[Renal Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma with Spontaneous Rupture: A Case Report].

A 66-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for a right renal mass found in the examination for sudden right flank pain. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a right renal tumor, 8.0 cm in diameter, with massive hemorrhage due to spontaneous tumor rupture. After transcatheter arterial embolization, right radical nephrectomy was successfully performed. The histopathological diagnosis of the renal tumor was epithelioid angiomyolipoma (eAML). Postoperative chest CT showed two lung tumors. Therefore, the lung tumors were resected and diagnosed as a primary lung adenocarcinoma and a sclerosing angioma. Although renal eAML is thought to have malignant potential, there has been no local reccurence nor distant metastases of renal eAML 11 months after the surgery.

[CLINICAL SURVEILLANCE OF PROSTATE CANCER--COMPARISON WITH CLINICAL MASS STUDY IN JAPAN].

OBJECTIVES: We report on the treatment trends and outcomes for prostate cancer in our clinic retrospectively, and compared our data with the domestic clinical mass study for prostate cancer. We then validated the legitimacy of our selected therapy for prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eight hundred and eighteen patients at our clinic had histologically confirmed adenocarcinomas of the prostate between January, 2000 and January, 2013. RESULTS: The age distribution was from 47 to 100 years-old, with a median age of 72 years-old at diagnosis. Clinical TNM staging indicated that 301 cases (36.8%) were stage I, 303 cases (37.0%) were stage II, 101 cases (12.3%) were stage III and 113 cases (13.8%) were stage IV. Three hundred and fifty two cases (43.0%) received some form of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Retropubic prostatectomy (RPX) or radiation therapy (RT), including external beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy, was performed in 242 (29.6%) and 136 (16.6%) cases, respectively. The median overall survival was 56.3 months and the respective cause specific 5 year and 10 year survival rates of the 818 cases were 92.0% and 77.8%. Respectively, they were 100% and 100% for T1, 98.7% and 97.4% for T2, 90.7% and 38.5% for T3, and 60.8% and 38.9% for T4. JUA (Japanese Urological Association) Cancer Registration Statistics includes 11,385 eligible cases of prostate cancer, and had the same distribution and the same therapy trends as our data base. NUORG (Nara Uro-oncological Research Group), the data base of 2,303 prostate cancer patients, and our clinical study had the same distribution of D'Amico risk groups. Finally we validated JCAP (Japan Study Group of Prostate Cancer) recommended J-CAPRA scores in our prostate cancer patients who received primary androgen deprivation therapies. Progression free survival and cause specific survival were related to J-CAPRA scores. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: The Japanese prostate cancer patients have higher prostate-specific antigen at diagnosis, higher Gleason score and higher clinical stage than the US patients. The higher rate of primary androgen deprivation therapy is characteristic for the Japanese patients.

[Unilateral synchronous occurrence of renal pelvic urothelial carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma : report of two cases].

Two cases of unilateral synchronous occurrence of renal pelvic urothelial carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma are presented. Case 1 : A 70-year-old woman presented with macroscopic hematuria. Retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy was performed under the diagnosis of renal pelvic carcinoma. Pathological diagnosis was not only renal pelvic urothelial carcinoma but also renal cell carcinoma 1.5×0.5 mm in diameter. Case 2 : A 79-year-old man with hormonal therapy for prostate cancer complained of macroscopic hematuria. Right nephroureterectomy was performed under the diagnosis of right renal pelvic carcinoma and right renal cell carcinoma. Pathological findings were the same as preoperative diagnosis. To our knowledge, 21 cases of unilateral synchronous occurrence of renal pelvic urothelial carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma have been reported in the Japanese literature including our cases and the clinical features are reviewed.

[Giant non-functioning adrenocortical carcinoma effectively treated with preoperative transarterial embolization: a case report].

An 80-year-old women consulted a physician because of weight loss and slight fever. Since a large retroperitoneal tumor was found, the patient was referred to our hospital. Based on abdominal computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and blood tests, preoperative diagnosis was non-functioning left adrenal tumor, 13 cm in diameter. Preoperative abdominal angiography revealed that the tumor was supplied blood by the left adrenal artery, left renal artery through left renal upper segment, splenic artery, pancreas tail artery, and middle colic artery. We performed transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) of some of these tumor-supplying vessels. Three days after the TAE, adrenalectomy was performed without blood transfusion. Histopathological examination of the tumor was adrenocortical carcinoma of low grade malignancy.

[Prostate cancer with disseminated carcinomatosis of bone marrow initially presenting with disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome: a case report].

A 56-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of dyspnea, general fatigue and lumbago. Several examinations revealed severe pancytopenia with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), multiple lymph node metastases, and extremely high serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level. Hormonal therapy under a diagnosis of advanced prostate cancer was started. Bone marrow biopsy, performed for the assessment of pancytopenia, revealed that there were no hematopoietic cells but only diffuse infiltration of prostate cancer cells. His bone scintigraphy showed a super scan image. Therefore, our diagnosis was prostate cancer with disseminated carcinomatosis of bone marrow. Although the response to hormonal therapy had been initially good, the time to PSA nadir was 9 weeks and he died 34 weeks after the start of the treatment. To our knowledge, 20 cases of prostate cancer with disseminated carcinomatosis of bone marrow have been reported in the Japanese literature including this case and the clinical features are reviewed.

[Metachronous bilateral testicular tumors in a case of male infertility].

A 42-year-old man referred to our hospital with the chief complaint of a solid mass of right scrotal contents. As ultrasonography revealed a right testicular tumor, right high orchiectomy was performed and the pathlogical diagnosis was testicular seminoma. At the age of 35-year-old, he was admitted to another hospital for male infertility due to azoospermia. Because left testicular tumor was found, left high orchiectomy was performed, with right testicular biopsy and testicular sperm extraction of the right testis at the same time. Pathological diagnosis revealed left testicular seminoma and no malignancy of the right testicular biopsy specimen. After the second operation, he has been receiving androgen replacement therapy, with no evidence of tumor recurrence.

[Testicular cancer with inguinal lymph node metastasis in a patient with prior orchiopexy for undescended testis: a case report].

A 36-year-old man referred to our hospital with the chief complaint of painful left inguinal mass and fever. He had undergone left orchiopexy for undescended testis at 10 years of age. With the suspicion of an incarceration of inguinal hernia, an operation was performed. However, there was no hernia sac, and only swelling inguinal lymph nodes were found. Pathological diagnosis of the nodes was metastatic embryonal carcinoma, with suspicion of testicular origin. As scrotal ultrasonography revealed a hypoehcoic mass within the left atrophic testis, left high orchiectomy was performed. Pathological diagnosis of the left testicular mass was seminoma. A definite diagnosis was left testicular cancer, mixed type of seminoma and embryonal carcinoma, with inguinal nodes metastasis, pT1N2M0. He received 3 courses of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) chemotherapy, and there has been no sign of metastasis nor recurrence 18 months after the operation. To our knowledge, this is the 11th case in Japan of testicular cancer with inguinal node metastasis in a patient with prior orchiopexy for undescended testis.

[Giant solitary fibrous tumor of a kidney: a case report].

Renal solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) has been reported infrequently. We report a case in a 39-year-old woman with a 9-month history of sense of abdominal fullness. Computed tomography revealed well-encapsulated heterogeneous tumors involving the lower pole of the left kidney with left renal vein extension. The tumors measured approximately 20 cm in diameter and displaced adjacent organs. We performed preoperative transcatheter arterial embolization of the left renal artery. Left nephrectomy with complete tumor resection was achieved without major complications. The tumors were well-circumscribed and composed of spindle cells in a collagenous stroma. Immunohistochemistry showed reactivity for CD34 and bcl-2. Immunohistochemical stains for c-kit and CD10 were negative. A diagnosis of SFT was made based on light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The patient is alive with no evidence of disease 6 months after the operation. This case is the largest renal SFT in the Japanese literature.

[A CASE OF PROSTATE CANCER WITH SECONDARY HYPOGONADISM].

A 70 year-old man underwent contrast CT, which revealed his swollen left inguinal and pelvic lymph nodes. The lymph nodes reduced in size without any treatments in a follow-up examination. In 2013, the lymph nodes enlarged again, and FDG-PET/CT showed high value at the prostate and multiple lymph nodes. The levels of serum PSA was high (PSA=682 ng/ml), therefore he underwent a prostate biopsy in his previous hospital and was diagnosed prostate cancer with metastasis of lymph nodes (cT2cN1M1a). Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was administered; however, the levels of serum PSA didn't reduce and lymph nodes enlarged further. He was referred to our hospital for further evaluation and treatment. The levels of serum total testosterone before ADT administration at his previous hospital was less than 0.05 ng/ml, which meaned that he had been hypogonadism. Brain MRI revealed a pituitary tumor, and he was diagnosed secondary hypogonadism due to the pituitary tumor. This was thought a rare case of a prostate cancer with secondary hypogonadism which had become castration resistant at the time of diagnosis.

[Invasive bladder cancer recurrenced 5 years after complete response status by chemotherapy and radiotherapy: a case report].

A 72-year-old man had undergone trasucethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-Bt) three times from 1990 to 1991 and he had been lost to follow with no recurrence from 1996, came to our hospital complaining of asymptomatic macrohematuria in May 1999. A bladder tumor existed around the right ureteral orifice with right hydronephrosis. MRI and TUR-Bt revealed that the cancer was transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) > small cell carcinoma, G3, pT3b. Because the patient insisted on bladder preservation, intra arterial chemotherapy with cisplatinum (CDDP) and epirubicin (EPI-adr) followed by radiotherapy with CDDP was performed. The treatment resulted in a clinical complete response (CR), and the bladder was preserved. In January 2004, an invasive bladder cancer recurred at the left lateral wall. This time, neoadjuvant intra-arterial chemotherapy with CDDP and EPI-adr, followed by radical cystectomy was performed. Histologically, the recurrent bladder cancer was TCC, G3, pT3b.

[Hormonal chemotherapy for hormone-refractory prostate cancer].

To our knowledge, no standard chemotherapy for patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) has been established. Since most patients with HRPC are elderly and have bone metastasis, cytotoxic chemotherapy causes them to be at high risk for myelosuppression. Therefore, chemotherapeutic agents with low toxicity and good compliance should be elected. We conducted three regimens for HRPC on an outpatient basis. Eligibility criteria were defined as serial rising PSA values on 3 or more occasions at least 2 weeks apart or radiological new or extensive lesions under hormonal therapy. The first regimen is comprised of cyclophosphamide (CPM), 100 mg/day, UFT, 400 mg/day, and estramustine phosphate (EMP), 560 mg/day in two daily fractions. The second regimen is comprised of an oral administration of dexamethasone (DEX) (0.5-2 mg/day). The third regimen is comprised of DEX, 1 mg/day, cyclophosphamide, 100 mg/day and UFT, 400 mg/day in two daily fractions. Post-therapy prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level in serum, objective response on bone scan or measurable disease, and symptomatic response on bone pain were assessed. All regimens showed clinical efficacy with mild toxicity. Indications and limitations of these regimens are discussed. Further, the combination trials of taxane and EMP in patients with HRPC are reviewed.

A case of primary hyperparathyroidism in childhood found by a chance hematuria.

A 10-yr-old boy visited Minoh City Hospital complaining of gross hematuria. Laboratory investigations revealed hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and elevated serum levels of parathyroid hormone. A stone was found in the right ureter with drip infusion pyelography. A parathyroid adenoma was successfully diagnosed with computed tomography, ultrasonography, and methoxy-2-isobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) scintigraphy. Multiple endocrine neoplasia was ruled out by normal results of endocrine laboratory examinations. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was performed to treat the urolithiasis, and the parathyroid adenoma was surgically removed. Primary hyperparathyroidism is rare in childhood; however, this case suggests that gross hematuria is an important sign of hyperparathyroidism.

Autopsy case of primary choriocarcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Choriocarcinomas usually develop in the uterus and ovaries in the female, being extremely rare in the extragenital organs in the male. Extragenital choriocarcinomas in the male usually develop in the mediastinum or retroperitoneum. The frequency of choriocarcinoma in the urinary bladder is extremely low. The purpose of the present paper was to report an autopsy case of choriocarcinoma in the urinary bladder in the male. An 81-year-old male patient with macrohematuria was first diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). At autopsy a hemorrhagic necrotic tumor, which was found in the urinary bladder with metastatic lesions in the lungs, was diagnosed as choriocarcinoma microscopically. There was no evidence for choriocarcinoma derived from any other organs than the urinary bladder, although there were metastatic lesions in both lungs and the direct invasion into the prostate. From these findings it is concluded that the tumor was a primary choriocarcinoma in the urinary bladder in a male patient. Choriocarcinoma of the urinary bladder is very rare, but the prognosis is extremely poor in comparison with TCC even in the urinary bladder. Therefore, it is essential to clearly discriminate between choriocarcinomas and TCC.

Perinephric urinoma secondary to neurogenic bladder with vesicoureteral reflux: report of an adult case.

We report a case of infectious perinephric urinoma in a 73-year-old woman who had a neurogenic bladder with vesico-ureteral reflux. The patient was admitted to our emergency room with right lumbago and high fever. Ultrasounds and computed tomography demonstrated a right large perinephric cystic mass, bilateral hydronephrosis and much residual urine. Percutaneous drainage of the cystic mass was performed with an indwelling urethral catheter. The content of the mass was urine infected with Escherichia coli. Antibiotic therapy was performed successfully and we then examined the cause of the urinoma. A urodynamic study demonstrated a low-compliance small bladder and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. A voiding cystourethrogram revealed right grade III vesicoureteral reflux. The patient was unable to be cleared with intermittent catheterization and had an indwelling urethral catheter inserted. In 1 year, the voiding cystourethrogram showed no vesicoureteral reflux and the patient was well with no evidence of recurrent urinoma without the urethral catheter. There have been only two reported cases of urinoma caused by neurogenic bladder with vesico-ureteral reflux in children and this is the first case reported in an adult.

Desmoid tumor in a scar from radical nephrectomy for renal cancer.

Desmoid tumor is a fibroblastic proliferation arising in musculoaponeurotic tissues. We report a case of abdominal desmoid tumor discovered 2 years after radical nephrectomy for right renal cell carcinoma. Surgical extirpation was performed and the patient remained well 2 years later with no evidence of disease. The possibility of desmoid tumors developing in the incised abdominal wall should be considered while following patients after surgery.

Primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the prostate: report and review of 42 cases.

We report a case of primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the prostate in a 75-year-old man. Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level at presentation was 9.3 ng/mL. The tumor was confined within the right prostate lobe and the patient was treated with neoadjuvant hormonal therapy and radical prostatectomy. He was alive with no evidence of disease 12 months after surgery. None of the tumor was stained with periodic acid-Schiff and Alcian blue. Immunohistochemically, the tumor was positive for PSA and prostatic acid phosphatase and negative for carcinoembryonic antigen. We reviewed 41 previously reported cases of signet ring cell carcinoma of the prostate, examining both histopathological and clinical information.