotic transmission and stable introduction into human populations. A pronounced antigenic variation was noted in swIAV, and several H1pdm lineages antigenically distinct from current seasonal human H1pdm co-circulate in swine. Thus, European swine populations represent reservoirs for emerging IAV strains with zoonotic and, possibly, pre-pandemic potential.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A/classificação , Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Aerossóis , Animais , Variação Antigênica , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Furões , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Incidência , Vacinas contra Influenza , Influenza Humana/virologia , Neuraminidase , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/transmissão , Filogenia , Sus scrofa , Suínos , Tropismo , Proteínas Virais , Zoonoses Virais , VirulênciaRESUMO
Reemerging bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) in Germany was detected first in May 2007 in a sentinel cow and in February 2008 in an export heifer. Reemergence was confirmed by retesting the samples, experimental inoculation, fingerprinting analysis, and virus isolation. Overwintering of BTV-8 and continuous low-level infections are assumed.
Assuntos
Vírus Bluetongue/classificação , Bluetongue/epidemiologia , Bluetongue/virologia , Animais , Vírus Bluetongue/isolamento & purificação , Bovinos , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Vigilância de Evento SentinelaRESUMO
The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in winter 2016/2017 was the most severe HPAI epizootic ever reported in Germany. The H5N8 and H5N5 viruses detected in birds in Germany in 2016/2017 represent a reassortant swarm of at least five distinct genotypes, which carried closely related HA segments derived from clade 2.3.4.4b. The genotypes of these viruses and their spatio-temporal distribution indicated a unique situation with multiple independent entries of HPAIV into Germany.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Influenza Humana/virologia , Vírus Reordenados/genética , Estações do Ano , Animais , Aves , Variação Genética , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A/classificação , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , FilogeniaRESUMO
Oral emergency vaccination against classical swine fever is a powerful tool to control disease outbreaks among European wild boar and thus to safeguard domestic pigs in affected regions. In the past, when virus detection was mainly done using virus isolation in cell culture or antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, modified live vaccine strains like C-strain "Riems", were barely detectable after oral vaccination campaigns. Nowadays, the use of highly sensitive molecular techniques has given rise to an increase in vaccine virus detections. This was also the case during the 2009 outbreak among German wild boar and the subsequent vaccination campaigns. To guarantee a rapid differentiation of truly infected from C-strain vaccinated animals, a combination of differentiating multiplex rRT-PCR assays with partial sequencing was implemented. Here, we report on the rational and use of this approach and the lessons learned during execution. It was shown that positive results in the recently developed vaccine strain (genotype) specific rRT-PCR assay can be taken as almost evidentiary whereas negative results should be confirmed by partial sequencing. Thus, combination of multiplex rRT-PCR assays as a first line differentiation with partial sequencing can be recommended for a genetic DIVA strategy in areas with oral vaccination against classical swine fever in wild boars.
Assuntos
Vírus da Febre Suína Clássica/genética , Peste Suína Clássica/diagnóstico , Variação Genética , Sus scrofa , Vacinação/veterinária , Vacinas Atenuadas/genética , Animais , Peste Suína Clássica/prevenção & controle , Vírus da Febre Suína Clássica/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , SuínosRESUMO
Beginning in 2002, a small number of pig farms in western Canada began reporting 4-7-week-old pigs with bilateral hind-end paresis or paralysis. Low numbers of pigs were affected, some died, most had to be euthanized, and those that survived had reduced weight gains and neurological deficits. Necropsies revealed no gross lesions, but microscopic lesions consisted of a nonsuppurative polioencephalomyelitis, most severe in the brain stem and spinal cord. The lesions were most consistent with a viral infection. Tests for circovirus, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, coronavirus, Rabies virus, and Pseudorabies virus were negative. Using immunohistochemistry, virus neutralization, fluorescent antibody test, and nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Porcine teschovirus was identified in tissues from affected individuals. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of teschovirus encephalitis in western Canada and the first reported case of polioencephalomyelitis in pigs in Canada, where teschovirus was confirmed as the cause.
Assuntos
Encefalomielite Enzoótica Suína/virologia , Infecções por Picornaviridae/veterinária , Teschovirus/imunologia , Animais , Encefalomielite Enzoótica Suína/imunologia , Encefalomielite Enzoótica Suína/patologia , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Manitoba , Testes de Neutralização/veterinária , Filogenia , Infecções por Picornaviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Picornaviridae/patologia , Infecções por Picornaviridae/virologia , RNA Viral/química , RNA Viral/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/veterinária , Saskatchewan , Suínos , Teschovirus/genéticaRESUMO
Recurrent outbreaks of H5N1 HPAIV occurred in several Central European countries in 2007. In-depth phylogenetic analyses which included full-length genomic sequences of the viruses involved were performed to elucidate possible origins of incursions and transmission pathways. Tree reconstructions as well as host-shift and ancestral area inferences were conducted in a maximum likelihood framework. All viruses belonged to a separate subgroup (termed "EMA-3") within clade 2.2, and, thus, were distinct from two lineages of HPAIV H5N1 viruses (termed "EMA-1" and "EMA-2") present in the same geographic area in 2006. Analysis of concatenated coding regions of all eight genome segments significantly improved resolution and robustness of the reconstructed phylogenies as compared to single gene analyses. At the same time, the methodological limits to establish retrospectively transmission networks in a comparatively small geographic region and spanning a short period of time became evident when only few corroborating field-epidemiological data are available. Ambiguities remained concerning the origin of the EMA-3 viruses from a region covering Southeast Germany and the Czech Republic as well as routes of spread to other European countries. AIV monitoring programmes in place for wild birds and poultry in these countries did not reveal presence of these viruses in either population. Host switches between domestic poultry and wild bird populations occurred several times. Analysis of outbreaks in Northeast Germany and nearby Northern Poland in December 2007 demonstrated that geographic and even temporal vicinity of outbreaks does not necessarily indicate a common source of incursion.