Enhanced procoagulant activity of select hemophilia B causing factor IX variants with emicizumab.

ABSTRACT: Emicizumab improves the procoagulant activity of select loss-of-function factor IX (FIX) variants with likely dysfunctional assembly of the intrinsic Xase complex, resulting in hemophilia B (HB). FVIII mimetics may represent an alternative nonfactor therapy for select patients with HB.

Microtubule-associated septin complexes modulate kinesin and dynein motility with differential specificities.

Long-range membrane traffic is guided by microtubule-associated proteins and posttranslational modifications, which collectively comprise a traffic code. The regulatory principles of this code and how it orchestrates the motility of kinesin and dynein motors are largely unknown. Septins are a large family of GTP-binding proteins, which assemble into complexes that associate with microtubules. Using single-molecule in vitro motility assays, we tested how the microtubule-associated SEPT2/6/7, SEPT2/6/7/9, and SEPT5/7/11 complexes affect the motilities of the constitutively active kinesins KIF5C and KIF1A and the dynein-dynactin-bicaudal D (DDB) motor complex. We found that microtubule-associated SEPT2/6/7 is a potent inhibitor of DDB and KIF5C, preventing mainly their association with microtubules. SEPT2/6/7 also inhibits KIF1A by obstructing stepping along microtubules. On SEPT2/6/7/9-coated microtubules, KIF1A inhibition is dampened by SEPT9, which alone enhances KIF1A, showing that individual septin subunits determine the regulatory properties of septin complexes. Strikingly, SEPT5/7/11 differs from SEPT2/6/7, in permitting the motility of KIF1A and immobilizing DDB to the microtubule lattice. In hippocampal neurons, filamentous SEPT5 colocalizes with somatodendritic microtubules that underlie Golgi membranes and lack SEPT6. Depletion of SEPT5 disrupts Golgi morphology and polarization of Golgi ribbons into the shaft of somato-proximal dendrites, which is consistent with the tethering of DDB to microtubules by SEPT5/7/11. Collectively, these results suggest that microtubule-associated complexes have differential specificities in the regulation of the motility and positioning of microtubule motors. We posit that septins are an integral part of the microtubule-based code that spatially controls membrane traffic.

Reconstitution of Neuronal Motor Traffic on Septin-Associated Microtubules.

Reconstitution of intracellular transport in cell-free in vitro assays enables the understanding and dissection of the molecular mechanisms that underlie membrane traffic. Using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and microtubules, which are immobilized to a functionalized glass surface, the kinetic properties of single kinesin molecules can be imaged and analyzed in the presence or absence of microtubule-associated proteins. Here, we describe methods for the in vitro reconstitution of the motility of the neuronal kinesin motor KIF1A on microtubules associated with heteromeric septin (SEPT2/6/7) complexes. This method can be adapted for various neuronal septin complexes and kinesin motors, leading to new insights into the spatial regulation of neuronal membrane traffic by microtubule-associated septins.