A Non-canonical Voltage-Sensing Mechanism Controls Gating in K2P K(+) Channels.

Two-pore domain (K2P) K(+) channels are major regulators of excitability that endow cells with an outwardly rectifying background "leak" conductance. In some K2P channels, strong voltage-dependent activation has been observed, but the mechanism remains unresolved because they lack a canonical voltage-sensing domain. Here, we show voltage-dependent gating is common to most K2P channels and that this voltage sensitivity originates from the movement of three to four ions into the high electric field of an inactive selectivity filter. Overall, this ion-flux gating mechanism generates a one-way "check valve" within the filter because outward movement of K(+) induces filter opening, whereas inward movement promotes inactivation. Furthermore, many physiological stimuli switch off this flux gating mode to convert K2P channels into a leak conductance. These findings provide insight into the functional plasticity of a K(+)-selective filter and also refine our understanding of K2P channels and the mechanisms by which ion channels can sense voltage.

Siglec-15/sialic acid axis as a central glyco-immune checkpoint in breast cancer bone metastasis.

Immunotherapy is a promising approach for treating metastatic breast cancer (MBC), offering new possibilities for therapy. While checkpoint inhibitors have shown great progress in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, their effectiveness in patients with bone metastases has been disappointing. This lack of efficacy seems to be specific to the bone environment, which exhibits immunosuppressive features. In this study, we elucidate the multiple roles of the sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin (Siglec)-15/sialic acid glyco-immune checkpoint axis in the bone metastatic niche and explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting this glyco-immune checkpoint. Our research reveals that elevated levels of Siglec-15 in the bone metastatic niche can promote tumor-induced osteoclastogenesis as well as suppress antigen-specific T cell responses. Next, we demonstrate that antibody blockade of the Siglec-15/sialic acid glyco-immune checkpoint axis can act as a potential treatment for breast cancer bone metastasis. By targeting this pathway, we not only aim to treat bone metastasis but also inhibit the spread of metastatic cancer cells from bone lesions to other organs.

Diversity of rhodopsin cyclases in zoospore-forming fungi.

Light perception for orientation in zoospore-forming fungi is linked to homo- or heterodimeric rhodopsin-guanylyl cyclases (RGCs). Heterodimeric RGCs, first identified in the chytrid Rhizoclosmatium globosum, consist of an unusual near-infrared absorbing highly fluorescent sensitizer neorhodopsin (NeoR) that is paired with a visual light-absorbing rhodopsin responsible for enzyme activation. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the distribution of RGC genes in early-branching fungi using currently available genetic data. Among the characterized RGCs, we identified red-sensitive homodimeric RGC variants with maximal light activation close to 600 nm, which allow for red-light control of GTP to cGMP conversion in mammalian cells. Heterodimeric RGC complexes have evolved due to a single gene duplication within the branching of Chytridiales and show a spectral range for maximal light activation between 480 to 600 nm. In contrast, the spectral sensitivity of NeoRs is reaching into the near-infrared range with maximal absorption between 641 and 721 nm, setting the low energy spectral edge of rhodopsins so far. Based on natural NeoR variants and mutational studies, we reevaluated the role of the counterion-triad proposed to cause the extreme redshift. With the help of chimera constructs, we disclose that the cyclase domain is crucial for functioning as homo- or heterodimers, which enables the adaptation of the spectral sensitivity by modular exchange of the photosensor. The extreme spectral plasticity of retinal chromophores in native photoreceptors provides broad perspectives on the achievable spectral adaptation for rhodopsin-based molecular tools ranging from UVB into the near-infrared.

multiMiAT: an optimal microbiome-based association test for multicategory phenotypes.

Microbes can affect the metabolism and immunity of human body incessantly, and the dysbiosis of human microbiome drives not only the occurrence but also the progression of disease (i.e. multiple statuses of disease). Recently, microbiome-based association tests have been widely developed to detect the association between the microbiome and host phenotype. However, the existing methods have not achieved satisfactory performance in testing the association between the microbiome and ordinal/nominal multicategory phenotypes (e.g. disease severity and tumor subtype). In this paper, we propose an optimal microbiome-based association test for multicategory phenotypes, namely, multiMiAT. Specifically, under the multinomial logit model framework, we first introduce a microbiome regression-based kernel association test for multicategory phenotypes (multiMiRKAT). As a data-driven optimal test, multiMiAT then integrates multiMiRKAT, score test and MiRKAT-MC to maintain excellent performance in diverse association patterns. Massive simulation experiments prove the success of our method. Furthermore, multiMiAT is also applied to real microbiome data experiments to detect the association between the gut microbiome and clinical statuses of colorectal cancer as well as for diverse statuses of Clostridium difficile infections.

In Situ Forming, Enzyme-Responsive Peptoid-Peptide Hydrogels: An Advanced Long-Acting Injectable Drug Delivery System.

Long-acting drug delivery systems are promising platforms to improve patient adherence to medication by delivering drugs over sustained periods and removing the need for patients to comply with oral regimens. This research paper provides a proof-of-concept for the development of a new optimized in situ forming injectable depot based on a tetrabenzylamine-tetraglycine-d-lysine-O-phospho-d-tyrosine peptoid-D-peptide formulation ((NPhe)4GGGGk(AZT)y(p)-OH). The chemical versatility of the peptoid-peptide motif allows low-molecular-weight drugs to be precisely and covalently conjugated. After subcutaneous injection, a hydrogel depot forms from the solubilized peptoid-peptide-drug formulation in response to phosphatase enzymes present within the skin space. This system is able to deliver clinically relevant concentrations of a model drug, the antiretroviral zidovudine (AZT), for 35 days in Sprague-Dawley rats. Oscillatory rheology demonstrated that hydrogel formation began within ∼30 s, an important characteristic of in situ systems for reducing initial drug bursts. Gel formation continued for up to ∼90 min. Small-angle neutron scattering data reveal narrow-radius fibers (∼0.78-1.8 nm) that closely fit formation via a flexible cylinder elliptical model. The inclusion of non-native peptoid monomers and D-variant amino acids confers protease resistance, enabling enhanced biostability to be demonstrated in vitro. Drug release proceeds via hydrolysis of an ester linkage under physiological conditions, releasing the drug in an unmodified form and further reducing the initial drug burst. Subcutaneous administration of (NPhe)4GGGGk(AZT)y(p)-OH to Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in zidovudine blood plasma concentrations within the 90% maximal inhibitory concentration (IC90) range (30-130 ng mL-1) for 35 days.

Characterization of a wheat stable QTL for spike length and its genetic effects on yield-related traits.

Spike length (SL) is one of the most important agronomic traits affecting yield potential and stability in wheat. In this study, a major stable quantitative trait locus (QTL) for SL, i.e., qSl-2B, was detected in multiple environments in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping population, KJ-RILs, derived from a cross between Kenong 9204 (KN9204) and Jing 411 (J411). The qSl-2B QTL was mapped to the 60.06-73.06 Mb region on chromosome 2B and could be identified in multiple mapping populations. An InDel molecular marker in the target region was developed based on a sequence analysis of the two parents. To further clarify the breeding use potential of qSl-2B, we analyzed its genetic effects and breeding selection effect using both the KJ-RIL population and a natural mapping population, which consisted of 316 breeding varieties/advanced lines. The results showed that the qSl-2B alleles from KN9204 showed inconsistent genetic effects on SL in the two mapping populations. Moreover, in the KJ-RILs population, the additive effects analysis of qSl-2B showed that additive effect was higher when both qSl-2D and qSl-5A harbor negative alleles under LN and HN. In China, a moderate selection utilization rate for qSl-2B was found in the Huanghuai winter wheat area and the selective utilization rate for qSl-2B continues to increase. The above findings provided a foundation for the genetic improvement of wheat SL in the future via molecular breeding strategies.

Detecting sparse microbial association signals adaptively from longitudinal microbiome data based on generalized estimating equations.

The association between the compositions of microbial communities and various host phenotypes is an important research topic. Microbiome association research addresses multiple domains, such as human disease and diet. Statistical methods for testing microbiome-phenotype associations have been studied recently to determine their ability to assess longitudinal microbiome data. However, existing methods fail to detect sparse association signals in longitudinal microbiome data. In this paper, we developed a novel method, namely aGEEMIHC, which is a data-driven adaptive microbiome higher criticism analysis based on generalized estimating equations to detect sparse microbial association signals from longitudinal microbiome data. aGEEMiHC adopts generalized estimating equations framework that fully considers the correlation among different observations from the same subject in longitudinal data. To be robust to diverse correlation structures for longitudinal data, aGEEMiHC integrates multiple microbiome higher criticism analyses based on generalized estimating equations with different working correlation structures. Extensive simulation experiments demonstrate that aGEEMiHC can control the type I error correctly and achieve superior performance according to a statistical power comparison. We also applied it to longitudinal microbiome data with various types of host phenotypes to demonstrate the stability of our method. aGEEMiHC is also utilized for real longitudinal microbiome data, and we found a significant association between the gut microbiome and Crohn's disease. In addition, our method ranks the significant factors associated with the host phenotype to provide potential biomarkers.

Dynamics of host immune responses and a potential function of Trem2hi interstitial macrophages in Pneumocystis pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening opportunistic fungal infection with a high mortality rate in immunocompromised patients, ranging from 20 to 80%. However, current understanding of the variation in host immune response against Pneumocystis across different timepoints is limited. METHODS: In this study, we conducted a time-resolved single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of CD45+ cells sorted from lung tissues of mice infected with Pneumocystis. The dynamically changes of the number, transcriptome and interaction of multiply immune cell subsets in the process of Pneumocystis pneumonia were identified according to bioinformatic analysis. Then, the accumulation of Trem2hi interstitial macrophages after Pneumocystis infection was verified by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. We also investigate the role of Trem2 in resolving the Pneumocystis infection by depletion of Trem2 in mouse models. RESULTS: Our results characterized the CD45+ cell composition of lung in mice infected with Pneumocystis from 0 to 5 weeks, which revealed a dramatic reconstitution of myeloid compartments and an emergence of PCP-associated macrophage (PAM) following Pneumocystis infection. PAM was marked by the high expression of Trem2. We also predicted that PAMs were differentiated from Ly6C+ monocytes and interacted with effector CD4+ T cell subsets via multiple ligand and receptor pairs. Furthermore, we determine the surface markers of PAMs and validated the presence and expansion of Trem2hi interstitial macrophages in PCP by flow cytometry. PAMs secreted abundant pro-inflammation cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IP-10. Moreover, PAMs inhibited the proliferation of T cells, and depletion of Trem2 in mouse lead to reduced fungal burden and decreased lung injury in PCP. CONCLUSION: Our study delineated the dynamic transcriptional changes in immune cells and suggests a role for PAMs in PCP, providing a framework for further investigation into PCP's cellular and molecular basis, which could provide a resource for further discovery of novel therapeutic targets.

Genome-wide association study and genomic selection of spike-related traits in bread wheat.

KEY MESSAGE: Identification of 337 stable MTAs for wheat spike-related traits improved model accuracy, and favorable alleles of MTA259 and MTA64 increased grain weight and yield per plant. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the three primary global, staple crops. Improving spike-related traits in wheat is crucial for optimizing spike and plant morphology, ultimately leading to increased grain yield. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study using a dataset of 24,889 high-quality unique single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and phenotypic data from 314 wheat accessions across eight diverse environments. In total, 337 stable and significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) related to spike-related traits were identified. MTA259 and MTA64 were consistently detected in seven and six environments, respectively. The presence of favorable alleles associated with MTA259 and MTA64 significantly reduced wheat spike exsertion length and spike length, while enhancing thousand kernel weight and yield per plant. Combined gene expression and network analyses identified TraesCS6D03G0692300 and TraesCS6D03G0692700 as candidate genes for MTA259 and TraesCS2D03G0111700 and TraesCS2D03G0112500 for MTA64. The identified MTAs significantly improved the prediction accuracy of each model compared with using all the SNPs, and the random forest model was optimal for genome selection. Additionally, the eight stable and major MTAs, including MTA259, MTA64, MTA66, MTA94, MTA110, MTA165, MTA180, and MTA164, were converted into cost-effective and efficient detection markers. This study provided valuable genetic resources and reliable molecular markers for wheat breeding programs.

Quantitative trait loci detection for three tiller-related traits and the effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields.

KEY MESSAGE: A total of 38 putative additive QTLs and 55 pairwise putative epistatic QTLs for tiller-related traits were reported, and the candidate genes underlying qMtn-KJ-5D, a novel major and stable QTL for maximum tiller number, were characterized. Tiller-related traits play an important role in determining the yield potential of wheat. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the genetic basis for tiller number when attempting to use genetic improvement as a tool for enhancing wheat yields. In this study, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of three tiller-related traits was performed on the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of a mapping population, referred to as KJ-RILs, that was derived from a cross between the Kenong 9204 (KN9204) and Jing 411 (J411) lines. A total of 38 putative additive QTLs and 55 pairwise putative epistatic QTLs for spike number per plant (SNPP), maximum tiller number (MTN), and ear-bearing tiller rate (EBTR) were detected in eight different environments. Among these QTLs with additive effects, three major and stable QTLs were first documented herein. Almost all but two pairwise epistatic QTLs showed minor interaction effects accounting for no more than 3.0% of the phenotypic variance. The genetic effects of two colocated major and stable QTLs, i.e., qSnpp-KJ-5D.1 and qMtn-KJ-5D, for yield-related traits were characterized. The breeding selection effect of the beneficial allele for the two QTLs was characterized, and its genetic effects on yield-related traits were evaluated. The candidate genes underlying qMtn-KJ-5D were predicted based on multi-omics data, and TraesKN5D01HG00080 was identified as a likely candidate gene. Overall, our results will help elucidate the genetic architecture of tiller-related traits and can be used to develop novel wheat varieties with high yields.

Fine mapping of a major QTL, qKl-1BL controlling kernel length in common wheat.

KEY MESSAGE: A major stable QTL, qKl-1BL, for kernel length of wheat was narrowed down to a 2.04-Mb interval on chromosome 1BL; the candidate genes were predicated and the genetic effects on yield-related traits were characterized. As a key factor influencing kernel weight, wheat kernel shape is closely related to yield formation, and in turn affects both wheat processing quality and market value. Fine mapping of the major quantitative trait loci (QTL) for kernel shape could provide genetic resources and a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of wheat yield-related traits. In this study, a major QTL for kernel length (KL) on 1BL, named qKl-1BL, was identified from the recombinant inbred lines (RIL) in multiple environments based on the genetic map and physical map, with 4.76-21.15% of the phenotypic variation explained. To fine map qKl-1BL, the map-based cloning strategy was used. By using developed InDel markers, the near-isogenic line (NIL) pairs and eight key recombinants were identified from a segregating population containing 3621 individuals derived from residual heterozygous lines (RHLs) self-crossing. In combination with phenotype identification, qKl-1BL was finely positioned into a 2.04-Mb interval, KN1B:698.15-700.19 Mb, with eight differentially expressed genes enriched at the key period of kernel elongation. Based on transcriptome analysis and functional annotation information, two candidate genes for qKl-1BL controlling kernel elongation were identified. Additionally, genetic effect analysis showed that the superior allele of qKl-1BL from Jing411 could increase KL, thousand kernel weight (TKW), and yield per plant (YPP) significantly, as well as kernel bulk density and stability time. Taken together, this study identified a QTL interval for controlling kernel length with two possible candidate genes, which provides an important basis for qKl-1BL cloning, functional analysis, and application in molecular breeding programs.

Amphiphilic Janus Graphene Oxide Acts as a Corrosion Inhibitor to Mitigate the Corrosion Caused by a 1 M HCl Solution on Mild Steel.

Great aqueous dispersibility, a large specific surface area, and high impermeability make graphene oxide (GO) the ideal candidate for a high-performance corrosion inhibitor. Numerous symmetrical modification methods have been reported to enhance the adsorption of GO on metal surfaces in various corrosive media. This work aims to investigate the enhancement and mechanism of unilateral hydrophobic modification on the corrosion inhibition performance of GO. In this study, amphiphilic Janus GO (JGO) was prepared by grafting hydrophobic alkyl chains on one side of GO, and its anticorrosion performance was evaluated via weight loss experiments and electrochemical tests. The results revealed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency for Q235 mild steel (MS) in a 1 M HCl aqueous solution of 25 ppm JGO (81.08%) was much higher than that of GO at the same concentration (22.12%). Furthermore, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and computational study demonstrated that the synergistic effect of physical adsorption and chemical adsorption promoted the hydrophilic side of JGO close to the surface of the metal, and the dense protective layer was formed by the hydrophobic chains toward the corrosive medium, which effectively hindered the corrosion of MS by the acidic liquid. This study emphasizes the significant role of asymmetrically modified hydrophobic alkyl chains in improving the corrosion prevention performance of GO and provides a perspective for the structural design of GO-based corrosion inhibitors.

Molecular Insights into the Dual Promotion-Inhibition Effects of NaCl at Various Concentrations on the CO2 Hydrate Growth: A Molecular Simulation Study.

Hydrate-based CO2 storage in the ocean is considered a potential method for mitigating the greenhouse effect. Numerous studies demonstrated that NaCl exhibited the dual effects of promotion and inhibition in the nucleation and growth processes of CO2 hydrate, whose mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the effects of NaCl at various concentrations on the CO2 hydrate growth and crystal are investigated. The independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition, electrostatic potential, and binding energy is conducted to study the interaction between ions and water molecules. The motion trajectories of ions are observed at the molecular level to reflect the impact of ion motion on hydrate growth. The results show that the influence of NaCl on hydrate growth depends on a delicate balance of dual promotion-inhibition effects. NaCl can combine more water molecules and provide a transport channel of CO2 to promote hydrate growth at low concentrations. Meanwhile, the promoting effects shift toward inhibition with increasing NaCl concentrations. In a word, this paper proposes a novel mechanism for the dual promotion-inhibition effects of NaCl on hydrate growth, which is significant for further research on hydrate-based CO2 storage in the ocean.

MiR-150 levels are related to in-hospital mortality in non-HIV Pneumocystis pneumonia patients.

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a common opportunistic infection that occurs in immunocompromised patients. Compared with HIV patients, PCP in non-HIV patients tends to follow up a more urgent course and poorer prognosis. Therefore, markers that could predict survival of PCP patients in non-HIV population are of great value. MiRNA-150 has been widely studied in many diseases since it has been identified as a vital regulator of immune cell differentiation and activation. We thus conduct this study aiming to evaluate the prognostic value of miR-150 level in non-HIV PCP. First, the expression levels of miR-150 were compared between PCP patients and healthy volunteers. The miR-150 levels in immune cells were also detected in PCP mouse models. Then the prognostic value of miR-150 was further assessed in another PCP population (n = 72). The expression levels of miR-150 were measured by reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-PCR) technique. Our data demonstrated significantly decreased miR-150 expression levels in PCP patients and mouse models compared to controls. The miR-150 levels also decreased in various immune cells of PCP mouse models. With a cut-off value of 3.48, the area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity of miR-150 to predicate PCP mortality were 0.845, 68.2% and 96.0%, respectively. In conclusion, miR-150 expression value might serve as a potential biomarker to identify PCP patients at high risk of death.

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) remains a fatal risk for immunosuppressed patients. MiR-150 takes part in immune regulation, and thus is involved in infection control. Our study indicated that the miR-150 expression may act as a potential biomarker for predicting mortality of PCP patients.

A conformationally-locked p-hydroxybenzylidene imidazolinone derivative for detecting Aß42 aggregation.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common type of neurodegenerative disease, which can only be symptomatically relieved but does not yet have a cure. Among the different Aß species, amyloid-ß 42 (Aß42) aggregates are proposed to be more neurotoxic than that of Aß40, and oligomeric Aß42 is thought to play a harmful role in the pathophysiology of AD. Therefore, the detection of Aß42 aggregation is very meaningful in the AD field. We herein report a conformationally-locked p- hydroxybenzylidene imidazolinone derivative, BDI, which exhibits selectivity and specificity towards Aß42 aggregation and remarkable fluorescent enhancement with a large Stokes shift (more than 100 nm). In the fluorescent co-localization study, BDI can sensitively detect a large population of Aß42 aggregation over that of Aß40 in the brain tissues of AD transgenic mouse models. Therefore, this new probe could provide a useful tool for the rapid detection of important Aß species in AD.

B3GNT7 regulates mucin O-glycosylation to alleviate colonic inflammation.

BACKGROUND: B3GNT7, a glycosyltransferase of significant importance that is highly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells, plays a pivotal role in intestinal physiological processes. This study elucidates novel insights into the potential role and underlying mechanisms of B3GNT7 in ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: An experimental colitis model was induced using DSS in mice to investigate B3GNT7 expression in the colon via transcriptomics and immunohistochemistry. Bioinformatics analysis was employed to delineate the biological functions of B3GNT7. Additionally, the correlation between the transcription levels of B3GNT7 in colonic tissues from patients with UC, sourced from the IBDMDB database, and the severity of colonic inflammation was analyzed to elucidate potential mechanisms. RESULTS: The DSS-induced colitis model was successfully established, and transcriptomic analysis identified a marked downregulation of B3GNT7 expression in the colonic tissues compared to the controls. Functional enrichment analysis indicated B3GNT7's predominant role in mucin O-glycosylation. Protein interaction analysis revealed that B3GNT7 predominantly interacts with members of the mucin MUC family, including MUC2, MUC3, and MUC6. In patients with UC, B3GNT7 transcription levels were significantly reduced, particularly in those with moderate to severe disease activity. The expression level of B3GNT7 exhibited a negative correlation with the endoscopic severity of UC. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) further demonstrated significant enrichment of B3GNT7 in the mucin O-glycosylation synthesis pathway. CONCLUSION: The downregulation of B3GNT7 expression in the colonic tissues of UC patients may contribute to the compromised mucin barrier function and the exacerbation of colitis.

Bioinformatics integration reveals key genes associated with mitophagy in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial ischemia is a prevalent cardiovascular disorder associated with significant morbidity and mortality. While prompt restoration of blood flow is essential for improving patient outcomes, the subsequent reperfusion process can result in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). Mitophagy, a specialized autophagic mechanism, has consistently been implicated in various cardiovascular disorders. However, the specific connection between ischemia-reperfusion and mitophagy remains elusive. This study aims to elucidate and validate central mitophagy-related genes associated with MIRI through comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. METHODS: We acquired the microarray expression profile dataset (GSE108940) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using GEO2R. Subsequently, these DEGs were cross-referenced with the mitophagy database, and differential nucleotide sequence analysis was performed through enrichment analysis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was employed to identify hub genes, followed by clustering of these hub genes using cytoHubba and MCODE within Cytoscape software. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted on central genes. Additionally, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses were conducted to validate the expression patterns of pivotal genes in MIRI rat model and H9C2 cardiomyocytes. RESULTS: A total of 2719 DEGs and 61 mitophagy-DEGs were identified, followed by enrichment analyses and the construction of a PPI network. HSP90AA1, RPS27A, EEF2, EIF4A1, EIF2S1, HIF-1α, and BNIP3 emerged as the seven hub genes identified by cytoHubba and MCODE of Cytoscape software. Functional clustering analysis of HIF-1α and BNIP3 yielded a score of 9.647, as determined by Cytoscape (MCODE). In our MIRI rat model, Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses confirmed a significant elevation in the expression of HIF-1α and BNIP3, accompanied by a notable increase in the ratio of LC3II to LC3I. Subsequently, qPCR confirmed a significant upregulation of HIF-1α, BNIP3, and LC3 mRNA in the MIRI group. Activation of the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway mediates the regulation of the degree of Mitophagy, thereby effectively reducing apoptosis in rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS: This study has identified seven central genes among mitophagy-related DEGs that may play a pivotal role in MIRI, suggesting a correlation between the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway of mitophagy and the pathogenesis of MIRI. The findings highlight the potential importance of mitophagy in MIRI and provide valuable insights into underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for further exploration in future studies.

Absolute Configuration of 12S-Deoxynortryptoquivaline from Ascidian-Derived Fungus Aspergillus clavatus Determined by Anisotropic NMR and Chiroptical Spectroscopy.

Tryptoquivalines are highly toxic metabolites initially isolated from the fungus Aspergillus clavatus. The relative and absolute configuration of tryptoquivaline derivates was primarily established by comparison of the chemical shifts, NOE data, and ECD calculations. A de novo determination of the complete relative configuration using NMR spectroscopy was challenging due to multiple spatially separated stereocenters, including one nonprotonated carbon. In this study, we isolated a new tryptoquivaline derivative, 12S-deoxynortryptoquivaline (1), from the marine ascidian-derived fungus Aspergillus clavatus AS-107. The correct assignment of the relative configuration of 1 was accomplished using anisotropic NMR spectroscopy, while the absolute configuration was determined by comparing calculated and experimental ECD spectra. This case study highlights the effectiveness of anisotropic NMR parameters over isotropic NMR parameters in determining the relative configuration of complex natural products without the need for crystallization.

Selecting a preculture strategy for improving biomass and astaxanthin productivity of Chromochloris zofingiensis.

Chromochloris zofingiensis is a potential source of natural astaxanthin; however, its rapid growth and astaxanthin enrichment cannot be achieved simultaneously. This study established autotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic preculture patterns to assess their ameliorative effect on the C. zofingiensis heterotrophic growth state. In comparison, mixotrophic preculture (MP) exhibited the best improving effect on heterotrophic biomass concentration of C. zofingiensis (up to 121.5 g L-1) in a 20 L fermenter, reaching the global leading level. The astaxanthin productivity achieved 111 mg L-1 day-1, 7.4-fold higher than the best record. The transcriptome and 13C tracer-based metabolic flux analysis were used for mechanism inquiry. The results revealed that MP promoted carotenoid and lipid synthesis, and supported synthesis preference of low unsaturated fatty acids represented by C18:1 and C16:0. The MP group maintained the best astaxanthin productivity via mastering the balance between increasing glucose metabolism and inhibition of carotenoid synthesis. The MP strategy optimized the physiological state of C. zofingiensis and realized its heterotrophic high-density growth for an excellent astaxanthin yield on a pilot scale. This strategy exhibits great application potential in the microalgae-related industry. KEY POINTS: • Preculture strategies changed carbon flux and gene expression in C. zofingiensis • C. zofingiensis realized a high-density culture with MP and fed-batch culture (FBC) • Astaxanthin productivity achieved 0.111 g L-1 day-1 with MP and FBC.

Nannochloropsis as an Emerging Algal Chassis for Light-Driven Synthesis of Lipids and High-Value Products.

In light of the escalating global energy crisis, microalgae have emerged as highly promising producers of biofuel and high-value products. Among these microalgae, Nannochloropsis has received significant attention due to its capacity to generate not only triacylglycerol (TAG) but also eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and valuable carotenoids. Recent advancements in genetic tools and the field of synthetic biology have revolutionized Nannochloropsis into a powerful biofactory. This comprehensive review provides an initial overview of the current state of cultivation and utilization of the Nannochloropsis genus. Subsequently, our review examines the metabolic pathways governing lipids and carotenoids, emphasizing strategies to enhance oil production and optimize carbon flux redirection toward target products. Additionally, we summarize the utilization of advanced genetic manipulation techniques in Nannochloropsis. Together, the insights presented in this review highlight the immense potential of Nannochloropsis as a valuable model for biofuels and synthetic biology. By effectively integrating genetic tools and metabolic engineering, the realization of this potential becomes increasingly feasible.